APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 023 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
MERCAPTANS - CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS CONTAINING SULFUR; PRESENT IN
CERTAIN REFINED PRODUCTS THAT IMPART AN OBJECTIONABLE ODOR TO THE
PRODUCT.
METHANLOL - METHYL ALCOHOL; A COLORLESS, FLAMMABLE LIQUID DERIVED
FROM METHANE (NATURAL GAS).
MID-CONTINENT CRUDE - OIL PRODUCED PRINCIPALLY IN KANSAS, OKLAHOMA,
AND NORTH TEXAS.
MINERAL OIL - A "PURE" BASE OIL WITHOUT ANY ADDITIVES
MOLECULAR SIEVE - ADSORBENTS OF EITHER NATURAL BUT MOSTLY SYNTHETIC
MINERAL ORIGIN HAVING WELL-DEFINED PROPERTIES AND CAPABLE OF ADSORBING
MOLECULES OF A SPECIFIC SIZE. MAY BE USED FOR SEPARATION OF GAS
MIXTURES AND AS A CATALYST.
NAPHTHA - A VOLATILE, COLORLESS LIQUID OBTAINED FROM PETROLEUM
DISTILLATION; USED AS A SOLVENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINT, AS A
DRY-CLEANING FLUID, AND FOR BLENDING WITH CASINGHEAD GASOLINE IN
PRODUCING MOTOR GASOLINE.
NEPHTHENE - ANY OF A SERIES OF SATURATED CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS; YEILDS
USEFUL AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ON DEHYDROGENATION.
NEUTRAL STOCK - LUBRICATING OIL STOCK WITH IMPURITIES REMOVED THAT
HAS BEEN DEWAXED AND CAN BE BLENDED WITH BRIGHT STOCK TO MAKE GOOD LUBE
OIL; ONE OF THE MANY FRACTIONS OF CRUDE OIL THAT, OWING TO SPECIAL
PROPERTIES, IS IDEAL AS A BLENDING STOCK FOR MAKING HIGH-QUALITY LUBE
OIL.
NEUTRALIZATION NUMBER - THE NUMBER OF MILLIGRAMS OF POTASSIUM
HYDROXIDE NEEDED TO NEUTRALIZE 1.0 GRAM OF OIL SAMPLE. REFER TO ASTM
TEST D974.
OLEUM - A HEAVY, OILY, STRONGLY CORROSIVE SOLUTION OF SULFUR TRIOXIDE
IN ANHYDROUS SULFURIC ACID.
OTHER INDUSTRIAL OILS - A U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE DESIGNATION;
PRODUCTS DERIVED PRIMARILY FROM PETROLEUM AND HAVING A VISCOSITY OF MORE
THAN 45 SSU AT 100 DEGREES F AND INTENDED FOR NONLUBRICATING USE.
EXCLUDES SOLVENTS, ASPHALTS, PETROCHEMICALS, ETC.
PARAFFINIC - HAVING THE NATURE OF A PARAFFIN. PARAFFINS ARE
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS HAVING NO DOUBLE BONDS. THEY MAY BE STRAIGHT
CHAIN OR BRANCHED CHAIN. PARAFFINS ARE RELATIVELY INERT BUT CAN BE
OXIDIZED OR BURNED WHEN TEMPERATURES ARE HIGH ENOUGH.
PENTANE INSOLUBLES - ASPHALTIC BODIES IN NEW OR USED MOTOR OILS
INSOLUBLE IN PENTANE, EXPRESSED IN WEIGHT PERCENT. REFER TO ASTM TEST
NO. D893.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 024 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102617
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
POUR POINT - LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT WHICH USEFUL FLOW PROPERTIES OF A
LUBE OIL EXIST. REFER TO ASTM TEST NO D97.
QUENCH OIL - A SPECIALLY REFINED OIL WITH A HIGH FLASHPOINT USED IN
STEEL MILLS TO COOL HOT METAL.
RAFFINATE - THE PURIFIED STREAM FROM A LIQUID-LIQUID SOLVENT
EXTRACTION SYSTEM. THE RAFFINATE IS NEARLY SOLVENT FREE. THE SECOND
LIQUID PHASE IS TERMED THE EXTRACT AND POSSESSES MOST OF THE SOLVENT.
REDUCED CRUDE OIL - CRUDE OIL THAT HAS UNDERGONE AT LEAST ONE
DISTILLATION PROCESS TO SEPARATE SOME OF THE LIGHTER HYDROCARBONS.
REDUCING CRUDE LOWERS ITS API GRAVITY.
RESIDUALS - A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE OILS THAT ARE "LEFTOVERS" IN
VARIOUS REFINING PROCESSES; HEAVY BLACK OILS USED IN SHIPS' BOILERS AND
IN HEATING PLANTS.
SAPONIFICATION NUMBER - A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF ACIDIC AND
SAPONIFIABLE MATERIALS IN OILS; EXPRESSED AS MILLIGRAMS KOH PER GRAM
SAMPLE. REFER TO ASTM TEST NO. D94.
SECONDS SAYBOLT FUROL (SSF) - A MEASUREMENT OF THE VISCOSITY OF A
HEAVY OIL. SIXTY CUBIC CENTIMETERS OF AN OIL ARE PUT IN AN INSTRUMENT
KNOWN AS A SAYBOLT VISCOSIMETER AND PERMITTED TO FLOW THROUGH A
STANDARDIZED ORIFICE IN THE BOTTOM AT A SPECIFIED TEMPERATURE. THE
SECONDS FOR FLOW-THROUGH IS THE OIL'S VISCOSITY, ITS SSF NUMBER. SEE
ALSO SECONDS SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL.
SECONDS SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL (SSU) - A MEASUREMENT OF THE VISCOSITY OF A
LIGHT OIL. A MEASURED QUANTITY OF OIL, USUALLY 60 CUBIC CENTIMETERS, IS
PUT IN AN INSTRUMENT KNOWN AS A SAYBOLT VISCOSIMETER AND PERMITTED TO
FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE IN THE BOTTOM AT A SPECIFIED TEMPERATURE. THE
NUMBER OF SECONDS REQUIRED FOR THE FLOW-THROUGH IS THE OIL'S SSU NUMBER,
ITS VISCOSITY.
SLOP OILS OR SLOPS - WASTE OILS FREQUENTLY HEAVILY CONTAMINATED WITH
WATER, FUELS, DIRT, AND DEBRIS.
SLUDGE FLOCCULANT - A COMPOUND WHICH CAUSES AGGREGATION OF SMALL
SUSPENDED PARTICLES AND THEREBY HASTENS SETTLING.
SLUDGE RATING - THE TENDENCY OF AN OIL TO DEPOSIT INSOLUBLE MATERIALS
IN CRITICAL ENGINE PARTS. A VALUE OF 10 INDICATES A CLEAN ENGINE.
REFER TO ASTM STP 315E SEQUENCE V-C TESTS.
SOLVENT BRIGHT STOCK - SEE BRIGHT STOCK.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 025 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102618
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
SOLVENT NEUTRAL OIL - BASE STOCKS OF ESSENTIALLY PARAFFINIC NATURE
AND HAVING VISCOSITIES GENERALLY OF LESS THAN SYMBOL OMITTED 600 SSU.
SPACE VELOCITY - A MEASURE OF THE INTERACTION OF A CATALYST BED WITH
THE INCOMING REACTANTS, USUALLY EXPRESSED AS A RECIPROCAL TIME, E.G., HR
-1, SEC -1; MAY BE EXPRESSED AS CUBIC FEET REACTANTS PER UNIT TIME PER
CUBIC FEET OF CATALYST.
SPINDLE OIL - A NAPHTHENIC BASE STOCK.
STEAM STRIPPING - USE OF STEAM TO ENTRAIN LOWER BOILING COMPOUNDS
FROM A MIXTURE. THE VAPOR MIXTURE MAY BE CONDENSED AND THE CONDENSATE
SEPARATED INTO AN AQUEOUS PHASE AND AN OIL PHASE.
SWEETENING - REMOVAL OF SULFUR FROM HYDROCARBON STOCKS.
TANK BOTTOMS - HEAVY SLUDGES ACCUMULATING IN THE BOTTOMS OF STORAGE
TANKS AFTER REPEATED USE.
USED OIL - OIL THAT HAS DETERIORATED IN SERVICE AND IS CONSIDERED TO
HAVE REACHED THE END OF ITS USEFUL LIFE.
VACUUM DISTILLATION - DISTILLATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE (LESS THAN
ATMOSPHERIC) WHICH LOWERS THE BOILING TEMPERATURE OF THE LIQUID BEING
DISTILLED. THIS TECHNIQUE WITH ITS RELATIVELY LOW TEMPERATURES PREVENTS
CRACKING OR DECOMPOSITION OF THE CHARGE STOCK.
VARNISH RATING - VARNISH IS AN OIL-INSOLUBLE LUSTROUS DEPOSIT NOT
REMOVABLE BY WIPING WITH A SOFT CLOTH. OILS ARE RATED (10 = CLEAN) BY
ASTM STP 315E FOR SUCH DEPOSITS ON CRITICAL ENGINE PARTS.
VIRGIN OIL - OIL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED FROM PREVIOUSLY UNUSED
PETROLEUM MATERIALS.
VISCOSITY - ONE OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A LIQUID, E.G., ABILITY
TO FLOW; THE MORE VISCOUS THE OIL, FOR EXAMPLE, THE LESS READILY IT
WILL FLOW.
VISCOSITY INDEX - AN ERUPIRICAL MEASURE OF THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
ON THE VISCOSITY OF OILS. A LOW INDEX INDICATES A LARGE CHANGE WITH
TEMPERATURE. REFER TO ASTM D567.
VISCOSITY INDEX IMPROVER - AN ADDITIVE WHICH GENERALLY INCREASES THE
OIL VISCOSITY AT HIGH TEMPERATURE, BUT LESS SO AT LOWER TEMPERATURES.
WHITE OIL - HIGH PURITY CLEAR MINERAL OILS OF DIFFERENT VISCOSITIES
AND DENSITIES. SOME USED AS INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS AND SOME IN
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 026 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102619
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
LARGE AMOUNTS OF LUBRICATING OIL ARE USED IN THE TRANSPORTATION AND
INDUSTRIAL SECTORS OF THE UNITED STATES. ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF SUCH OIL
IS CURRENTLY ABOUT 2.8 BILLION GALLONS. OF THIS TOTAL, ABOUT 1.2
BILLION GALLONS ARE USED FOR AUTOMOTIVE PURPOSES, 1.0 BILLION GALLONS
FOR INDUSTRY (INCLUDING RAILROADS), AND 0.6 BILLION GALLONS FOR OTHER
USES, PREDOMINANTLY AS PROCESS OILS.
LUBE OILS DETERIORATE IN USE AND MUST BE REPLACED PERIODICALLY.
DETERIORATION IS CAUSED BY A LOSS OF LUBRICATING PROPERTIES AND
CONTAMINATION FROM EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SOURCES. SINCE AS MUCH AS 50
PERCENT OF THE LUBE OILS IS CONSUMED INSERVICE, THE REMAINDER, ABOUT 1.4
BILLION GALLONS YEARLY, MUST BE DISPOSED OF.
RECYCLING OF USED OIL REACHED A PEAK IN 1960, WITH 300 MILLION
GALLONS RE-REFINED. HOWEVER, FOR VARIOUS TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC
REASONS, RE=REFINING HAS SINCE DECLINED WITH ONLY 50 MILLION GALLONS
RE-REFINED IN 1975. AS A RESULT, LARGE AMOUNTS OF USED LUB OIL ARE
BEING DISPOSED OF BY OTHER MEANS, SUCH AS DUMPING OR BURNING. ASIDE
FROM THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THESE DISPOSAL METHODS, A
VALUABLE NATURAL RESOURCE IS WASTED.
THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY HAS LONG RELIED ON THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS.
THIS PROCESS SUPPLANTED THE ACTIVATED-CLAY AND FILTRATION PROCESS
UTILIZED FOR RECLAIMING OIL IN THE DAYS OF 500-MILE OIL CHANGES AND
STRAIGHT MINERAL OIL. THE PRIMARY ADVANTAGES OF THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS
ARE THAT (1) THE PROCESS -TEPS ARE STRAIGHTFORWARD, AND (2) AN
ACCEPTABLE PRODUCT CAN BE OBTAINED ON A CONSISTENT BASIS. PROCESS
EQUIPMENT IS SIMPLE AND ECONOMICAL, AND THE PROCESS IS AMENABLE TO BATCH
OPERATION ON A SMALL SCALE, WHICH IS OF INTEREST TO THE CONTEMPORARY
SMALL OPERATORS TYPICAL OF THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY. ONE IMPORTANT
DISADVANTAGE OF THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS IS THAT THE OIL YIELD HAS DECLINED
IN RECENT YEARS, REFLECTING THE INCREASE IN COMPLEXITY OF MODERN HIGHLY
COMPOUNDED MOTOR OILS AND THE INCREASED CONTAMINATION AND DEGRADATION
DUE TO EXTENDED DRAIN PERIODS. FURTHERMORE, THE SLUDGE PRODUCED BY THE
ACID-CLAY PROCESS IS HIGHLY ACIDIC AND POSES THE PROBLEM OF
ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE DISPOSAL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 027 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102620
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
MUCH INTEREST IN USED OIL AND ITS DISPOSAL HAS BEEN SHOWN BY VARIOUS
GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES IN THE PAST FEW YEARS. THE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) HAS BEEN NOTABLE FOR ITS WORK IN THIS AREA.
EPA'S PRIMARY CONCERN HAS BEEN THE ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE DISPOSAL OF USED
OIL, OF WHICH RE-REFINING MAY BE CONSIDERED AN ACCEPTABLE METHOD. THE
CONCERN FOR SAFE DISPOSAL OF USED OIL STILL REMAINS. HOWEVER, WITH THE
GROWING AWARENESS OF THE FINITE LIMITS OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENERGY,
INTEREST IN RE-REFINING USED OILS IS EXPANDING TO ALLEVIATE A MENACE TO
THE ENVIRONMENT AND SIMULTANEOUSLY CONSERVE NATURAL RESOURCES AND
ENERGY.
THIS DESIRE FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION, RESOURCE CONSERVATION, AND
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT HAS BEEN EVIDENCED BY INCREASING INTEREST
IN NEW RE-REFINING PROCESSES TO SUPPLANT THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS; I.E.,
PROCESSES WHICH ECONOMICALLY AND EFFICIENTLY PRODUCE A QUALITY PRODUCT
WITH MINIMUM WASTE PRODUCTS TO BE DISPOSED OF.
THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY IS THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ENERGY
SAVING POTENTIAL OF RE-REFINING USED OIL RELATIVE TO THE ALTERNATIVE
UTILIZATION OF USED OIL AS A FUEL TO RECOVER ITS HEAT CONTENT BY
COMBUSTION.
THE ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL OF RE-REFINING IS DEPENDENT ON THE
PROCESS OR PROCESSES USED FOR RE-REFINING, AS WELL AS THE ENERGY
CONSUMED IN PRODUCING VIRGIN LUBE OIL. THEREFORE, THE VARIOUS
RE-REFINING PROCESSES CURRENTLY USED (OF WHICH ACID-CLAY IS IN
PREDOMINANCE) OR PROJECTED BY INDUSTRY MUST BE CIRTICALLY EVALUATED WITH
RESPECT TO BOTH TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS. A SUPERIOR TECHNICAL
PROCESS, HAVING HIGH PRODUCT YEILDS AND PRODUCING A QUALITY PRODUCT WITH
A MINIMUM OF WASTES, IS ONLY ATTRACTIVE IF IT IS ECONOMICAL. CURRENTLY,
RE.REFINING IS AN UNSUBSIDIZED PRIVATE INDUSTRY THAT CANNOT SURVIVE
UNLESS IT IS PROFITABLE.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES INCLUDE THE ASSESSMENT OF THE RE-REFINING
INDUSTRY IN TERMS OF ITS ABILITY TO EXPAND AND CONVERT TO NEW AND MORE
SOPHISTICATED PROCESSES AND ITS PROSPECTS FOR MARKETING INCREASING
AMOUNTS OF RE-REFINED LUBE OIL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 028 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102621
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
THIS STUDY ADDRESSES (1) THE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF
RE-REFINING PROCESSES CURRENTLY IN USE, (2) PROCESSES WHICH HAVE BEEN
PROPOSED FOR USE, AND (3) PROCESSES DESCRIBED IN THE PATENT LITERATURE.
THESE PROCESSES ARE INVESTIGATED WITH THE INTENT OF ASSESSING ENERGY
INTENSITY AND DEVELOPING CAPITAL INVESTMENTS AND OPERATING COST
REQUIREMENTS.
PRODUCTION OF VIRGIN LUBE OIL IS ALSO ADDRESSED. A REFINERY PROCESS
TYPICAL OF THE INDUSTRY IS USED TO ASSESS ENERGY INTENSITY. ECONOMIC
AND COST DATA FOR THE PRODUCTION OF VIRGIN LUBE OIL ARE NOT INCLUDED.
THESE DATA ARE NOT NEEDED IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL
OF RE-REFINING, AND WERE CONSIDERED BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS STUDY.
ECONOMIC FACTORS RELATED TO MARKETING RE-REFINED OIL ARE EXAMINED.
THIS EXAMINATION IS CONCERNED WITH THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN
MARKETING WHICH, IN CONJUNCTION WITH PROCESS ECONOMIC DATA, PERMIT AN
EVALUATION OF THE PROFITABILITY OF A RE-REFINERY OPERATION. A MARKETING
ANALYSIS IS MADE TO PROJECT THE ABILITY OF THE INDUSTRY TO EXPAND OR
CONVERT TO NEW PROCESSES. IN CONJUNCTION WITH THIS ANALYSIS,
INSTITUTIONAL IMPACTS ON RE-REFINING ARE ADDRESSED.
UTILIZATION OF USED OIL IS ANALYZED FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION. THIS ANALYSIS MAKES USE OF TWO SCENARIOS: (1) ALL USED
LUBE OIL IS RE-REFINED; (2) ALL USED OIL IS BURNED. OTHER USES OF USED
OIL, AS VIEWED FROM THE ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL, ARE ALSO CONSIDERED.
FINALLY, RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR POSSIBLE FUTURE ACTION BY ERDA OR
OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES.
THE APPROACH ADOPTED TO EXECUTE THE STUDY OBJECTIVES IS TO DRAW UPON
ALL APPLICABLE DATA FROM RECENT STUDIES ON LUBE OIL RE-REFINING
APPEARING IN THE LITERATURE, INCLUDING TEXT BOOKS, JOURNAL ARTICLES, AND
PATENT DISCLOSURES. THIS INFORMATION IS AUGMENTED BY DATA OBTAINED FROM
THOSE INVOLVED IN THE FIELD OF LUBRICATING OIL, INCLUDING REFINERS,
RE-REFINERS, RESEARCH AGENCIES, AND GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES. THE DATA
ACQUIRED PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR THE VARIOUS ANALYSES REQUIRED TO SATISFY
THE STUDY OBJECTIVES.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 029 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102622
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
LUBRICATION IS THE ART OF MINIMIZING FRICTION AND WEAR BY INTERPOSING
BETWEEN RUBBING SURFACES A FILM OF MATERIAL, KNOWN AS A LUBRICANT, WHICH
MAY BE GASEOUS, LIQUID, OR SOLID (REF. 3-1). LIQUID LUBRICANTS ARE
PREDOMINANTLY USED IN ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS BECAUSE THEY READILY
PROVIDE SEPARATION OF SURFACES WHEN CORRECTLY APPLIED AND HAVE A HIGH
COOLING ABILITY WHEN CIRCULATED THROUGH THE BEARING AREA. AUXILIARY
MATERIALS ARE INCREASINGLY EMPLOYED TO ENHANCE THE PROPERTIES OF THESE
LUBRICATING OILS FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS. THUS, ALMOST ALL MODERN
ENGINE AND INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS ARE COMPOSED OF A NEAT BASE STOCK OIL
AND AN ADDITIVE PACKAGE, EACH TAILORED TO MEET CERTAIN END USE
REQUIREMENTS. SUCH LUBRICANTS ARE COMMONLY CALLED COMPOUNDED OILS.
THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS REVIEW THE VARIOUS TYPES, PROPERTIES, AND
PURPOSES OF BASE STOCKS AND ADDITIVES, AS WELL AS THIER DEGRADATION WITH
USE. ENGINE, INDUSTRIAL, AND SPECIALTY OILS ARE DISCUSSED IN ORDER OF
DECREASING DETAIL. THE PRESENTATION IS NOT INTENDED TO REPLACE THE
WEALTH OF MATERIAL AVAILABLE IN THE LITERATURE BUT ONLY TO PROVIDE A
MINIMUM TECHNICAL BACKGROUND FOR LATER SECTIONS OF THE REPORT.
THERE ARE THREE GENERIC CATEGORIES OF LIQUID LUBRICATING MEDIA:
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE OILS, MINERAL OILS, AND SYNTHETIC OILS. ANIMAL AND
VEGATABLE OILS PROVIDED THE FIRST WIDELY USED LUBRICANTS. HOWEVER,
THEIR POOR CHEMICAL STABILITY, EXEMPLIFIED BY THE EASE OF ATTACK OF
ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN AT SLIGHTLY ELEVATED TEMPERATURES, OFTEN COUPLED WITH
THEIR RELATIVELY HIGH COST, HAS LED TO THEIR ALMOST COMPLETE
SUBSTITUTION AS MAJOR INGREDIENTS IN LUBRICANTS. CASTOR OIL, PALM OIL,
AND SPERM OIL ARE STILL USED IN THIS WAY FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS. ON
THE OTHER HAND, SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES OF RAPE SEED, LARD, CASTER, PALM,
AND FISH OILS ARE COMPOUNDED WITH MINERAL OILS WHEN CERTAIN LUBRICATION
CHARACTERISTICS ARE NEEDED IN SUCH PRODUCTS AS CUTTING FLUIDS,
EMULSIFIED STEAM ENGINE LUBRICANTS, AND TEXTILE OILS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 030 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102623
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
INASMUCH AS THE ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE OILS FUNCTION MORE AS ADDITIVES
THAN AS BASE OILS IN THESE PRODUCTS, THEY ARE NOT TREATED FURTHER IN
THIS REPORT. RATHER, THE DISCUSSION ADDRESSES, IN TURN, MINERAL OIL AND
SYNTHETIC OIL BASE STOCKS.
THESE LUBRICANTS ARE PRODUCED FROM PETROLEUM AND REPRESENT THE LEAST
EXPENSIVE AND MOST WIDELY USED OF ALL THE AVAILALBE LUBRICATION
PRODUCTS. THE HYDROCARBONS FOUND IN MINERAL OILS FALL PRIMARILY IN THE
FOLLOWING CATEGORIES (REF. 2-1).
A. STRAIGNT- AND BRANCHED-CHAIN PARAFFINIC COMPOUNDS
B. POLYCYCLIC AND FUSED-RING SATURATED HYDROCARBONS BASED ON
CYCLOPENTANE AND CYCLOHEXANE, COLLECTIVELY KNOWN AS NAPHTENES
C. AROMATICS, BOTH MONONUCLEAR AND POLYNUCLEAR, WHICH ARE
UNSATURATED RING STRUCTURES
THE STRAIGHT, LONG-CHAIN PARAFFINS ARE WAX-LIKE; THUS, THEIR
CONCENTRATION MUST BE KEPT LOW, ESPECIALLY IN OILS FOR USE AT LOW
TEMPERATURES. CONVERSELY, BRANCHED-CHAIN PARAFFINS ARE DESIRABLE
CONSTITUENTS IN A LUBRICANT BECAUSE OF THIER STABILITY AND
VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS. THE LONGER THE SIDE CHAINS IN
THE MOLECULE, THE MORE MARKED ARE THESE ATTRACTIVE FEATURES.
THE DESIRABEL PROPERTIES OF BRANCHED-CHAIN PARAFFINS STILL EXIST IN
THOSE NAPHTHENES IN WHICH THE NUMBER OF RINGS PER MOLECULE IS LOW BUT
THE SIDE CHAINS AND CONNECTING LINKS ARE LONG AND PARAFFINIC. RING
CONDENSATION AND SHORT PARAFFINIC CHAINS TEND TO REDUCE THE FAVORABLE
VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS AND, THUS, THE SUITABILITY OF
THESE HYDROCARBONS FOR LUBRICANTS.
CRUDE OILS AND UNREFINED LUBRICATING OILS CONTAIN SOME HYDROCARBONS
IN WHICH AROMATIC RINGS ARE A PART OF THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE. ANY
SULFUR, NITROGEN, AND OXYGEN PRESENT IN THE OIL IS PRIMARILY ASSOCIATED
WITH THESE RINGS. INASMUCH AS LUBE OIL REFINING HAS, AS ONE OBJECTIVE,
THE REDUCTION OF AROMATICS (BECAUSE OF THEIR POOR OXIDATION STABILITY),
THE CONCENTRATION OF SULFUR, NITROGEN, AND OXYGEN WILL ALSO BE
SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED.
CRUDE OILS AND LUBRICATING OILS DERIVED FROM THEM HAVE HISTORICALLY
BEEN CLASSIFIED INTO THREE TYPES (REF. 2-2).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 031 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102624
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
A. PARAFFIN BASE OF PENNSYLVANIA
B. INTERMEDIATE BASE, ALSO CALLED MIXED BASE OR MID-CONTINENT
C. NAPHTHENE BASE, ALSO CALLED COASTAL, CALIFORNIA, OR ASPHALT BASE
IN ADDITION TO THESE THREE COMMON BASE DESIGNATIONS, A FEW CRUDE OILS
CONTAIN SIGNIFICATN AMOUNTS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND ARE CALLED
AROMATIC OR BENZOID BASE; SUCH OILS ARE RARE IN THE UNITED STATES.
THIS CLASSIFICATION IS OFTEN MISLEADING BECAUSE THE BASE OF AN OIL IS
NOT NECESSARILY RELATED TO THE REGION OF ORIGIN OR TO THE PRESENCE OF
ASPHALT OR PARAFFIN WAX. ONE DANGER IS THE TENDENCY TO IMBUE A CRUDE
OIL WITH ALL THE ATTRIBUTES OF ITS BASE, WHEREAS DATA SHOW THAT WIDE
RANGES OF PROPERTIES EXIST IN EACH OF THE OIL BASES. ACTUALLY, MOST OF
THE HYDROCARBONS FOUND IN LUBRICATING OILS ARE NAPHTHENES. THE THREE
BASES CAN BE VALIDLY INTERPRETED AS REFERRING ROUGHLY TO THE RELATIVE
PROPORTIONS OF PARAFFINIC CHAINS AND SATURATED RINGS IN THE AVERAGE
HYDROCARBON MOLECULE IN EACH OIL. SEVERAL MORE QUANTITATIVE SYSTEMS,
INDUXCS, FACTORS, AND OTHER METHODS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR CLASSIFYING
MINERAL OILS, BUT THE THREE COMMON DESIGNATIONS OF BASE STOCK ARE STILL
WIDELY USED.
PARAFFIN-BASE OILS HAVE A HIGH VISCOSITY INDEX (VI), PARTICULARLY
SUITABLE FOR ENGINE LUBRICATION, BUT FREQUENTLY CONTAIN A HIGH WAS
CONTENT WHICH MUST BE REMOVED. NPAHTHENIC CRUDES DO NOT PRODUCE HIGH,
VI OILS, BUT THEY ARE QUITE SUITABLE FOR MANY INDUSTRIAL LUBRICATION
APPLICATIONS. THESE CRUDES DO NOT REQUIRE DEWAXING BUT USUALLY CONTAIN
ASPHALT WHICH MUST BE SEPARATED. IN GENERAL, THE HIGH TEMPERATURE
STABILITY REQUIRED OF HIGH-GRADE ENGINE LUBRICATING OILS CAN BE OBTAINED
BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION TO REMOVE UNSTABLE CONSTITUENTS. A FINISHING
TREATMENT WITH CLAY OR HYDROGEN MAY BE DESIRABLE TO REMOVE THE LAST
TRACES OF UNSTABLE BODIES AND TO IMPROVE COLOR. ALTHOUGH COLOR IS NOT
INDICATIVE OF OIL QUALITY, IT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MARKETING
AUTOMOTIVE LUBES IN THAT IT CAN PRODUCE A CONNOTATION OF QUALITY TO THE
BUYER. INDEED, REMOVAL OF ALL COLOR BODIES, AS IS DONE FOR THE WATER
WHITE MINERAL OILS USED AS PHARMACEUTICALS, CAN RESULT IN THE LOSS OF
NORMALLY DESIRABLE PROPERTIES, SUCH AS PROVIDING CORROSION RESISTANCE.
ADDITIONAL PROCESSING DETAILS FOR MINERAL OILS ARE PRESENTED IN SECTION
6.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 032 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
A SYNTHETIC FLUID IS DEFINED AS A PRODUCT MADE BY CHEMICALLY REACTING
LOWER MOLECULAR WEIGHT MATERIALS TO PRODUCE A FLUID OF HIGHER MOLECULAR
WEIGHT WITH PLANNED AND PREDICTABLE PROPERTIES (REF. 2-3).
TABLE 2-1. SYNTHETIC FLUIDS USED AS LUBRICANTS (REF. 2-1)
TABLE OMITTED.
TABLE 4-1 SHOWS THE PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF SYNTHETIC FLUIDS AND THEIR
CHEMICAL FORMULAS. THE ESTER LUBRICANTS HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE FOR MANY
YEARS AND ARE NOW USED IN ALL JET AIRCRAFT ENGINES. MOBIL-1, AN
AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE OIL RECENTLY INTRODUCED BY MOBIL OIL CORPORATION, IS A
MIXTURE OF HYDROCARBON AND ESTER SYNTHETIC FLUIDS (REF. 2-4). PHOSPHATE
ESTERS ARE USED INCREASINGLY AS FIRE-RESISTANT LUBRICANTS AND HYDRAULIC
FLUIDS.
MANY OF THESE SYNTHETIC BASE STOCKS ARE DERIVED IN WHOLE OR PART FROM
PETROLEUM. FOR EXAMPLE, SEVERAL TYPES OF HYDROCARBON OILS ARE
MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY FROM PETROLEUM, WHILE THE ESTERS VARY FROM 10
TO 80 PERCENT IN THEIR DEPENDENCE ON PETROLEUM. OTHER RAW MATERIALS
THAT ARE UTILIZED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THESE PRODUCTS ARE VEGETABLE AND
ANIMAL OILS AS WELL AS NATURAL GAS. AS IN THE CASE OF MINERAL OILS, THE
FINISHED SYNTHETIC LUBRICANT IS AN OIL COMPRISING THE BASE STOCK PLUS
SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIVES.
LUBRICANTS PRODUCED ENTIRELY BY SYNTHETIC MEANS CANNOT GENERALLY
COMPETE WITH MINERAL OILS ON PRICE, AND INDEED, SOME ARE AT PRESENT
QUITE EXPENSIVE. WHEREAS CURRENT AUTOMOTIVE MINERAL OILS AVERAGE ABOUT
$1 PER QUART AT GAS STATIONS FOR LESS EXPENSIVE GRADES AND $0.50 PER
QUART WHEN PURCHASED AT DISCOUNT STORES, SYNTHETIC OILS RANGE IN PRICE
FROM $3.50 TO OVER $5 PER QUART (REF. 2-4). ACCORDINGLY, THEY FIND
APPLICATION PRIMARILY WHERE SOME PROPERTY OFFERS AN ADVANTAGE WHICH
MINERAL OILS CANNOT MATCH; E.G., IN CASES OF EXTREMELY HIGH OR LOW
TEMPERATURE OPERATION. MOST OF THE AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE OIL RE-REFINERS
CONTACTED DURING THE STUDY INDICATED THAT THERE APPEARED TO BE LITTLE
SYNTHETIC OIL IN THE DRAININGS THEY HAVE BEEN RECEIVING. AT LEAST,
THERE APPEARED TO BE NO EFFECT ON YIELD AND NO NOVEL OPERATIONAL
PROBLEMS.
THE ADDITIVES IN LUBRICATING OILS AUGMENT THE NATURAL PROPERTIES OF
THE BASE STOCK AND PROVIDE THE ADDITIONAL CAPABILITY REQUIRED IN MODERN
AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES AND INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY. IN 1050, ADDITIVES
COMPRISED LESS THAN 5 PERCENT OF CRANKCASE OIL BY VOLUME, WHEREAS THE
FIGURE IS NOW OVER 15 PERCENT. TABLE 2-2 LISTS SOME OF THE MANY
FUNCTIONS THESE ADDITIVES ARE REQUIRED TO PERFORM AND THE KINDS OF
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS UTILIZED. NOTE THAT A NUMBER OF THE ADDITIVES
PERFORM SEVERAL FUNCTIONS.
CRANKCASE OILS ARE NOT THE ONLY LUBRICANTS, OF COURSE, THAT CONTAIN
ADDITIVES. IN FACT, ALMOST EVERY LUBRICATING OIL, FROM AUTOMATIC
TRANSMISSION FLUID TO INDUSTRIAL CUTTING OIL AND HYDRAULIC OIL, IS
CAREFULLY FORMULATED WITH A SPECIFIC ADDITIVE PACKAGE FOR THE PARTICULAR
SERVICE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 033 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102626
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
ALTHOUGH THESE ADDITIVES HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED THE PERFORMANCE
AND LIFE OF BOTH OIL AND EQUIPMENT, THEY HAVE ALSO MADE THE JOB OF
RE-REFINING THE USED OIL MUCH MORE DIFFICULT. SUCH ELEMENTS AS BARIUM,
CALCIUM, MACNESIUM, ZINC, SODIUM, SULFUR, NITROGEN, CHLORINE, AND
PHOSPHORUS FOUND IN THE CRANKCASE DRAININGS COME PRIMARILY FROM THE
ADDITIVE COMPOUNDS AND MUST BE SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED, DURING PROCESSING,
BEFORE REFORMULATION WITH FRESH ADDITIVES. WITH THIS BRIEF REVIEW OF
THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF LUBRICATING OILS, IT IS NOW APPROPRIATE TO
DISCUSS THE PROCESSES BY WHICH THE OILS ARE DEGRADED WITH USE AND THE
RESULTANT COMPOSITION OF DRAIN OILS WHICH MAKE UP THE FEEDSTOCK TO THE
RE-REFINER.
TABLE 2-2. LUBRICATING OIL ADDITIVES (REF. 2-5)
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 034 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102627
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
THERE ARE TWO BASIC REASONS WHY A LUBRICANT FAILS TO LUBRICATE (REF.
2-6):
A. DURING SERVICE, THE LUBRICANT LOSES SOME OF THE LUBRICATING
PROPERTIES PROVIDED BY THE ADDITIVES; I.E., THE ADDITIVES ARE DEPLETED.
B. THE OIL BECOMES CONTAMINATED FROM INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SOURCES.
OILS DO NOT SUDDENLY WEAR OUT; LOSS OF LUBRICATING PROPERTIES AND
BUILDUP OF CONTAMINANTS ARE NORMALLY SLOW PROCESSES. MOREOVER, BOTH
MECHANISMS USUALLY OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY AND ARE INTERRELATED. THE
ORGANIZATION OF THIS DISCUSSION FOLLOS THIS SEQUENCE AND POINTS OUT THE
INTERACTION OF THESE MECHANISMS.
ADDITIVES ARE EITHER CONSUMED OR REACH THE LIMIT OF THEIR CAPABILITY.
CONSIDER FIRST THE CASE OF OXIDATION. OXYGEN CHEMICALLY COMBINES WITH
OIL MOLECULES, PARTICULARLY IN ENGINE LUBRICATING SYSTEMS WHERE THE OIL
IS EXPOSED TO HIGH TEMPERATURES, BLOWBY GASES AND AIR, AND METAL
SURFACES. SUCH OXIDATION CAN FORM CORROSIVE ACIDS THAT ATTACK METALS,
THE RESULTANT METAL SALTS FURTHER CATALYZING THE OXIDATION. OXIDATION
INHIBITORS CAN REDUCE THE RATE OF OXYGEN ATTACK BUT, IN THE PROCESS, ARE
THEMSELVES CHEMICALLY CHANGED OR CONSUMED. CONTINUED OXIDATION THEN
YIELDS PRODUCTS THAT ARE, EVENTUALLY, INSOLUBLE IN THE BULK OIL, FORMING
VARNISH AND SLUDGE. OIL VISCOSITY INCREASES, RESULTING IN HIGHER ENGINE
FRICTION AND OPERATING TEMPERATURE.
RUST INHIBITORS ARE ALSO SACRIFICIAL, BUT THEY ARE EXPENDED IN A
SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT MANNER. BECAUSE OF THEIR SURFACE ACTIVITY, THEY ARE
ATTRACTED TO THE INTERFACE BETWEEN OIL AND CONTAMINATING WATER OR
BETWEEN OIL AND METAL PARTICLES. REMOVAL OF THESE CONTAMINANTS BY
FILTERS OR SEPARATION IN THE CRANKCASE OR SUMP RESULTS IN LOSS OF
INHIBITOR CONTENT AND FAILURE OF THE OIL TO PROVIDE THE RUST PREVENTION
IT ORIGINALLY POSSESSED.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF ADDITIVE DEPLETION OCCURS WHEN EXTREME PRESSURE
(EP) ADDITIVES ARE USED UP UNDER SEVERE SERVICE CONDITIONS. ALSO,
MULTIVISCOSITY OR MULTIGRADE OILS INCORPORATE POLYMERIC ADDITIVES CALLED
VI IMPROVERS. THE LARGE VI IMPROVER MOLECULES ARE SUBJECT TO SHEARING
AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE BREAKDOWN IN HIGH-SPEED ENGINE OPERATION, RESULTING
IN VISCOSITY REDUCTION. ALTHOUGH THERE HAVE BEEN MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN
SHEAR STABLE ADDITIVES OF THIS TYPE, THEY ARE NOT ALWAYS USED IN
LOWER-COST OILS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 035 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102628
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
DISPERANT AND DETERGENT ADDITIVES ILLUSTRATE THE SECOND TYPE OF
ADDITIVE FAILURE. THESE COMPOUNDS ARE ESSENTIAL IN CONTROLLING DEPOSITS
CAUSED BY CONTAMINANTS AND OXIDATION. THEY KEEP THIS DEBRIS IN A FINE
STATE OF SUSPENSION UNTIL IT IS REMOVED FROM THE SYSTEM AT THE TIME OF
OIL DRAIN. THESE ADDITIVES FUNCTION BY FORMING AN ENVELOPE AROUND THE
CONTAMINANT. UNDER SEVERE CONDITIONS OR EXTENDED OIL USAGE, THE
DISPERSANT MATERIAL IS EXPENDED IN THE FORMATION OF THESE ENVELOPES.
GRADUALLY, THE FINE PARTICLES AGGLOMERATE. WHEN THEY CAN NO LONGER
REMAIN SUSPENDED, THE SLUDGE AND RESINS THAT FORM DEPOSIT IN THE ENGINE.
THE OTHER MECHANISM WHEREBY LUBRICATING OIL QUALITY IS DEGRADED IS
CONTAMINATION, BOTH SOLID AND LIQUID. SOLID CONTAMINANTS FOUND IN
CRANKCASE OILS INCLUDE SOOT AND LEAD COMPOUNDS FROM ENGINE BLOWBY, DIRT
AND ATMOSPHERIC DUST, ENGINE WEAR METALS, AND RUST. IN INDUSTRIAL
LUBRICANTS, SAND AND OTHER ATMOSPHERIC DEBRIS MAY BE PREVALENT IN THE
LOCAL ENVIRONMENT AND FIND THEIR WAY INTO THE OIL SYSTEM THROUGH FAULTY
FILTERS AND SEALS. MILL SCALE AND MACHINING PARTICLES ARE OTHER SOURCES
OF SOLID CONTAMINATION. FILTERS REMOVE ALL BUT THE EXTREMELY FINE
PARTICLES IF PROPERLY DESIGNED AND OPERATED, BUT SOME DAMAGE CAN BE DONE
BEFORE THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED.
LIQUID CONTAMINANTS COME FROM SEVEFAL SOURCES. WATER IS MOST
PREVALENT IN BOTH AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE OIL AND INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS.
IN THE FORMER CASE, THE VAPOR ENTERS FROM BLOWBY OR ATMOSPHERIC
HUMIDITY, WHILE COOLANT LIQUID MAY ENTER FROM A LEAKING GASKET OR
CRACKED HEAD. WATER ITSELF CAUSES RUST, WEAKENS THE LUBRICATING FILM,
INTERFERES WITH SOME ADDITIVES, AND CAN FORM EMULSIONS. UNBURNED FUEL
IN THE CRANKCASE REDUCES OIL VISCOSITY AND THUS PROMOTES BEARING WEAR.
INDUSTRIAL OILS MAY BECOME CONTAMINATED WITH AQUEOUS PROCESS FLUIDS,
WHICH MAY BE MORE DELETERIOUS THAN WATER ALONE. SPECIALTY OILS, SUCH AS
THOSE USED IN TRANSFORMERS, PROVIDE INSULATION AND COOLING. IN TIME,
THE OIL OXIDIZES AND THE RESERVOIR BREATHES. BOTH OXIDATION PRODUCTS
AND WATER REDUCE INSULATING PROPERTIES, WHILE THE FORMER EVENTUALLY FOUL
THE COOLING SURFACES.
MANY OF THE COMPONENTS IN USED LUBRICATING OILS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED
IN THE PRECEDING SECTION. ADDITIONAL, MORE QUANTITATIVE DATA ON THE
COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF THESE OILS ARE PRESENTED ON THE FOLLOWING
PAGES.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 036 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102629
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
BECAUSE AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE DRAININGS REPRESENT THE SINGLE LARGEST,
HOMOGENEOUS SOURCE OF USED OIL, IT HAS BEEN STUDIED AND CHARACTERIZED
THE MOST IN RECENT YEARS. THEREFORE, THE PREPONDERANCE OF AVAILABLE
DATA RELATES TO THIS TYPE OF USED OIL.
IT SHOULD BE NOTED AT THIS POINT THAT THE PROPERTIES GENERALLY
REPORTED FOR CRANKCASE OIL, PARTICULARLY THOSE INCLUDED HERE, ARE NOT
FOR OIL AS IT COMES FROM THE VEHICLE BUT RATHER AS IT HAS BEEN SAMPLED
AT SOME POINT IN THE COLLECTION SYSTEM. THE LATTER APPROACH IS MORE
MEANINGFUL FOR A STUDY OF RE-REFINING TECHNOLOGY SINCE IT REPRESENTS THE
FEEDSTOCK THAT MUST BE PROCESSED. WHILE COMPOSITING OF INDIVIDUAL
DRAININGS PROVIDES A MORE UNIFORM PRODUCT, THE COLLECTION SEQUENCE ALSO
ALLOWS ADDITIONAL OPPORTUNITY FOR CONTAMINATION OF THE OIL. THE LARGEST
SINGLE CONTAMINANT IS WATER, WHICH USUALLY ENTERS THROUGH CARELESS
HANDLING OF THE DRAININGS BUT MAY OCCASIONALLY BE ADDED INTENTIONALLY.
THE ONLY OTHER IDENTIFIABLE CONTAMINANT, ALBEIT IN MINOR CONCENTRATIONS,
IS ANTIFREEZE (ETHYLENE GLYCOL). UNDOUBTEDLY, OTHER MATERIALS; E.G.,
PAINT, SOLVENTS, AND REFUSE, FIND THEIR WAY INTO THE DRAININGS, BUT
THESE CONTAMINANTS ARE EITHER IN SMALL AMOUNTS OR INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM
OTHER CONSTITUENTS.
PROBABLY THE MOST RECENT AND COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF USED
AUTOMOTIVE OIL WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY THE BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH
CENTER (BERC) (REF. 2-7). THIRTY WASTE-OIL SAMPLES WEFE COLLECTED FROM
TWENTY STATES AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF THE YEAR. THEY WERE ANALYZED BY
STANDARD PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TESTS TO MEASURE CONTAMINANT LEVELS,
WHILE CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND MASS SPECTRAL TECHNIQUES WERE USED TO ESTIMATE
THE QUANTITY OF PROBABLY COMPOUND TYPES AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR
STRUCTURAL GROUPS.
TABLE 2-3 CONTAINS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF USED LUBRICATING OILS,
INCLUDING MEASUREMENTS OF WATER, SEDIMENT, INSOLUBLES, FUEL DILUTION,
AND ANTIFREEZE. THE VISCOSITY OF TWO SAMPLES, NO. 1487 AND 1489,
INDICATES THAT THESE OILS WERE NOT WHOLLY DERIVED FROM AUTOMOBILE
CRANKCASE DRAININGS; THE HIGH VISCOSITY SUGGESTS AN SAE 40 OR 50 WEIGHT
OIL. WATER CONTENT VARIED FROM 0.2 PERCENT TO A HIGH VALUE OF 33.8 FOR
THE NO. 1489 SAMPLE; THE AVERAGE WAS 7.9. FUEL DILUTION VARIED FROM
0.4 TO 9.7 PERCENT WITH AN AVERAGE OF 4.0.
TABLE 2-4 CONTAINS OTHER PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE 30
USED OILS, INCLUDING SAPONIFICATION NUMBER, ACID NUMBER, AND BASE
NUMBER, ALL OF WHICH REFLECT THE ADDITIVE CONTENT OF THE OILS. SULFUR
AND NITROGEN VALUES ALSO DERIVE PRINCIPALLY FROM THE ADDITIVES, ALTHOUGH
THERE ARE SOME NATURALLY OCCURRING SULFUR AND NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN
PETROLEUM-BASED LUBRICATINC OIL STOCKS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 037 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102630
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
FLASH AND POUR POINTS ARE AFFECTED BY VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS SUCH AS
SOLVENTS AND FUEL; THESE VALUES ARE LESS SIGNIFICANT IN DEFINING
QUALITY THAN IN INDICATING THE DEGREE OF CONTAMINATION.
TABLE 2-5 SHOWS THE METAL CONTENT OF THE OILS IN PARTS PER MILLION
(PPM) AS OBTAINED PRIMARILY BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION. THE FIRST SIX
ELEMENTS, BARIUM, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, SODIUM, PHOSPHORUS, AND ZINC, ARE
COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH ADDITIVE COMPOUNDS. THE WEAR AND CONTAMINANT
METALS INCLUDE ALUMINUM, CHROMIUM, COPPER, IRON, POTASSIUM, MANGANESE,
NICKEL, LEAD, SILICON, AND TIN. LEAD ACCUMULATED IN THE AUTOMOTIVE
CRANKCASE AS THE LUBRICANT BECOMES CONTAMINATED WITH LEADED GASOLINE AND
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS.
TABLE 2-3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 30 USED LUBRICATION OILS (REF.
2-7)
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 038 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102631
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
NOTE THAT THE LEAD CONTENT REACHED ALMOST 14,000 PPM (1.4 PERCENT),
WITH AN AVERAGE OF ABOUT HALF THIS VALUE. SAMPLE NO. 1493 APPERAS TO BE
UNIQUE IN BOTH ITS CONTENT OF ADDITIVE-ASSOCIATED ELEMENTS AND LOW LEAD,
WHICH SUGGESTS THE POSSIBILITY OF INDUSTRIAL ORIGIN.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE PETROLEUM-BASED MATERIALS OF THESE OILS WAS
CHARACTERIZED IN REF. 2-7 BY USE OF A CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION
PROCEDURE TO PRODUCE SATURATE, MONOAROMATIC, DIAROMATIC, AND
POLYAROMATIC POLAR FRACTIONS. THESE FRACTIONS WERE FURTHER ANALYZED BY
MASS SPECTRAL TECHNIQUES. THE DATA ARE TOO VOLUMINOUS TO INCLUDE HERE
BUT ARE BRIEFLY SUMMARIZED. ONLY ONE SAMPLE, NO. 1487, SHOWED WHAT MAY
BE A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN BASE COMPOSITION. EVEN SAMPLE NO. 1493,
WHICH SHOWED UNUSUALLY LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF MANY METALLIC COMPONENTS,
INDICATED A BASE COMPOSITION DEVIATING ONLY SLIGHTLY FROM THE OTHER
CRANKCASE DRAININGS. ON THE BASIS OF ALL THE ANALYSES CONDUCTED, BERC
CONCLUDED THAT FEEDSTOCK TO RE-REFINERS IS SIMILAR IN PETROLEUM BASE
COMPOSITION REGARDLESS OF SEASON OR GEOCRAPHICAL LOCATION WITHIN THE
UNITED STATES.
TABLE 2-4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 30 USED LUBRICATING
OILS (REF. 2-7)
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 039 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102632
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
FURTHER, THE ACTUAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE OIL COMPOSITED BY THE NORMAL
COMBINATION OF COLLECTED CRANKCASE DRAININGS CAN BE ESTIMATED WITHIN
NARROW RANGES (REF. 2-7). THE IMPLICATIONS OF THESE FINDINGS FOR
QUALIFICATION OF RE-REFINED OIL ARE DISCUSSED IN SECTION 9.
TABLE 2-5. METALS AND PHOSPHORUS CONTENT OF 30 USED LUBRICATING OILS
(REF. 2-7)
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 040 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102633
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
USED OIL MAY BE TESTED FOR MANY REASONS, RANGING FROM THE RE-REFINER
WHO WANTS TO KNOW HOW MUCH WATER AND SEDIMENT ARE IN THE FEEDSTOCK HE IS
BUYING TO THE PLANT LUBRICANT ENGINEER WHO NEEDS TO FIND OUT WHY THERE
HAS BEEN A SUDDEN CHANGE IN THE COLOR OR ODOR OF A MACHINE OIL.
ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION MAY BE THE EYES OR NOSE OF THE FOREMAN OR A
SOPHISTICATED LABORATORY SPECTROMETER. A BRIEF REVIEW OF SOME ASPECTS
OF OIL TESTING IS PRESENTED IN THIS SECTION.
MOST RE-REFINERS HAVE VERY LIMITED FACILITIES (MOTOR OILS REFINING
COMPANY, THE COUNTRY'S LARGEST, IS A NOTABLE EXCEPTION). INCOMING USED
OIL IS ONLY CENTRIFUGED TO QUICKLY DETERMINE WATER CONTAMINATION. THE
PRODUCT MAY BE CHECKED WITH A VISCOSIMETER AND VISUALLY INSPECTED FOR
COLOR. IT WOULD BE RARE FOR ADDITIONAL ANALYSES; E.G., METAL CONTENT,
TO BE RUN ON A RE-REFINER'S PRODUCT. IF DONE AT ALL, IT WOULD BE BY AN
OUTSIDE AGENCY (COMMERCIAL LABORATORY OR CUSTOMER). ON THE OTHER HAND,
LUBE OIL PRODUCERS AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURERS USUALLY HAVE EXTENSIVE
RESEARCH FACILITIES AND ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT.
ON THE USING SIDE, OIL IN SERVICE IS TESTED PRIMARILY BY LARGE VOLUME
OPERATORS OF AUTOMOBILE AND TRUCK FLEETS, RAILROADS, AND SHIPS;
INDUSTRIAL AND UTILITY PLANTS; AND GOVERNMENT INSTALLATIONS. SUCH
TESTING IS DONE TO MEASURE THE CONDITION OF THE OIL AND WHEN IT SHOULD
BE CHANGED, AS WELL AS TO MONITOR THE PROPER FUNCTIONING OF THE MACHINE
OR ENGINE LUBRICATED.
USED OILS ARE USUALLY TESTED IN TWO STAGES (REFS. 2-6 AND 2-8).
A SERIES OF BASIC TESTS ARE RUN FIRST TO MEASURE KEY PROPERTIES
AND DETERMINE WHETHER ANY GROSS BREAKDOWN OR CONTAMINATION HAS
OCCURRED. THESE TESTS ARE RELATIVELY QUICK, INEXPENSIVE, AND
CAPABLE OF BEING RUN IN THE FIELD. SUPPLEMENTAL TESTS ARE RUN
WHEN QUANTITATIVE DATA OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ARE NEEDED.
THE SENSORY TESTS ARE THE FIRST AND EASIEST TO RUN AND CAN SUPPLY
MUCH INFORMATION TO A TRAINED OBSERVER. VISUAL EXAMINATION FOR COLOR,
CLARITY, AND APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY OFTEN REVEALS ABNORMAL CONDITIONS.
ODOR IS ANOTHER SUBJECTIVE TEST WHICH CAN INDICATE OXIDATION OR
EXCESSIVE FUEL DILUTION. ONE OF THE SIMPLEST TESTS TO MAKE INVOLVES
PLACING A DROP OF OIL ON SPECIAL BLOTTER-TYPE PAPER, SUCH AS FILTER
PAPER. THE APPEARANCE OF THE SPOT GIVES AN INDICATION OF THE QUANTITY
OF SLUDGE-FORMING MATERIAL SUSPENDED IN THE SAMPLE AND A MEASURE OF THE
OIL'S ABILITY TO DISPERSE SUCH MATERIAL. A QUICK SCREENING-TYPE TEST
FOR WATER CONTENT IS A "CRACKLE" TEST. A FEW DROPS OF OIL ARE HEATED ON
A HOT (250 DEGREE TO 300 DEGREE F) METAL SURFACE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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IF THE OIL CRACKLES, POPS, OR SPLATTERS, WATER IN EXCESS OF 0.1 TO
0.2 PERCENT MAY BE PRESENT.
VISCOSITY IS A BISIC PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF LUBRICANTS AND ONE OF THE
FIRST TO BE RUN AFTER THE SENSORY TESTS. A ROUGH MEASUREMENT CAN BE
MADE AT THE SITE, BUT MORE PRECISE RESULTS ARE OBTAINED IN THE
LABORATORY. VISCOSITY IS USUALLY DETERMINED AT 100 DEGREES TO 210
DEGREES F BY RECORDING THE TIME REQUIRED FOR A GIVEN QUANTITY OF OIL TO
PASS THROUGH A CALIBRATED ORIFICE. AN INCREASE IN VISCOSITY OVER FRESH
OIL CAN INDICATE OXIDATION OR CONTAMINATION, WHILE A DECREASE MAY BE DUE
TO FUEL DILUTION OR SHEARING OF THE VI ADDITIVE. ADDITIONAL TESTS ARE
USUALLY NECESSARY TO CONFIRM THE SUSPECTED CAUSES FOR THE VISCOSITY
CHANGE.
IT IS NOT THE INTENT IN THIS SECTION TO REVIEW EVERY TYPE OF TEST RUN
ON LUBRICATING OILS. MOST TESTS HAVE BEEN STANDARDIZED BY THE AMERICAN
SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM). TABLE 2-6 LISTS THE STANDARD
ASTM METHODS FOR ENGINE OILS. WHILE TABLE 2-7 GIVES SIMILAR INFORMATION
FOR INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS.
TABLE 2-6. ASTM STANDARD METHODS OF TEST FOR ENGINE LUBRICATING OILS
(REF. 2-8)
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 042 OF 395
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WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
FOR MANY TESTS, THE SAME ASTM METHOD CAN BE USED FOR BOTH KIDS OF
OIL.
SOME TESTS; E.G., INTERFACIAL TENSION AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH, ARE
APPROPRIATE ONLY FOR SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL OIL APPLICATIONS. ALSO, SEVERAL
TESTS LISTED IN TABLE 207 AS NOT HAVING AN ASTM STANDARD METHOD ARE
OFTEN USED FOR ENGINE OIL ANALYSIS. IN PARTICULAR, METAL ANALYSIS IS
USED BOTH TO DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF WEAR OR CONTAMINANT METALS IN USED
OIL AND THE DEGREE TO WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN REMOVED AFTER RE-REFINING.
TABLE 2-7. RELATIVE ORDER OF TESTING USED INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS
(REF. 2-6)
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 043 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
MOST OILS ARE NOW TESTED RAPIDLY AND ACCURATELY FOR METAL CONTENT BY
INSTRUMENTAL MEANS, UTILIZING EMISSION SPECTROMETER, ATOMIC ABSORPTION,
AND X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUES.
THE RESULTS OF LUBRICANT TESTING MUST BE EXAMINED IN LIGHT OF THE
PARTICULAR APPLICATION, OPERATING CONDITIONS, AND PAST EXPERIENCE IN
ORDER TO BE MEANINGFUL. WHEN SO INTERPRETED, THE DATA CAN BE USEFUL IN
SETTINC THE DRAIN PERIOD AND INDICATING ABNORMAL ENGINE OR MACHINE
OPERATION OR FAILURE OF FILTRATION EQUIPMENT. MORE PERTINENT TO THIS
REPORT, THE TESTS CAN BE EMPLOYED TO CHARACTERIZE THE USED OIL FEEDSTOCK
THE RE-REFINER RECEIVES AND THE QUALITY OF THE PRODUCT SELLS. OTHER
MEASURES OF QUALITY ARE DISCUSSED IN SECTION 9.
2-1 G.D. HOBSON AND W. POHL, MODERN PETROLEUM TECHNOLOCY, JOHN WILEY
& SONS, NEW YORK (1973).
2-2 W. L. NELSON, PETROLEUM REFINERY ENGINEERING, MCGRAW-HILL BOOK
COMPANY, NEW YORK (1958).
2-3 W.C. GERGEL, "THE FACTS AND FICTION OF SYNTHETIC OILS," PAPER
PRESENTED AT INDEPENDENT OIL COMPOUNDERS ANNUAL MEETING (7 OCTOBER
1975).
2-4 "THOSE SYNTHETIC 'OILS', "INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH (JUNE 1976).
2-5 AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE OILS -- WHAT THEY ARE AND HOW THEY WORK,
CHEVRON RESEARCH BULLETIN, RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA (1975).
2-6 TESTING USED INDUSTRIAL OILS -- WHY, WHEN AND HOW, CHEVRON
RESEARCH BULLETIN, RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA (1975).
2-7 M.L. WHISMAN, ET AL., WASTE LUBRICATING OIL RESEARCH: PART 4,
REPORT NO. BERC/RI-7614, BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER,
BARTLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA (OCTOBER 1976).
2-8 TESTING USED ENGINE OILS -- WHY AND HOW, CHEVRON RESEARCH
BULLETIN, RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA (1973).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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PART 044 OF 395
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WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
LUBE OIL SALES ARE GROUPED IN THE BUREAU OF CENSUS (BOC) FORMAT INTO
THREE MAJOR CATEGORIES: AUTOMOTIVE, INDUSTRIAL, AND AVIATION. OTHER
SOURCES SOMETIMES ADD ADDITIONAL CATEGORIES. IN THIS REPORT, THE BOC
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IS USED. THE AUTOMOTIVE CATEGORY INCLUDES
PASSENGER AUTOS, TAXIS, BUSES, AND TRUCKS (GASOLINE AND DIESEL). THE
INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY IS SUBDIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS; INDUSTRIAL LUBE OILS
AND OTHER LUBE OILS. INDUSTRIAL LUBE OILS ARE USED BY INDUSTRY FOR
LUBRICATION PURPOSES AND INCLUDE LUBE OILS FOR RAILROAD DIESEL ENGINES
AND JOURNAL BOXES. THE SECOND GROUP, IDENTIFIED AS OTHER LUBE OILS,
CONSISTS PRIMARILY OF OILS WHICH ARE INCORPORATED AND CONSUMED IN A
PRODUCT, SUCH AS PUTTY OR PAINT, AND SPECIALTY OILS, SUCH AS HYDRAULIC
FLUIDS, WHICH MAY NOT NORMALLY BE THOUGHT OF AS HAVING A LUBRICATION
FUNCTION. THIS STUDY FOCUSES PRINCIPALLY ON AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL
LUBE OILS.
IN THE COLLECTION OF PUBLISHED LUBRICATING OIL PRODUCTION AND SALES
DATA, IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO ESTABLISH A CONSISTENT DATA
REFERENCE. COMPARISON OF PUBLICATIONS BY THE BUREAU OF MINES (BOM),
BOC, AND CURRENT BUSINESS STATISTICS REVEALS DISCREPANCIES WHICH APPEAR
TO BE RELATED TO DIFFERENT, NOT ALWAYS STATED, DEFINITIONS. WHILE THE
BOM PROVIDES A MORE COMPLETE HISTORICAL RECORD, IT DOES NOT CATEGORIZE
BY TYPE OF LUBE AS BOC DOES; THUS, ITS DATA DOES NOT PERMIT DETAILED
ANALYSIS. ALSO, BOM DATA ARE LOWER THAN BOC DATA, WHICH PRECLUDES
STATISTICAL COMINGLING OF DATA WITHOUT PRIOR ADJUSTMENTS. IT APPEARS
THAT A LARGE PART OF THE OBSERVED DIFFERENCES IN THE TWO DATA SOURCES
ARE DUE TO THE FACT THAT BOC REPORTS SALES OF FINSISHED OIL AND BOM
REPORTS PRODUCTION OF BASE OIL STOCK. IN THE CASE OF AUTOMOTIVE OIL
THIS INCLUDES A SIGNIFICANT VOLUME OF ADDITIVES, AS HIGH AS 17 PERCENT
FOR A MULTIGRADE SE OIL. IN GENERAL, THE LARGER BOC DATA ARE USED IN
THIS STUDY BECAUSE THEY REPRESENT THE VOLUME OF LUBE MATERIAL ENTERING
THE ENVIRONMENT AND AVAILABLE TO RE-REFINERS. ALSO, THE BOC DATA PERMIT
ANALYSIS BY LUBE OIL CATEGORY.
FINISHED LUBE OIL PRODUCTS OF ALL TYPES ARE BOTH EXPORTED AND
IMPORTED BY THE UNITED STATES. ABOUT 9 MILLION BARRELS, 13.5 PERCENT OF
THE TOTAL LUBE OIL PRODUCTION, WERE EXPORTED IN 1975, WHICH IS THE
LOWEST LEVEL SINCE 1947.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 045 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
LUBRICANT IMPORTS, WHICH BEGAN IN 1969, ROSE BY 1975 TO AN ANNUAL
LEVEL OF ABOUT 1.5 MILLION BARRELS (REF. 3-1). THE RELATIVE MARKET
SHARE OF INDUSTRIAL AND AUTOMOTIVE OILS WITHIN THE UNITED STATES FOR THE
YEARS 1958 AND 1975 ARE SHOWN IN FIGURE 3-1. AN INCREASING SALES
DOMINANCE FOR INDUSTRIAL OILS IS APPARENT. THE YEAR-TO-YEAR SALES
PATTERN BETWEEN 1958 AND 1975 IS SHOWN IN TABLE 3-1.
FIGURE 3-1. COMPARISON OF U.S. LUBRICATING OIL MARKET SHARES: 1958
AND 1975
FIGURE OMITTED.
TABLE 3-1. TREND IN DOMESTIC U.S. LUBE OIL SALES, 1958-1975, IN
MILLIONS OF GALLONS (UPDATED FROM REF. 3-4)
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 046 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
EXAMINATION OF TABLE 3-1 SHOWS THAT TOTAL CONSUMPTION OF LUBE OILS
HAS INCREASED TO AN AVERAGE OF 34 MILLION GALLONS PER YEAR OR 1.68
PERCENT ANNUALLY OVER THE LAST 18 YEARS. THE GROWTH PATTERN, HOWEVER,
IS NOT UNIFORM. IT VARIES BOTH IN TIME AND BY OIL CATEGORY. IN
ADDITION, THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SYSTEMS REPORT (REF. 3-2) POINTS OUT
THAT WITHIN THE UNTIED STATES THERE ARE ALSO SIGNIFICANT REGIONAL
DIFFERENCES IN OIL USE. THESE VARIATIONS, WHICH ARE SHOWN IN TABLE 3-2,
APPEAR TO BE RELATED TO POPULATION DENSITY, DEGREE OF URBANIZATION OR
INDUSTRIALIZATION, AND AVAILABILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION. ALTHOUGH
THESE DATA WERE COMPILED IN 1971, THE IMPLIED DISTRIBUTION IS CONSIDERED
CURRENTLY VALID BECAUSE OF THE LONG TIME SCALES REQUIRED TO
SIGNIFICANTLY ALTER LOCAL FACTORS LIKE POPULATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION.
THE FUTURE SALES IMPLICATIONS OF HISTORICAL TRENDS AND OVERALL INTERNAL
MARKET PATTERNS ARE CONSIDERED IN SECTION 8. THE DETAILED FEATURES OF
CURRENT AUTOMOBILE AND INDUSTRIAL OIL USAGE ARE ADDRESSED SEPARATELY IN
THE FOLLOWING SUBSECTIONS.
TABLE 3-2. ANNUAL PER CAPITA OIL CONSUMPTION BY STATES (1971),
GALLONS PER PERSON PER YEAR (REF. 3-2)
TABLE OMITTED.
AUTOMOBILE LUBE OIL IS PARTIALLY CONSUMED IN THE ENGINE AND REPLACED
DURING REGULAR CRANKCASE DRAINAGE AS A FUNCTION OF MILEAGE. IT
THEREFORE SEEMS REASONABLE TO EXPECT THAT AUTOMOTIVE OIL SALES SHOULD BE
RELATED IN SOME CONSISTENT WAY TO VEHICLE STATISTICS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 047 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
INDEED THIS APPEARS TO BE SO BUT NOT AS DIRECTLY AS EXPECTED. FIGURE
3-2 SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OIL CONSUMPTION PER VEHICLE MILE AND
PER REGISTERED VEHICLE FOR THE YEARS 1958 THROUGH 1975.
FIGURE 3-2. MEASURE OF TOTAL AUTOMOBILE LUBE OIL DEMAND INCLUDING
AUTO, TAXI, BUS, AND TRUCK. (FROM REF. 3-3 AND REFS. 3-5 THROUGH 3-8)
FIGURE OMITTED
ALTHOUGH VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS ARE A LESS DIRECT MEASURE, THEY APPEAR
TO REPRESENT THE TREND OF OIL USAGE AS WELL AS VEHICLE MILEAGE DOES.
THE HISTORICAL TREND WHICH INDICATES A DECREASING OIL CONSUMPTION PER
VEHICLE HAS BEEN NOTED BY OTHER INVESTIGATORS (REF. 3-2). IT IS
ATTRIBUTED TO TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN OIL ADDITIVES, REDUCED BURNING
DURING USE, AND THE LONGER CRANKCASE DRAIN INTERVALS RECOMMENDED BY
VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS SINCE 1960. THE FLATTENING OF THE TREND IN 1973,
INDEED A SLIGHT APPARENT INCREASE, MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED TO A LARGE
INCREASE OF UNREGISTERED GASOLINE-POWERED DEVICES (E.G., CHAIN SAWS,
POWER MOWERS, AND SNOW MOBILES). OIL USE IN SUCH DIVICES OBSCURES THE
ACCURACY OF INFERENCES REGARDING OIL CONSUMPTION IN THE AUTOMOTIVE
(TRANSPORTATION) SECTOR. EVEN WITHOUT THIS DIFFICULTY, IT IS OBVIOUS
THE DOWNWARD TREND COULD NOT CONTINUE INDEFINITELY.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 048 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF AUTOMOTIVE WASTE OIL GENERATION ARE REVEALED BY
THE DATA ON CLASSES OF USERS. FIGURE 3-3 IS A GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF
THE GROWTH IN VEHICLE MILES BY USER CLASS. IN TERMS OF GROWTH SINCE
1963, HIGHWAY TRUCKS (70 PERCENT) RANK FIRST, WITH PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES
(56 PERCENT) SECOND AND, PERHAPS SURPRISINGLY, HIGHWAY SCHOOL BUSES (45
PERCENT) THIRD. FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEHICLE MILES AND OIL
CONSUMPTION, PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED, IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO APPORTION
RELATIVE WASTE GENERATION. RAILROAD OILS, WHICH ARE GROUPED UNDER
INDUSTRIAL OILS (NOT AUTOMOTIVE) IN THE BOC CLASSIFICATION, ARE SHOWN
HERE FOR READER CONVENIENCE IN COMPARING ALL GROUND TRANSPORTATION
MODES. MARKET IMPLICATIONS OF THESE DATA ARE DISCUSSED IN SECTION 8.
FIGURE 3-3. COMPONENTS OF AUTOMOTIVE OIL USE (REF. 3-8)
FIGURE OMITTED
WASTE OIL TRENDS TO ACCUMULATE AT PLACES RELATED TO THE TYPE OF USER
AND THEIR VEHICLE SERVICE HABITS, E.G., AUTO DEALERS, FLEET GARAGES,
AIRPORTS, AND RAILROAD YARDS. USING THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(EPA) PATTERNS IN ITS STUDIES ESTIMATED HOW MUCH OF THAT OIL MIGHT BE
RECOVERED BY A CONCERTED CAMPAIGN. DATA FOR 1975 ARE SHOWN IN TABLE 3-3
USING THE SAME CATEGORIES AS EPA. SALES FOR 1975 AT EACH SOURCE WERE
ESTIMATED BY DISTRIBUTING THE TOTAL FORM REF. 3-4 IN THE SAME
PROPORTIONS AS THE ORIGINAL 1970 THROUGH 1971 EPA DATA.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 049 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102642
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
SALES IN DISCOUNT STORES MAY CURRENTLY BE A HIGHER PROPORTION, BUT
THE ERROR SHOULD NOT BE LARGE AND DOES NOT AFFECT THE TOTAL. THE
AUTOMOTIVE/COMMERCIAL FLEET PROPORTIONS DO, HOWEVER, APPEAR TO BE A
VARIANCE WITH THOSE BASED ON MILEAGE DATA FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION (DOT)(FIGURE 3-3). ALSO, TABLE 3-3 INCLUDES HYDRAULIC
OIL (CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT) AND AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID (ATF),
WHICH ARE NOT PROCESSED THE SAME AS CRANKCASE OIL BUT ARE RE-REFINEABLE.
IT IS ESTIMATED THAT ABOUT HALF OF THE AUTOMOTIVE OILS MIGHT BE MADE
AVAILABLE FOR RE-REFINING.
TABLE 3-3. GENERATION OF USED AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OIL(A) FOR THE
YEAR 1975, MILLIONS OF GALLONS (UPDATED FROM REF. 3-4)
TABLE OMITTED
INDUSTRIAL OILS, AS MENTIONED EARLIER, CONSIST OF TWO CATEGORIES:
LUBE AND OTHER. INCLUDED IN THE LUBE OIL CATEGORY ARE RAILROAD AND
MARINE (GASOLINE) ENGINE OILS. IN THE OTHER CATEGORY ARE SPECIALTY OILS
AND PROCESS OILS WHICH ARE CONSUMED IN USE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 050 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102643
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
LUBRICATING OIL USED BY RAILROADS AND IN MARINE ENGINES PARALLELS
THAT OF AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS; I.E., IT IS USED FOR BEARING
LUBRICATION IN CRANK-CASES, WHEELS, ETC. DIFFERENT BUT STILL IN THE
LUBE CATEGORY, ARE THE MANY TYPES OF CUTTING OILS WHICH ARE USED IN
METAL WORKING FOR LUBRICATING MOVING PARTS AND DURING FABRICATION OF
METALS. IN SUCH APPLICATIONS, THE LUBRICANTS VARY FROM 100 PERCENT OIL
TO EMULSIONS WITH LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF OIL IN WATER.
PROCESS OILS ARE DIFFERENT FROM LUBE OILS IN CHARACTERISTICS AND USE.
FIRST, THESE OILS ARE DEFINED BY BOC AS HAVING A VIXCOSITY OF MORE THAN
45 SUS AT 100 DEGREES F. SECOND, MOST PROCESS OIL, BY DEFINITION,
BECOMES A PART OF THE PRODUCT GENERATED. EXAMPLES ARE THE OILS USED IN
RUBBER, INK, TEXTILES, AND AGRICULTURAL SPRAYS. FORTY TO FIFTY PERCENT
OF THE PROCESS OILS ARE CONSUMED BY THE RUBBER INDUSTRY, WHERE THEY ARE
USED AS PLASTICIZERS FOR REINFORCEMENT AND AS EXTENDERS (REF. 3-4).
OTHER EXAMPLES OF PROCESS OIL USE ARE BELT DRESSING, DEFOAMANTS,
FLOTATION OILS, FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRESERVATIVES, QUENCHING
TEMPERING/POLISHING OILS, AND TANNER PRODUCTS.
INCLUDED WITH PROCESS OILS (UNDER THE OTHER CATEGORY OF INDUSTRIAL
OILS) ARE SUCH SPECIALTY PRODUCTS AS TURBINE OILS, ELECTRICAL
TRANSFORMER OILS, AND REFRIGERATION OILS. AFTER USE, MOST OF THESE
WASTE OILS HAVE COMPOSITIONS SIMILAR TO THE ORIGINAL PRODUCT BUT WITH
IMPURITIES SUCH AS SUSPENDED METAL PARTICLES, WATER, AND
OXIDATION/DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. THIS CLASS OF INDUSTRIAL OIL IS NOT
CONSUMED LIKE PROCESS OIL AND COULD THEREFORE BE RE-REFINED AND RETURNED
TO SERVICE. SOME OF THEM, LIKE TRANSFORMER OILS, WHICH HAVE SPECIAL
PROPERTIES SOON MAY BE IN SHORT SUPPLY.
THE RATE OF SALES GROWTH IN BOTH INDUSTRIAL LUBE AND INDUSTRIAL OTHER
OIL CATEGORIES SINCE 1958 EXCEEDS THAT OF AUTOMOTIVE OIL. IN 1975,
INDUSTRIAL OILS AMOUNTED TO 55.5 PERCENT OF THE MARKET OR 1586 MILLION
GALLSONS. AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH (SEE TABLE 3-1) BETWEEN 1958 AND 1971
WAS 4.1 PERCENT FOR LUBE AND 5.6 PERCENT FOR THE OTHER CATEGORY OF
INDUSTRIAL USE. IN 1971, WITH TOTAL DEMAND ALREADY NEARLY TWICE THE
1958 BASE, THE ANNUAL GROWTH IN BOTH CATEGORIES ACCELERATED TO 5.1
PERCENT AND 10 PERCENT, RESPECTIVELY. HOWEVER, BOTH HAVE DROPPED
PRECIPITOUSLY SINCE 1973.
IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO THAT FOR AUTOMOTIVE OIL, WEINSTEIN (REF. 3-9)
ESTIMATED THE FRACTION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL OIL THAT MIGHT BE
RECOVERED AND RE-REFINED. TABLE 3-4 SHOWS THE OIL CATEGORIES AND
RECOVERY FACTORS FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
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MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102644
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
TABLE 3-4. GENERATION OF USED INDUSTRIAL LUBRICATING OILS FOR THE
YEAR 1975, MILLIONS OF GALLONS (UPDATED FROM REF. 3-4)
TABLE OMITTED THE DATA SHOWN HAVE BEEN UPDATED TO REFLECT INDUSTRIAL
OIL CONSUMPTION FOR 1975, BY THE SAME METHODOLOGY AS USED FOR AUTOMOTIVE
OILS. THE OVERALL FRACTION OF WASTE INDUSTRIAL OIL WAS ESTIMATED TO BE
ABOUT 43 PERCENT BY WEINSTEIN (REF. 3-9), AND 30 PERCENT BY
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SYSTEMS (REF. 3-2). FOR 1975, THIS AMOUNTS TO 682
AND 476 MILLION GALLONS RESPECTIVELY.
USED LUBRICATING OILS CONSTITUTE ABOUT 0.5 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL CRUDE
PROCESSING OPERATIONS, BUT THE ENTIRE 1.4 BILLION GALLONS ENTER THE
ENVIRONMENT AS A POTENTIALLY TOXIC MATERIAL. IN SOME CASES, AS FOR
EXAMPLE AUTOMOTIVE OIL, THE LATENT HAZARD IS MAGNIFIED DURING USE
THROUGH CONTAMINATION BY LEAD AND OTHER MATERIALS. UNDER PUBLIC LAW
92-500, THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF 1972, SECTION 104M,
THE EPA WA AUTHORIZED TO INVESTIGATE THE PROBLEM. IT REPORTED (REFS.
3-9 THROUGH 3-11) THAT THE PROBLEM IS TWO-FOLD: (1) UNCONTROLLED
DISPOSAL OF THE OIL ITSELF, AND (2) A POTENTIAL DISPOSAL PROBLEM FOR
WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE MAJOR RE-REFINING PROCESS CURRENTLY IN USE.
USED OIL DISPOSAL PRACTICES ARE MOST EASILY DISCUSSED ACCORDING TO
WHETHER THE OIL IS AUTOMOTIVE OR INDUSTRIAL. IN THE CASE OF AUTOMOTIVE
OILS, THE DRASTIC SHIFT IN MARKETING PRACTICES AWAY FROM SERVICE
STATIONS AND INTO DISCOUNT HOUSES AND DRUG STORES HAS RESULTED IN A
CHANGE IN DISPOSAL METHOD FOR A SIGNIFICANT FRACTION OF THE DRAINED OIL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102645
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
IN 1961, ABOUT 70 PERCENT OF ALL OIL FOR PASSENGER CARS WAS SOLD BY
SERVICE STATIONS. DRAIN OIL WAS THUS CONCENTRATED AT SPECIFIC
LOCATIONS, FROM WHICH IT WAS REMOVED BY PROCESSORS AND COLLECTORS. BY
1971, 20 PERCENT OF THE SERVICE STATION'S SHARE OF THE MARKET HAD
SHIFTED TO DISCOUNT HOUSES. ACCORDING TO TEKNEKRON (REF. 3-12) HALF OF
THE DISCOUNT PURCHASERS USED THE OIL FOR A COMPLETE CRANKCASE DRAIN,
WHILE OTHERS MERELY ADDED. THESE CUSTOMERS DISPOSED OF THEIR DRAIN OIL
PRIMARILY BY DUMPING, EITHER ON VACANT LOTS OR IN MUNICIPAL TRASH, WITH
THE NET RESULT THAT THIS OIL IS NO LONGER RECOVERABLE. ANOTHER
APPLICATION FOR USED AUTOMOTIVE OIL (ABOUT 10 PERCENT) IS ROAD OILING
AND DUST SUPPRESSION. HOWEVER,DEE GENERAL POLLUTION CONTROLS
RECOMMENDED BY EPA WAS BEING IMPOSED QUITE UNIFORMLY AT THE STATE LEVEL,
SO THAT THE 70 MILLION GALLONS PER YEAR ONCE USED FOR ROAD OILING ARE
NOW BEING DIVERTED TO OTHER USES.
THE DISPOSAL OF VEHICULAR OIL BY ANY TYPE OF INDISCRIMINATE SURFACE
DUMPING IS CONSIDERED UNDESIRABLE BY EPA. A CONCENTRATION OF 1
MILI-GRAM PER LITER OF OIL IN SURFACE OR GROUNDWATERS CAUSES TASTE AND
ODOR PROBLEMS. CONCENTRATIONS OF THE ORDER OF 50 TO 100 MILLIGRAMS PER
LITER CAN IMPEDE WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES. STILL UNKNOWN ARE THE
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL ON MARINE LIFE. FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS
REQUIRED TO DETERMINE DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE AMONG SPECIES, SUBLETHAL
EFFECTS, AND POSSIBLE CHANGES TO THE AQUATIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE (REF.
3-13).
IN RECENT YEARS THE UTILIZATION OF USED AUTOMOTIVE OIL AS A FUEL HAS
INCREASED. AS THE PRICE OF FUEL OIL HAS RISEN DRAMATICALLY SINCE 1973,
SOME FUEL USERS HAVE REDUCED THEIR FUEL COSTS BY BLENDING FUEL OIL WITH
LOWER-PRICED USED CRANKCASE OIL PURCHASES FROM INDEPENDENT COLLECTORS.
THIS DIVERSION AWAY FROM RE-REFINERS HAS CREATED TWO PROBLEMS: (1) A
SHORTAGE (AND UNECONOMICALLY HIGH PRICES) OF USED OIL FOR CONVERSION TO
LUBE STOCK AND (2) AN ADVERSE PUBLIC HEALTH EFFECT ARISINC FROM AIRBORNE
DISPERSION OF LEAD AND OTHER SPECIES RESULTING FROM BURNING USED OIL.
IT IS ESTIMATED THAT, CURRENTLY, BETWEEN 40 AND 50 PERCENT OF THE USED
AUTOMOTIVE OIL COLLECTED IS BEING BURNED AS A FUEL. IN VISITS DURING
THIS STUDY, RE-REFINERS (REFS. 3-14 THROUGH 3-16) COMMONLY MENTIONED THE
SHORTAGE OF FEEDSTOCK FOR REPROCESSING TO LUBE OIL. WITH RESPECT TO THE
PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM, WEINSTEIN ESTIMATED THAT THE UNCONTROLLED BURNING
OF WASTE CRANKCASE OIL AT THE RATE OF 500 MILLION GALLSON PER YEAR COULD
RESULT IN AS MUCH AS 40 MILLION POUNDS PER YEAR OF LEAD ENTERING THE
ATMOSPHERE AS FINE PARTICULATES (REF. 3-9).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
THIS FIGURE REPRESENTS ABOUT 4 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL UNITED STATES LEAD
PRODUCTION. USED CRANKCASE OIL MAY BE SAFELY USED AS A FUEL IF HIGHLY
EFFICIENT PARTICULATE CONTROL SYSTEMS ARE EMPLOYED OR IF A HIGH LEVEL OF
PRETREATMENT IS USED. HOWEVER, AS OF EARLY 1977, THESE PRECAUTIONS ARE
VOLUNTARY WITH USERS, AND IN MOST CASES THE USED OIL IS BURNED WITH
LITTLE OR NO PROCESSING. THE AMOUNT OF LEAD IN VEHICULAR OIL WILL
DECREASE IN THE FUTURE AS LEADED GASOLINE IS PHASED OUT. ACCORDING TO
EPA ESTIMATES (REF. 3-13), APPROXIMATELY 28 PERCENT OF THE UNITED STATES
AUTOMOBILE POOL IS PROJECTED TO USED LEADED GASOLINE IN 1980. PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH BURNING USED CRANKCASE OIL ARE FURTHER DISCUSSED IN
SECITON 10.
INDUSTRIAL OIL DISPOSAL DOES NOT SEEM TO BE SUBJECT TO THE SAME
ABUSES AS AUTOMOTIVE OIL. BECAUSE OF ITS CONCENTRATION AT INDUSTRIAL
SITES, IT HAS BEEN MORE EASILY CONTROLLED ON A VOLUNTARY BASIS. WHILE,
HISTORICALLY, A LARGE FRACTION HAS BEEN USED AS A FUEL, POST-1973 FUEL
PRICE INCREASES HAVE CAUSED A MOVEMENT TOWARD RECLAIMING AND RETURN TO
SERVICE AS A LUBE OIL. HOWEVER, SPORADIC SHORTAGES OF FUEL OIL CAN
CAUSE A BURN- OR SALVAGE-DILEMMA FOR INDUSTRY, THE DECISION BEING MADE
ON THE BASIS OF RELATIVE FUEL OIL VERSUS LUBE OIL COST AND AVAILABILITY.
REFERENCE 3-9 PROVIDES AN EXCELLENT SUMMARY OF THE VARIOUS USED OIL
TYPES, THEIR ASSOCIATED DISPOSAL METHODS, AND MAJOR DISADVANTAGES.
TABLE 3-5 IS A CONDENSATION OF THOSE DATA. OF THE MANY CONCLUSIONS
REACHED IN THAT INVESTIGATION, THOSE RELATED TO AUTOMOTIVE AND
INDUSTRIAL OIL DISPOSAL ARE PERTINENT HERE. IT APPEARS FROM NUMEROUS
REPORTS THAT EPA IS IN GENERAL AGREEMENT WITH THE CONCLUSIONS OF REF.
3-9, PARTICULARLY REGARDING THE VALUE OF USED OIL AS A LUBRICATION
RESOURCE. THOSE CONCLUSIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
A. UNCONTROLLED USE OF LEAD-CONTAINING VEHICULAR WASTE OILS AS A
FUEL IS A POOR APPROACH TO DISPOSAL BECAUSE OF LEAD AND OTHER FINE
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS AND BECAUSE OF THE LOSS OF IMPORTANT NATURAL
RESOURCES IN SHORT SUPPLY, NAMELY LEAD AND LUBRICATING OIL STOCKS.
B. USE OF VEHICULAR WASTE OILS FOR DUST CONTROL AND ROAD OILING IS
WASTEFUL AND POTENTIALLY HARMFUL TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
C. IN ADDITION TO THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY, A SECOND GROUP OF OIL
RECLAIMERS, DESIGNATED AS WASTE OIL PROCESSORS, ARE ENGAGED IN
CONVERTING WASTE OILS TO FUELS AND OTHER PRODUCTS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
TABLE 3-5. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF USED OILS (MODIFIED FROM REF.
3-9)
TABLE OMITTED
D. WITH FEW EXCEPTIONS, THE TREATMENT SYSTEMS USED BY WASTE OIL
PROCESSORS HAVE VERY LIMITED UTILITY IN REMOVING IMPURITIES SUCH AS LEAD
PARTICLES, OTHER FINE PARTICULATES, AND POLYMER PRECURSORS.
E. OF THE WASTE OIL PICKED UP BY COLLECTORS, MORE THAN ONE HALF IS
USED AS OR BLENDED WITH FUELS, WITH LITTLE OR NO CONTROL OF QUALITY.
F. A MAJOR FRACTION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE OILS IS USED AS FUEL AT THE
POINT OF GENERATION OR CONVERTED TO FUEL USE BY A PROCESSOR.
G. FEW INDUSTRIAL CONCERNS HAVE RECORDS OF THE ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF
WASTE OILS PURCHASED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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H. AN APPRECIABLE FRACTION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE OILS ARE PURIFIED AND
RECYCLED TO THEIR ORIGINAL USE.
NEARLY ALL RE-REFINERS IN THE UNITED STATES ARE USING AN ACID-CLAY
PROCESS FOR USED CRANKCASE OIL. VARIOUS OTHER TREATMENTS ARE USED FOR
INDUSTRIAL OILS BECAUSE, IN GENERAL, THEY REQUIRE LESS SEVERE PROCESSING
TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS. TABLE 3-6 PROVIDES A SUMMARY OF DISPOSAL
METHODS AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH PROCESSING AND
DISPOSAL OF PROCESS WASTE. THE LIST IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE BUT TYPIFIES
PROBLEMS THAT MIGHT BE ENCOUNTERED EVEN WITH THE ALTERNATIVE PROCESSES
DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT. OF PARTICULAR INTEREST ARE THE FIRST FIVE
ITEMS, AS THEY RELATE DIRECTLY TO THE WIDESPREAD ACID-CLAY PROCESS.
RE-REFINERS CONTACTED DURING THE COURSE OF THIS STUDY STATED THAT
DISPOSAL OF PROCESSING RESIDUALS WAS NOT A PROBLEM. WHILE NOT ALL
RE-REFINERS WERE CONTACTED, THIS INFORMATION IS CONSISTENT WITH THAT OF
OTHER MORE COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATIONS. THE CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID
SLUDGE WHICH IS BEING GENERATED BY RE-REFINERS AT A RATE OF ABOVE 19
MILLION GALLONS (APPROXIMATELY 190 MILLION POUNDS) PER YEAR CAN BE
DISPOSED OF SAFELY IN CERTAIN LANDFILLS. SIMILARLY, THE SPENT CLAY DOES
NOT APPEAR TO PRESENT SERIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IF PROPER PRACTICES
ARE FOLLOWED. WASTE WATER DISCHARGED BY RE-REFINERS IS GENERALLY SMALL
BUT OIL CONTAMINATION PROBLEMS ARE COMMON. BOTH WATER AND AIR EMISSIONS
CAN BE CONTROLLED BY EXISTING TECHNOLOGY, AND THE COST OF ANY NEEDED
MODIFICATIONS TO COMPLY WITH ACCEPTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS IS NOT
CONSIDERED EXCESSIVE (REF. 3-16).
DESPITE THE CURRENT ABSENCE OF SERIOUS PROBLEMS IN THE DISPOSAL OF
WASTE FROM RE-REFINERIES, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF REAONS FOR SCRUTINIZING
THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS. FIRST, THE RESIDUE IS UNQUESTIONABLY
ENVIRONMENTALLY UNDESIRABLE AND INDUSTRY GROWTH WILL INCREASE THE
QUANTITIES OF THAT RESIDUE. SECONDLY, THE GENERAL PROBLEM OF MUNICIPAL
WASTE CANNOT BE DIVORCED FROM ITS SEPARATE CONTRIBUTORS. IN 1973,
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE WAS GENERATED AT A RATE OF ABOUT 800 MILLION
POUNDS PER DAY (REF. 3-I7). APPROXIMATELY 90 PERCENT OF THE SOLID WASTE
IS DISPOSED OF IN LANDFILLS, YET THE 1971 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ESTIMATED THAT HALF OF THE MAJOR CITIES IN THE
UNITED STATES WILL RUN OUT OF LANDFILL DUMP SPACE WITHIN THE NEXT 5
YEARS. THE CONFLICT THAT RECENTLY OCCURRED IN CALIFORNIA WHEN THE CITY
OF LOS ANGELES ATTEMPTED TO DUMP NEUTRALIZED SEWAGE WITHIN THE CITY
LIMITS OF RANCHO PALOS VERDES IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF POSSIBLE FUTURE
EVENTS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
TABLE 3-6. TREATMENT OF DISPOSAL OF USED OIL PROCESSING RESIDUES
(MODIFIED FROM REF. 3-9)
TABLE OMITTE1 INASMUCH AS RE-REFINERS ARE NECESSARILY ASSOCIATED WITH
MAJOR CITIES (AS SOURCES FOR THEIR USED OIL), THEY RAPIDLY BECOME
AFFECTED BY OUTSIDE CIRCUMSTANCES. IF RE-REFINERS REDUCE OR NEUTRALIZE
WASTE, THEY CAN RESPOND MORE FLEXIBLY TO FUTURE MUNICIPAL ACTIONS. IT
SEEMS INESCAPABLE THAT SOME SORT OF ANTICIPATORY ACTION REGARDING
RE-REFINERY PROCESS WASTE IS REQUIRED FOR LONG-TERM INDUSTRY SURVIVAL.
FORTUNATELY, IT APPEARS THAT ALTERNATIVE RE-REFINING PROCESSES ARE
AVAILABLE WHICH PRODUCE LESS WASTE OR LESS TOXIC WASTE AT AN EQUAL OR
BETTER PROFIT ON THE FINISHED OIL. THESE ALTERNATIVES ARE DISCUSSED
ELSEWHERE IN THIS REPORT.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
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3-1 BASIC PETROLEUM DATA BOOK, 1976. AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE,
WASHINGTON, D.C. (APRIL 1976).
3-2 WASTE OIL RECOVERY PRACTICES - STATE OF THE ART (1972).
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SYSTEMS, INC., WASHINGTON D.C., NTIS NO. PB-229
801 (DECEMBER 1972).
3-3 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: R. SWEENEY, U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS,
WASHINGTON, D. C. (MARCH 1977).
3-4 "SALES OF LUBRICATING AND INDUSTRIAL OILS AND GREASES 1975,
CURRENT INDUSTRIAL REPORTS, BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, WASHINGTON, D. C.
(SEPTEMBER 1976).
3-5 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS: J. DIEHL, U.S. BUREAU OF MINES,
WASHINGTON, D. C. (MARCH 1977).
3-6 ENERGY STATISTICS - A SUPPLEMENT TO THE SUMMARY OF NATIONAL
TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS, ANNUAL REPORT, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. (AUGUST 1976).
3-7 SUMMARY OF NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS, U.S. DEPARTMENT
OF TRANSPORTATION, WASHINCTON, D. C. (JUNE 1974).
3-8 SUMMARY OF NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS, U.S. DEPARTMENT
OF TRANSPORTATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. (JUNE 1975).
3-9 NORMAN J. WEINSTEIN, WASTE OIL RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL
EPA-670/2-74-052, U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, D.
C. (AUGUST 1974); PREPARED BY RECOR. SYSTEMS, INC., PRINCETON, NEW
JERSEY.
3-10 HIGHWAY STATISTICS - 1974, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
3-11 WASTE AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OIL REUSE AS A FUEL,
EPA-600/5-74-032, OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, D. C. (SEPTEMBER 1974).
3-12 A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDY OF WASTE OIL RECOVERY PART II:
AN INVESTIGATION OF DISPERSED SOURCES OF USED CRANKCASE OILS. EEED 102,
TEKNEKRON, INC., BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA (OCTOBER 1973).
3-13 REPORT TO CONGRESS, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
WASHINGTON, D. C. (APRIL 1974).
3-14 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS: R. HUMPHREY AND S. HUMPHREY, NELCO OIL
REFINING COMPANY, NATIONAL CITY, CALIFORNIA (6 OCTOBER 1976).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
3-15 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: C. S. MCAULEY, MCAULEY OIL COMPANY,
LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA (1 OCTOBER 1976).
3-16 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: B. HORTON, DEARBORN REFINING COMPANY,
DEARBORN, MICHIGAN (21 OCTOBER 1976).
3-17 R. L. JOHNSON, ENERGY RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE, AN
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MINI-OVERVIEW, ATR-76 (7518)-7, THE AEROSPACE
CORPORATION, EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA (JUNE 1976).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102652
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
ALTHOUGH THE EARLIEST PATENT EXAMINED FOR THIS REPORT WAS DATED 1933,
THE LUBE OIL RE-REFINING INDUSTRY WAS STARTED IN 1915. THE INITIAL
PROCESS USED AT THAT TIME INVOLVED SIMPLE HEATING TO REMOVE VOLATILE
COMPONENTS AND THE USE OF A COACULENT, FOLLOWED BY SETTLING AND
CENTRIFUGATION. WHILE PRIMITIVE BY TODAY'S STANDARDS, THE RESULTING OIL
QUALITY WAS PERFECTLY ADEQUATE EVEN FOR THE LUBRICATION REQUIREMENTS OF
AIRCRAFT ENGINES OF THAT TIME. IN FACT, IN 1932, AMERICAN AIRLINES
INITIATED A "CLOSED-CYCLE" RE-REFINING SYSTEM IN WHICH LUBRICATING OIL
FROM COMPANY PLANES WAS TREATED TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS AND RETURNED
TOSERVICE (REF. 4-1, PART III). A 20 PERCENT NET DOLLAR SAVING
STIMULATED USE OF RE-REFINED OIL BY OTHER INDUSTRIES.
THE SUBSEQUENT GROWTH AND DECLINE OF THE OIL RE-REFINING BUSINESS IS
SHOWN IN TABLE 4-1.
TABLE 4-1. ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF RE-REFINED OIL IN THE UNITED
STATES (REF. 4-1)
TABLE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
DURING WORLD WAR II, THE DESIRE TO CONSERVE STRATEGIC LUBE OIL RESOURCES
FOCUSED ATTENTION ON THE ADVANTAGES ASSOCIATED WITH RE-REFINING. THE
ARMY AIR CORP INSTITUTED A CLOSED-CYCLE SYSTEM SIMILAR TO THAT OF
AMERICAN AIRLINES. THE PROGRAM ACTUALLY CONTINUED UP TO 1949 AT WHICH
TIME 1.1 MILLION GALLONS OF OIL PER YEAR WERE REPROCESSED AT AN ANNUAL
SAVINGS OF NEARLY $500,000. DURING THIS PERIOD, THE OIL WAS USED
WITHOUT RESTRICTION WITHIN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES. NO
DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED DURING 29 MILLION HOURS OF FLIGHT
TIME. WHEN THE PROGRAM WAS PHASED OUT, ABOUT ONE-FOURTH OF ALL AIR
FORCE AIRCRAFT OIL WAS RE-REFINED.
FOLLOWING WORLD WARE II, THE CIVILIAN USE OF RE-REFINED OIL ALSO
GREW. AT ITS PEAK IN 1960, IT REPRESENTED APPROXIMATELY 14 PERCENT OF
THE TOTAL DOMESTIC LUBE OIL MARKET. IN 1975, IT HAD DECLINED TO ABOUT 2
PERCENT. THIS REDUCTION IN MARKET SHARE IS EVEN MORE DRAMATIC WHEN
VIEWED IN THE CONTEXT THAT, DURING THE SAME PERIOD, TOTAL DEMAND FOR
LUBE OIL GREW BY 31 PERCENT. BETWEEN 1960 AND 1973, THE NUMBER OF
RE-REFINERS DECREASED FROM 150 TO 44 (REF. 4-3). BASED ON INFORMATION
FROM THE RE-REFINERS CONTACTED FOR THIS STUDY, IT IS EVIDENT THAT SOME
OF THOSE 44 HAVE SINCE GONE OUT OF BUSINESS. SINCE THE 1973 OIL
EMBARGO, PRICES OF ALL TYPES OF VIRGIN OIL HAVE RISEN SIGNIFICANTLY. AT
THE SAME TIME, SALES OF VIRGIN LUBE OILS (THE SOURCE OF USED OIL) HAVE
DECLINED STEADILY FROM THE 1973 PEAK, AT AN ANNUAL RATE OF ABOUT 6
PERCENT AT LEAST THROUGH 1975 AND APPARENTLY INTO 1976.
THE GENERAL CURRENT STATUS OF THE INDUSTRY WAS SPOT CHECKED IN THE
COURSE OF THIS STUDY; IT WAS INDICATED THAT A GENERAL SHORTAGE OF FUEL
OIL COMBINED WITH HIGH PRICES CAUSED MANY INDUSTRY SEGMENTS TO BURN USED
MOTOR OIL, BLENDED WITH FUEL OIL. DURING THE SECOND HALF OF 1976, FUEL
OIL PRICES INCREASED TO 28-1/2 CENTS PER GALLON, CAUSING USED MOTOR OIL
FOR FUEL PURPOSES TO BE BID ABOVE ITS VALUE AS LUBE RE-REFINING
FEESTOCK. LARGE INDUSTRIES IN THE LOS ANGELES AREA WERE REPORTEDLY
PAYING 17 CENTS PER GALLON, WITH SMALLER USERS PAYING EVEN MORE.
IT APPEARS THAT WHILE USED AUTOMOTIVE OIL RE-REFINING IS RELATIVELY
STAGNANT BECAUSE OF ITS USE AS A FUEL, THE TREND OF THE PRICE/COST
SITUATION ON NEW INDUSTRIAL OIL IS FAVORABLE TO AN INCREASE IN
INDUSTRIAL OIL RE-REFINING VOLUME, AND SEVERAL RE-REFINING PLANTS ARE
PLANNING NEAR-TERM EXPANSIONS. UNFORTUNATELY, TOTAL RE-REFINED OIL
SALES DATA ARE NOT SEGREGATED INTO AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES;
HENCE, THE RELATIVE SHIFT IN EMPHASIS IS NOT VERIFIABLE. AN INFERENCE
MIGHT BE MADE FROM THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS (BOC) DATA (REF. 4-4), WHICH
SHOWS A DECLINE IN SALES OF NEW INDUSTRIAL OIL OF 7.9 PERCENT ANNUALLY
OR 149 MILLION GALLONS BETWEEN 1973 AND 1975.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
HOWEVER, THE NET REDUCTION CANNOT BE WHOLLY ASSIGNED TO A SHIFT TO
RE-FINING BECUASE OF THE GENERALLY REDUCED NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY DURING THIS SAME PERIOD. RE-REFINING OF INDUSTRIAL
OIL, BY ITS NATURE, DOES NOT PRESENT SUPPLY PROBLEMS AS THE CUSTOMER
USUALLY SUPPLIES HIS OWN OIL.
IN 1950, THE RE-REFINERS FORMED THE ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM
RE-REFINERS (APR), HEADQUARTERED IN WASHINGTON, D. C. THE PURPOSE OF
THIS ORGANIZATION IS TO PROMOTE MARKET AND TECHNICAL INTERCHANGE AMONG
ITS MEMBERS AND FOSTER GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY THROUGH ANNUAL MEETINGS.
CURRENTLY, ABOUT HALF OF THE REMAINING MAJOR RE-REFINERS ARE MEMBERS OF
THIS ORGANIZATION, WHICH IS ALSO OPEN TO INTERNATIONAL MEMBERSHIP.
UNTIL RECENTLY, THE INDUSTRY, AT LEAST IN THE UNITED STATES, HAS NOT
EXHIBITED THE TYPICAL TREND OF GROWTH BY CONSOLIDATION AND SUBSEQUENT
PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION. BONUS OIL COMPANY OF SALT LAKE CITY MAY HAVE
SIGNALED THE BEGINNING OF SUCH A MOVEMENT WITH ITS RECENT ACQUISITIONS
OF FABIAN OIL COMPANY OF OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA, AND BAYSIDE OIL
CORPORATION OF SAN CARLOS, CALIFORNIA. THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY HAS
BEEN, AND TO A LARGE EXTENT REMAINS, COMPOSED OF A FRAGMENTED, STRONGLY
INDEPENDENT GROUP OF BUSINESSMEN. ALTHOUGH THE COMPOSITION IS CHANGING,
THE TYPICAL CURRENT RE-REFINERY IS OWNED BY A SINGLE PERSON OR
PARTNERSHIP. THE CHEMICAL PROCESSES WHICH THEY USE WERE DEVISED BY
TRIAL AND ERROR FROM YEARS OF EXPERIENCE. IN GENERAL, THEIR FACILITIES
LACK SOPHISTICATED PROCESS OR QUALITY CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION. ACTUAL
PROCESSING CONDITIONS, SUCH AS TEMPERATURES, PRESSURES, AND FLOW RATES,
ARE FREQUENTLY GUARDED AS TRADE SECRETS.
ALTHOUGH THE USED OIL COLLECTED CONSISTS OF A MIXTURE OF VARIOUS
GRADES, WEIGHTS, AND VISCOSITIES, NO ATTEMPT IS MADE TO SEPARATE THE OIL
INTO THE DIFFERENT ORIGINAL WEIGHT CATEGORIES (SUCH AS 10W, 20W, OR
30W). TO DO SO WOULD INCREASE THE COMPLEXITY OF RE-REFINING AND IS
TECHNICALLY UNNECESSARY. INSTEAD, RE-REFINERS USE THE COLLECTED MIXED
OILS TO DISTILL WHAT MAY BE CALLED A "BROAD-CUT". THE RESULTING SINGLE
PRODUCT IS USUALLY A 20-WEIGHT OIL. BLENDING STOCK AND ADDITIVES MAY
THEN BE INCORPORATED TO PRODUCE DIFFERENT WEIGHTS, AS WELL AS
MULTIVISCOSITY OILS, AND TO IMPROVE OPERATING PERFORMANCE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 062 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102655
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
OF SEVERAL POSSIBLE CHEMICAL PROCESSES AVAILABLE FOR RE-REFINING USED
OIL, THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS HAS BEEN ALMOST UNIVERSALLY APPLIED.
CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID IS A GOOD TREATING AGENT AND PRODUCES LUBE
OILS OF GOOD QUALITY (REF. 4-5). THE SULFURIC ACID TREATMENT IS A
SIMPLE PROCESS WHICH CONSISTS OF MIXING THE OIL WITH ACID AND SEPARATING
THE SLUDGE FORMED IN THE PROCESS FROM THE REFINED OIL. IT IS AN
ADAPTATION OF A PROCESS ONCE USED EXTENSIVELY IN THE PRODUCTION OF
VIRGIN LUBE OIL FROM CRUDE. A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THIS PROCESS AND
ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF RE-REFINING ARE PRESENTED IN SECTION 6.
RECENTLY, DISPOSAL OF THE ACID SLUDGE AND CLAY RESIDUE, BOTH OF WHICH
CONTAIN OIL PRODUCTS, HAS BECOME A SUBJECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN. IN
THE COURSE OF THIS STUDY, IT WAS FOUND THAT RE-REFINERS WERE DISPOSING
OF THESE WASTE PRODUCTS IN LOCAL DUMPS IN WAYS ACCEPTABLE TO
ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES, ALTHOUGH AT A CONSIDERABLE ECONOMIC PENALTY.
OTHER GENERAL POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES IN EFFECT, SUCH AS STACK
CONTROLS (ODOR AND PARTICULATES) AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT, WERE NOT
CONSIDERED A SEVERE FINANCIAL BURDEN. HOWEVER, THE POSSIBLE FUTURE
DEPLETION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE DUMPSITES PRESENTS A POTENTIAL INDUSTRY
PROBLEM. CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVE PROCESSES THAT REDUCE OR
ELIMINATE UNDESIRABLE BY-PRODUCTS IS THEREFORE IN ORDER.
THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY HAS NOT CONFINED ITSELF EXCLUSIVELY TO
AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OILS. THROUGH THE YEARS, RE-REFINERS HAVE PROVEN
REMARKABLY ADAPTIVE IN DEVISING ALTERNATIVE USES FOR SPENT MOTOR OILS
AND, IN A MORE LIMITED WAY, TO OTHER TYPES OF LUBE OILS. LUBRICANTS MAY
BE LOOSELY CLASSIFIED UNDER TWO CATEGORIES: OIL AND GREASE. NO KNOWN
ATTEMPTS HAVE BEEN MADE TO SALVAGE USED GREASE. WHILE IT COULD BE
PROCESSED, IT IS DIFFICULT TO RECOVER; MOST GREASE THEREFORE IS LOST TO
THE ENVIRONMENT DIRECTLY AFTER USE.
USED OIL HAS BEEN PROCESSED FOR USE IN ROAD OILING, AS A FUEL-OIL
BLEND FOR BURNING, AND AS A PLASTICIZER FOR USE IN PAINT AND PLASTIC
MANUFACTURE. IN ADDITION, USED OIL HAS BEEN RE-REFINED FOR USE IN ITS
ORIGINALLY INTENDED APPLICATION; E.G., AS A LUBRICANT IN RAILROAD
JOURNAL BOXES, DIESEL ENGINES, RECIPROCATING AIRCRAFT ENGINES,
AUTOMOBILES, AND FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL MACHINING APPLICATIONS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 063 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102656
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
IN THIS REPORT, ATTENTION IS FOCUSED PRIMARILY ON AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE
OIL. OTHER RE-REFINING ACTIVITIES ARE DISCUSSED ONLY FOR COMPLETENESS
IN UNDERSTANDING THE INDUSTRY AND ITS ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. THE TWO
PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS OF RE-REFINERS TODAY ARE AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE OIL AND
INDUSTRIAL OILS. THE PROBLEMS, PROCESSING, AND MARKET RELATIONSHIPS ARE
DIFFERENT FOR EACH OIL.
INDUSTRIAL OIL HAS DIFFERENT CONTAMINANTS THAN AUTOMOTIVE OIL
(SECTION 2), IS GENERALLY EASIER TO PROCESS (EXCEPT FOR POSSIBLY MORE
STRINGENT CLEANLINESS REQUIREMENTS), AND DOES NOT INVOLVE SUPPLY
PROBLEMS. CUSTOMERS ARE DEVELOPED PRINCIPALLY THROUGH PERSONAL TRUST IN
THE RE-REFINER'S INTEGRITY AND ABILITY. THE CONTAMINATED OIL IS
FURNISHED AT REGULAR INTERVALS TO THE REFINER WHO ESSENTIALLY DOES
CUSTOM PROCESSING, INCLUDING BLENDING OF CUSTOMER-SPECIFIED ADDITIVES.
THE REPROCESSED OIL RETURNED TO THE CUSTOMER IS GENERALLY NOT MIXED WITH
THAT OF OTHERS.
MOTOR OIL PROCESSING, ON THE OTHER HAND, IS CONSIDERABLY MORE
INVOLVED. AS FURTHER DISCUSSED IN SECTION 7, THE OIL IS COLLECTED IN
SMALLER INDIVIDUAL QUANTITIES AND FROM DIVERSE SOURCES. THE TRUCKS USED
FOR COLLECTION OFTEN BELONG TO RE-REFINERS BUT ARE MORE FREQUENTLY THOSE
OF INDEPENDENT COLLECTORS. SOURCES FOR THE OIL ARE MORE UNSTABLE
BECAUSE OF A LESSER DEPENDENCE ON A SINGLE RE-REFINER. INDEPENDENT
COLLECTORS MAY SELL TO DIFFERENT PROCESSORS OR TO NONE, DEPENDING
STRICTLY ON PRICE. ALSO, AS DESCRIBED IN SECTION 2, THE CONTAMINANTS IN
MOTOR OI ARE MORE SEVERE THAN IN INDUSTRIAL OILS, WHICH MAKES
RE-REFINING OF THESE OILS MORE EXPENSIVE. IMPROVED SEGREGATION OF
FEEDSTOCKS FROM SOURCE TO RE-REFINER, THAT PREVENTS COMINGLING OF HIGHLY
CONTAMINATED OILS WITH THOSE THAT ARE LESS CONTAMINATED, HELPS TO REDUCE
PROCESSING COSTS. TOWARD THIS END, ONE LARGE MIDWESTERN RE-REFINER
SEGREGATES RAILROAD DIESEL OIL FROM TRUCK DIESEL OIL. FINALLY, THE
PRODUCT IS GENERALLY MARKETED RATHER THAN MERELY RETURNED TO A SOURCE.
IN SOME CASES, A FLEET OPERATOR MAY RETURN THE USED OIL DIRECTLY TO THE
RE-REFINER.
HISTORICALLY, THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY HAS SERVED THE
ECONOMY-CONSCIOUS CONSUMER. AS CAN BE INFERRED FROM MILITARY AND
CIVILIAN AVIATION EXPERIENCE, THE QUALITY OF THE PRODUCTS WERE PROVEN IN
SERVICE AND ACCEPTED BY THE PUBLIC AT LARGE, AT LEAST INTO THE EARLY
1960S. THE GENERALLY LOWER OPERATING COSTS OF RE-REFINERS, THE FACT
THAT THEY WERE PAID TO COLLECT WASTE OIL, AND THE MORE CENTRALIZED
SOURCES OF CRANKCASE OIL IN THE PRE-1960 TIME PERIOD HAVE ALL
CONTRIBUTED TO THE ABILITY OF THE RE-REFINER TO SELL OIL AT A PRICE
LOWER THAN VIRGIN OIL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 064 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102657
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
INDUSTRIAL OILS WERE NOT A LARGE MARKET AT THAT TIME. BECINNING IN THE
MID-1950S, CUTTING SPEEDS OF MACHINE TOOLS STARTED TO RISE AND DEMANDED
THE USE OF HIGHLY COMPOUNDED COOLING/CUTTING/HYDRAULIC OILS. THROUGHOUT
THIS PERIOD, AS PRICES AND COSTS SHIFTED IN THE MARKET, REQREFINERS
GRADUALLY BEGAN PROCESSING INDUSTRIAL AS WELL AS CRANKCASE OIL.
INITIALLY, RE-REFINED CRANKCASE OIL WAS SOLID IN BULK. AS INDIVIDUAL
PACKAGING FOR LUBE OIL BECAME POPULAR, RE-REFINERS ADOPTED THIS
TECHNIQUE IN SPITE OF THE ADDITIONAL COST. INDUSTRIAL OIL IS ALWAYS
HANDLED IN BULK. THE COST OF OIL ADDITIVES IS ANOTHER SIGNIFICANT
MANUFACTURING EXPENSE. OF COURSE, COSTS VARY AMONG MANUFACTURERS AND,
AS SHOWN LATER, ARE DEPENDENT ON THE REFINING PROCESSES USED.
IN THE COURSE OF ITS DEVELOPMENT, A NUMBER OF PROBLEMS HAVE PLAGUED
THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY. FOR EXAMPLE, GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS, INDIRECT
RESTRICTIONS BY PRIVATE INDUSTRIES, AND FINANCIAL PRESSURES OF THE
COMMERCIAL MARKET HAVE SERVED TO RESTRICT THE ABILITY OF RE-REFINERS TO
RESPOND POSITIVELY. WHILE THE LIST IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE, MAJOR CURRENT
PROBLEMS ARE (1) TREASURY DEPARTMENT TAX RULINGS, (2) FEDERAL TRADE
COMMISSION LABELING REQUIREMENTS, (3) CHANGES IN OIL MARKETING METHODS,
(4) OIL SPECIFICATIONS AND ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTING, (5) PRODUCT QUALITY
IMAGE, AN1 (6) CAPITALIZATION AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT. THESE ITEMS ARE
FURTHER DISCUSSED IN THE FOLLOWING SUBSECTIONS AND IN SECTION 9.
PRIOR TO 1965, ALL VIRGIN LUBE OIL WAS TAXED AT A RATE OF 6 CENTS PER
GALLON. BECAUSE MOST RE-REFINED OIL PRODUCTS ARE BLENDED WITH SOME
VIRGIN OIL BEFORE SELLING, RE-REFINERS EFFECTIVELY PAID A TAX IN
PROPORTION TO THE BLENDED RATIO OF VIRGIN AND RE-REFINED USED OIL. THE
FEDERAL EXCISE TAX REDUCTION ACT OF 1965 EXEMPTED THOSE VIRGIN OILS
WHICH WERE USED IN APPLICATIONS OTHER THAN HIGHWAY MOTOR VEHICLES.
SUBSEQUENTLY, HOWEVER, THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT HELD (RULING 68-108) THAT
VIRGIN OIL BLENDED WITH RE-REFINED NON-HIGHWAY OIL WAS NOT EXEMPT. IN
EFFECT THIS GAVE VIRGIN NON-HIGHWAY OILS A TAX (PRICE) ADVANTAGE OVER
RE-REFINED PRODUCTS. UNDER THIS ADVERSE TREASURY RULING, THE MORE
VIRGIN OIL A RE-REFINER ADDED TO HIS PRODUCT, THE GREATER HIS PRICE
DISADVANTAGE BECAME RELATIVE TO A 100 PERCENT VIRGIN OIL. THIS WAS NOT
ONLY UNREASONABLE BUT ECONOMICALLY DISASTEROUS FOR THE RE-REFINING
INDUSTRY.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 065 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102658
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
IN 1958, THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION RULED THAT SPECIFIC LABELING
WAS REQUIRED FOR RE-REFINED CRANKCASE LUBE OIL. IN 1963, IT STIPULATED
THAT A STATEMENT REGARDING PREVIOUS USE BE PLACED IN A CONSPICUOUS
LOCATION ON THE FRONT OF THE CONTAINER. THE SPECIFIC CHOICE OF WORDS TO
DESCRIBE THE OIL IS CLAIMED TO BE A PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERRENT TO POTENTIAL
CUSTOMERS (REFS. 4-1, AND 4-6). THE CONCENSUS SEEMS TO BE THAT A
NEGATIVE CONNOTATION DOES EXIST, BUT ITS CUMULATIVE EFFECT ON SALES CAN
NOT BE READILY QUANTIFIED. DETAILS ON THE CURRENT STATUS ARE FURTHER
ADDRESSED IN SECTION 9.
THE METHOD OF CRANKCASE OIL SALES HAS SHIFTED DRAMATICALLY SINCE
ABOUT 1960. WHEREAS USED CRANKCASE OIL WAS ONCE ACCUMULATED AT AUTO
SALES AND SERVICE CENTERS, THE ADVENT OF DISCOUNT STORES WITH
SIGNIFICANT PRICE DIFFERENTIALS APPARENTLY CAUSED CONSUMERS TO BEGIN
CHANGING THEIR OWN OIL. BY 1973, SALES OF LUBE OIL IN SERVICE STATIONS
HAD DECLINED FROM 70 PERCENT OF THE MARKET SHARE TO 45 PERCENT. AS
SALES PLUMMETED, SO DID THE WASTE OIL AVAILABLE AT INDIVIDUAL SERVICE
STATIONS. THE RE-REFINER (OR USED OIL COLLECTOR) WAS FORCED TO COVER A
WIDER AND WIDER AREA TO COLLECT THE SAME AMOUNT OF OIL, WHICH RESULTED
IN HIGHER COLLECTION COSTS. GASOLINE AND OIL PRICE INCREASES SINCE 1973
HAVE FURTHER COMPOUNDED THE COLLECTION EXPENSE. FURTHER DISCUSSION OF
THE IMPACT OF THESE FACTORS ON THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY ARE INCLUDED IN
SECTION 7.
OVER A PERIOD OF YEARS, THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API) AND
THE SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS (SAE) HAVE EVOLVED A SERIES OF
LUBRICATING OIL VISCOSITY SPECIFICATIONS. THESE ORGANIZATIONS, TOGETHER
WITH THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM), WITH MAJOR
INPUTS FROM FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, DEVISED A
SERIES OF ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS TO ENSURE THE ABILITY OF A MOTOR OIL TO
PERFORM ACCEPTABLY UNDER VARIOUS OPERATING CONDITIONS (REF. 4-7). IT
SHOULD BE EMPHASIZED THAT NEITHER THE API/SAE VISCOSITY NOR ENGINE
SERVICE SPECIFICATIONS EXCLUDE RE-REFINED OIL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 066 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102659
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
UNLIKE THESE SPECIFICATIONS, THE MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS MIL-L-46152
AND MIL-L-2104C CONTAIN SPECIFIC EXCLUSIONS FOR RE-REFINED OIL, WHICH
ARE CLAIMED TO ADVERSELY REFLECT ON THE MARKETABILITY OF RE-REFINED OIL.
IN A 1964 LETTER TO THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, THE U. S. ARMY
MATERIAL COMMAND STATED THAT RE-REFINED OIL FAILED TO PASS ENGINE TESTS
CONDUCTED BY THE U. S. ARMY (REF. 4-1). WHILE NO TEST IDENTIFICATION
OR DETAILS ARE PROVIDED, THE ARMY SUBSEQUENTLY PROHIBITED USE OF
RE-REFINED PRODUCTS IN ALL ITS PROCUREMENTS, REALIZING THAT BASE STOCK
CHARACTERISTICS WOULD BE CONSTANTLY CHANGING WITH USED OIL DRAININGS.
SINCE ARMY SPECIFICATIONS ARE USED THROUGHOUT GOVERNMENT SERVICES, IT
BECAME A GOVERNMENT WIDE PROHIBITION. THE CONTENTION IS THAT EACH
COLLECTION OF USED CRANKCASE OIL COMES FROM A DIFFERENT SOURCE AND,
THEREFORE, POSSESSES DIFFERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY EVEN
AFTER RE-REFINING. HOWEVER, NO EVIDENCE HAS BEEN PUBLISHED WHICH
SUPPORTS THIS CONTENTION. IN FACT, RECENT LIMITED WORK BY ERDA'S
BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER REVEALS NO SUBSTANTIAL VARIATION IN
THE PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF CRANKCASE DRAININGS, EITHER GEOGRAPHICALLY
OR SEASONALLY (REFS. 4-8 AND 4-9).
A COMPOUNDED CRANKCASE OIL CONSISTS OF BOTH A BASE STOCK OIL AND AN
ADDITIVE PACKAGE. NO KNOWN CRANKCASE OIL CAN MEET CURRENT ENGINE TEST
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS WITHOUT CHEMICAL ADDITIVES CONTAINING RUST
INHIBITORS, ANTIFOAM AGENTS, ETC. IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT NEARLY 17
PERCENT OF A QUART OF MULTIVISCOSITY MOTOR OIL IS COMPOSED OF ADDITIVES
(REF. 4-1). WHEN A VIRGIN OIL FAILS ENGINE TESTING, IT IS ROUTINE
PROCEDURE TO MODIFY THE ADDITIVE PACKAGE, NOT THE BASE STOCK. BOTH
VIRGIN LUBE MANUFACTURERS AND RE-REFINERS CONTACTED DURING THIS STUDY
ACKNOWLEDGED THEIR DEPENDENCE ON ADDITIVE MANUFACTURERS TO MEET ENGINE
SEQUENCE TEST REQUIREMENTS.
RE-REFINED LUBE OIL IS MARKETED IN VARIOUS QUALITY LEVELS. IN THE
PAST, RE-REFINERS HAVE NOT SERIOUSLY ATTEMPTED, ON AN INDUSTRY-WIDE
BASIS, TO COMPETE WITH PREMIUM OR SUPER-PREMIUM MOTOR OILS. THEIR
PRINCIPAL MARKET COMPETITION IS A VIRGIN OIL WHICH IS ALSO OF LESS THAN
PREMIUM QUALITY. IMPORTANTLY, TO BE TERMED A "STANDARD QUALITY OIL"
DOES NOT IMPLY THAT THE PRODUCT DOES NOT MEET ENGINE TEST REQUIREMENTS.
IT IS THE API/SAE SERVICE DESIGNATION THAT DEFINES ABILITY TO MEET
SERVICE CONDITIONS. PREMIUM QUALITY OILS, IN GENERAL, EXCEED MINIMUM
ENGINER PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS. UNFORTUNATELY, EITHER BECAUSE OF
CONFUSION OVER THE MEANING OF THE API/SAE DESIGNATORS OR BY CLEVER
ADVERTISING, THE GENERAL PUBLIC APPEARS TO BELIEVE THAT LESS THAN
PREMIUM IS LESS THAN ADEQUATE QUALITY.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 067 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102660
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
AS A RESULT, ABOUT 98 PERCENT OF THE PUBLIC PURCHASES ACCORDING TO
FACTORS OTHER THAN API/SAE SERVICE DESIGNATION, SUCH AS BRAND NAME, AND
NEARLY 70 PERCENT MAY PURCHASE OIL OF HIGHER QUALITY THAN RECOMMENDED BY
THE VEHICLE MANUFACTURER (REF. 4-1).
MAJOR OIL COMPANIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND TESTING LABORATORIES
CONTACTED IN THE COURSE OF THIS STUDY INDICATE NO CREDIBLE CHALLENGE TO
THE BELIEF THAT RE-REFINED OIL OF QUALITY EQUIVALENT TO VIRGIN LUBE CAN
BE MADE. LUBRICATION ENGINEERS UNIVERSALLY AGREE THAT OIL DOES NOT WEAR
OUT -- IT BECOMES CONTAMINATED. THREE CURRENT EFFORTS ARE EXPECTED TO
CONTRIBUTE DATA TO RESOLVE SOME OF THE QUESTIONS SURROUNDING RE-REFINED
OIL. THE FIRST IS WORK BEING DONE BY THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
TO ESTABLISH "SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE" UNDER DIRECTION OF THE ENERGY
POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT OF 1975. A SECOND UNRELATED EFFORT BY THE
ARMY FUELS LABORATORY IS DEVOTED TO EVALUATING 15 DIFFERENT REFINED
OILS. ALTHOUGH DIRECTED TO SYNTHETIC OIL, WORK BEING CONDUCTED BY THE
AIR FORCE THROUGH WRIGHT PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE WILL HOPEFULLY ALSO
SUPPLY PERTINENT EVIDENCE, OBTAINED UNDER CONTROLLED TEST CONDITIONS
(REF. 4-10).
MOST RE-REFINERY FACILITIES ARE 30 OR MORE YEARS OLD. BY CONTRAST,
EXXON STATED THAT THE AVERAGE AGE OF THEIR FACILITIES IS 15 YEARS.
CAPITAL FOR RENOVATION, CONVERSION, OR EXPANSION OF RE-REFINING
FACILITIES HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN. IN GENERAL, MOST LENDING
INSTITUTIONS ARE WARY OF THE INDUSTRY BECAUSE IT HAS A NEGATIVE IMAGE;
ITS SOURCE OF RAW MATERIALS IS UNCERTAIN, AND IT HAS A DECLINING SALES
HISTORY. AS A RESULT, THE INDUSTRY MAY FIND IT DIFFICULT TO EXPLOIT
NEW, MORE EFFICIENT, AND ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE PROCESS
TECHNOLOGIES.
4-1 P. M. CUKOR, M. J. KEATON, AND G. WILCOX, A TECHNICAL AND
ECONOMIC STUDY OF WASTE OIL RECOVERY, PART III: ECONOMIC, TECHNICAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO WASTE OIL RECOVERY, TEKNEKRON, INC., AND THE
INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA (OCTOBER 1973).
4-2 S. CHANSKY, ET AL., WASTE AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OIL RE-USE AS A
FUEL, EPA-600/5-74-032, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
WASHINGTON, D. C. (SEPTEMBER 1974).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 068 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102661
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
4-3 N. J. WEINSTEIN, WASTE OIL RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL,
EPA-670/2-74-052, U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, D.
C. (AUGUST 1974); PREPARED BY RECON SYSTEMS, INC. PRINCETON, NEW
JERSEY.
4-4 "SALES OF LUBRICATING AND INDUSTRIAL OILS AND GREASES, "CURRENT
INDUSTRIAL REPORTS, MA-29C(75)-2, BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, WASHINGTON, D.
C. (SEPTEMBER 1976).
4-5 "LUBE OILS - PROCESSING SPECIFICATIONS RE-REFINING, "HYDRO-CARBON
PROCESSING (DECEMBER 1974).
4-6 WASTE OIL RECOVERY PRACTICES -- STATE OF THE ART (1972), U. S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, NT1S NO. PB 229801 (DECEMBER 1972);
PREPARED BY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SYSTEMS, INC., WASHINGTON, D. C.
4-7 MULTI-CYLINDER TEST SEQUENCES FOR EVALUATING AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE
OILS, ASTM 315F, 04-315060-12, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND
MATERIALS, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA (JANUARY 1973).
4-8 M. L. WHISMAN, ET AL, WASTE LUBRICATING OIL RESEARCH,
BERC/RI-75/3, BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER, BARTLESVILLE,
OKLAHOMA (JUNE 1975).
4-9 M. L. WHISMAN, ET AL, WASTE LUBRICATING OIL RESEARCH,
BERC/RI-75/11, BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER, BARTLESVILLE,
OKLAHOMA (DECEMBER 1975).
4-10 "RECLAMATION OF SYNTHETIC TURBINE ENGINE OIL MIXTURES," CONTRACT
F33615-76-C-203, MONSANTO RESEARCH LABORATORY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 069 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102662
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
THE PROCESSES EMPLOYED IN CURRENT RE-REFINERIES OR DESCRIBED IN THE
PATENT LITERATURE ARE BASED ALMOST ENTIRELY ON PETROLEUM REFINING OR
CHEMICAL PRODUCTION EXPERIENCE. THESE PROCESSES INCLUDE TECHNIQUES
RANGING FROM ACID CONTACTING, NOW ALMOST OBSOLETE IN THE PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY, TO VARIOUS SEVERITIES OF HYDROGEN TREATMENT. IN ATTEMPTING TO
ACHIEVE ECONOMICAL REMOVAL OF SOLID AND LIQUID CONTAMINANTS FROM USED
CRANKCASE OR INDUSTRIAL OIL, INVESTIGATORS HAVE EXPLORED A VARIETY OF
PHYSICAL SEPARATION PROCESSES AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS. THE ADDITIONAL
EMPHASIS IN RECENT YEARS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND ENERGY
CONSERVATION HAS INTRODUCED NEW EVALUATION CRITERIA IN PROCESS
SELECTION.
THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS IS THE MOST WIDELY USED RE-REFINING PROCESS IN
THE UNITED STATES. ALTHOUGH IT CAN PRODUCE A HIGH QUALITY PRODUCT WHEN
PROPERLY OPERATED, IT DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE AS FEASIBLE ECONOMICALLY FOR
TODAY'S HIGH ADDITIVE LUBRICANT AS SOME OF THE NEWER ALTERNATIVES.
FURTHERMORE, DISPOSAL OF THE ACID SLUDGE AND CILY CLAY IS BECOMING MORE
DIFFICULT AND EXPENSIVE. THIS SECTION DESCRIBES THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS
IN SOME DETAIL AND, IN LESSER DEPTH, SEVERAL OF THE MORE RECENT OPTIONS
THAT ARE EITHER IN COMMERCIAL OPERATION OR UNDER STUDY FOR HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION. IN ADDITION, AN EXTENSIVE REVIEW OF APPLICABLE UNITED
STATES PATENTS DATING BACK TO 1957 HAS BEEN INCLUDED.
FOUR PROCESSES THAT ARE CURRENTLY IN USE INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
ACID-CLAY, CLAY, CAUSTIC, AND SOLVENT EXTRACTION (PROPANE). ALTHOUGH
THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS IS MEETING WITH DISFAVOR ON ECONOMIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL GROUNDS, IT IS STILL WIDELY USED AND IS DESCRIBED IN
GREATER DETAIL THAN THE OTHER NEW ALTERNATIVES.
THE TREATMENT OF VIRGIN LUBRICATING OIL WITH CONCENTRATED SULFURIC
ACID TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS AND COLOR BODIES HAS BEEN PRACTICED IN
PETROLEUM REFINING FOR MANY YEARS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 070 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102663
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
ITS APPLICATION IS NOW GENERALLY LIMITED TO THE PRODUCTION OF SPECIALTY
PRODUCTS, SUCH AS MEDICINAL AND TRANSFORMER OILS, BECAUSE REFINERIES
HAVE HAD DIFFICULTY DISPOSING OF THE ACID SLUDGE AND NEWER PROCESSES
BASED ON SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND HYDROGEN TREATMENT HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED.
ACID TREATMENT WAS USED IN THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY PRIOR TO WORLD
WAR II BUT WAS UNIVERSALLY ADOPTED AFTER THE WAR WHEN ADDITIVES BECAME
WIDESPREAD IN MOTOR OILS. CONCENTRATE1 SULFURIC ACID IS CAPABLE OF
REMOVING THESE ADDITIVES, AS WELL AS OTHER CONTAMINANTS, FROM THE USED
OIL. DESPITE ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES AND ATTENDANT ECONOMIC
DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROCESS TODAY, THE INDUSTRY HAS BEEN SLOW TO CHANGE
ITS TECHNOLOGY BECAUSE OF A LACK OF CAPITAL FOR PLANT CONVERSION AND A
LIMITED NUMBER OF PROVEN ALTERNATIVES. THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS THUS
REMAINS THE PREDOMINANT APPROACH IN THE RE-REFININC INDUSTRY.
5.2.1.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
5.2.1.1.1 CHEMISTRY
PARAFFIN AND NAPHTHENE HYDROCARBONS ARE ONLY SLIGHTLY ATTACKED BY 93
PERCENT SULFURIC ACID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE. HOWEVER, TOLUENE AND XYLENE
ARE MORE READILY ATTACKED WHILE OLEFINS, DIOLEFINS, AND ACETYLENES ARE
ATTACKED BY EVEN 75 PERCENT ACID. SULFURIC ACID ALSO REMOVES RESINOUS
CRASPHALTIC SUBSTANCES THAT MAY BE PRESENT, AS WELL AS OXYGEN COMPOUN1S,
SUCH AS NAPHTHENIC ACIDS, KETONES, ALCOHOLS, AND ALDEHYDES. OTHER
COMPOUNDS THAT ARE REMOVED INCLUDE NITROGEN BASES AND ALKYL SULFIDES,
DISULFIDES, AND SULFATES. FINALLY, METALS SUCH AS LEAD AND BARIUM ARE
REMOVED AS INSOLUBLE SULFATES IN THE SLUDGE.
FOLLOWING ACID TREATMENT, THE OIL IS INVARIABLY GIVEN A CLAY
TREATMENT. FINELY SUSPENDED CLAY IS MIXED WITH THE OIL AT ELEVATED
TEMPERATURES TO ACCOMPLISH TWO TASKS. COLOR BODIES OF ASPHALTIC OR
RESINOUS MATERIAL ARE READILY ADSORBED ON THE PARTICLE SURFACE,
RESULTING IN A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT IN COLOR OF THE BASE STOCK. AT
THE SAME TIME, ANY RESIDUAL ACID IS NEUTRALIZED BY THE CLAY, WHICH
PROVIDES A LESS TROUBLESOME OPERATION THAN CAUSTIC NEUTRALIZATION WHICH
MAY FORM AN UNWANTED EMULSION (REF. 5-1).
HYDROCARBONS ARE ADSORBED IN THE FOLLOWING DECREASING ORDER;
UNSATURATES, AROMATICS, NAPHTHENES, AND PARAFFINS. IN EACH SERIES, THE
HIGH MOLEVULAR WEIGHT COMPOUNDS ARE ADSORBED MORE READILY, UNDOUBTEDLY
ACCOUNTING FOR MOST OF THE DECOLORIZING ACTION; MATERIALS CONTAINING
NITROGEN, OXYGEN, AND SULFUR GENERALLY ARE COLORED AND, BEING POLAR IN
NATURE, ARE SELECTIVELY ADSORBED IN CLAY.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 071 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102664
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
5.2.1.1.2 FEEDSTOCK
THE MOST PREVALENT FEEDSTOCKS FOR ACID-CLAY TREATMENT IN THE
RE-REFINING INDUSTRY ARE AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE DRAININGS. HOWEVER, MANY
OTHER USED OILS MAY BE EFFECTIVELY TREATED BY THIS PROCESS, INCLUDING
HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD DIESEL OILS, HYDRAULIC AND TRANSFORMER OILS,
AIRCRAFT PISTON ENGINE OIL, AND VARIOUS UNEMULSIFIED METAL WORKING OILS.
ACID TREATMENT IS NOT ALWAYS REQUIRED, PARTICULARLY IN THE CASE OF LOW
SOLIDS CONTENT INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS; DEHYDRATION, FILTRATION, AND
POSSIBLY CLAY TREATMENT MAY BE ALL THAT IS NEEDED. ALSO, ACID TREATMENT
MAY BE AVOIDED BY CASCADING THE USED LUBE OIL; I.E., RE-REFINING ONLY
TO THE DEGREE NECESSARY TO HAVE THE PRODUCT MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF
LESS DEMANDING USE.
5.2.1.1.3 FLOWSHEET AND OPERATING CONDITIONS
FIGURE 5-1 ILLUSTRATES THE SEQUENCE OF STEPS IN THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS
FROM USED OIL FEEDSTOCK TO A RE-REFINED BASE STOCK MOTOR OR INDUSTRIAL
OIL PRODUCT. INDIVIDUAL PLANTS MAY DEPART FROM THIS TYPICAL PROCESS
DESCRIPTION BECAUSE OF FEEDSTOCK VARIATIONS, PRODUCT DESIRED, EQUIPMENT
DIFFERENCES, CHEMICALS AND FUELS USED, OR OPERATING EXPERIENCE OF THE
OWNER. ALSO, THE PLANT MAY INCLUDE COMPOUNDING OF THE BASE STOCK WITH
ADDITIVES AND A CANNING OPERATION.
FIGURE 5-1. SCHEMATIC OF ACID-CLAY TYPE RE-REFINERY (REF. 5-2)
FIGURE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 072 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102665
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
THE FEEDSTOCK ARRIVES AT THE RE-REFINERY IN COLLECTION TANK TRUCKS OR
RAILROAD TANK CARS. FEEDSTOCK VOLUME IS NOT SUFFICIENTLY LARGE TO MAKE
USE OF BULK CARRIERS, SUCH AS SHIPS OR BARGES. FREE WATER MAY BE
DRAINED FROM THE INCOMING VEHICLE BEFORE THE OIL IS DUMPED INTO AN
UNDERGROUND RECEIVING TANK OR THE WATER MAY BE PERIODICALLY REMOVED FROM
THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK LATER. A SCREEN OVER THE INLET OF THE RECEIVING
TANK REMOVES THE COARSE DEBRIS INVARIABLY FOUND IN USED OILS. FEED
STORAGE CAPACITY IS GENERALLY SIZED TO HOLD A WEEK OR MORE OF FEEDSTOCK
VOLUME TO ALLOW FOR SUCH FLUCTUATIONS AS DELIVERIES OR PLANT SHUTDOWNS.
THE TANK IS FITTED WITH A STEAM COIL TO ENABLE THE VISCOUS FEED TO BE
PUMPED OUT IN COLD WEATHER. IN THOSE RE-REFINERIES HANDLING SEVERAL
TYPES OF FEESTOCKS, SEGREGATION IS OF PRIME IMPORTANCE IN SUCCESSFUL
PROCESSING.
THE OIL IS FIRST PUMPED TO A FLASH DEHYDRATOR TO REMOVE BOUND WATER
(E.G., EMULSIFIED) AND LIGHT HYDROCARBONS. THE FLOWSHEET INDICATES A
TEMPERATURE OF 300 DEGREES F AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, BUT CONDITIONS
VARY WIDELY IN THE INDUSTRY. LOW-TEMPERATURE DEHYDRATION COVERS A RANGE
OF FROM 250 DEGREES TO 350 DEGREES F, AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE OR UNDER
VACUUM. HOWEVER, SEVERAL RE-REFINERS VISITED DURING THE STUDY SAID THEY
HAD TO DEHYDRATE AT 600 DEGREES TO 650 DEGREES F AND ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE BECAUSE OF THE HIGH ADDITIVE CONTENT IN CURRENT MOTOR OILS.
EITHER A STEAM HEAT EXCHANGER OR A DIRECT FIRED HEATER IS USED FOR
LOW-TEMPERATURE DEHYDRATION, WHILE THE LATTER IS INVARIABLY USED FOR
HIGH-TEMPERATURE OPERATION. TYPICAL OF ALMOST ALL THE RE-REFINERIES,
THE HEAT IN THE DEHYDRATED OIL IS NOT RECOVERED, THE EXPENSE OF A HEAT
EXCHANGER NOT BEING JUSTIFIED.
THE OVERHEAD MIXTURE OF WATER AND OIL IS CONDENSED AND SEPARATED.
THE LIGHT OIL IS USUALLY STORED FOR USE AS A PLANT FUEL BUT SEVERAL
RE-REFINERS INDICATED THAT IT IS SOMETIMES MORE PROFITABLE TO SEEL THIS
OIL AND BURN NATURAL GAS WHEN THE MARKET DEMAND FOR THE OIL IS HIGH.
THE WATER IS SENT TO A WASTE WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM (SECTION 5.2.1.4.2).
THE DEHYDRATED OIL IS ALLOWED TO COOL BY NATURAL CONVECTION IN
STORAGE TANKS TO ABOUT 100 DEGREES F IF LOW-TEMPERATURE DEHYDRATION IS
USED. WATER COOLING IS ALSO EMPLOYED IF THE DEHYDRATION STEP IS CARRIED
OUT A HIGH TEMPERATURE. THE OIL IS PUMPED TO A VERTICAL TANK WITH A
CONICAL BOTTOM, AND 2 TO 6 VOLUME PERCENT (DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF
FEEDSTOCK) OF 93 PERCENT (66 DEGREES BAUME) SULFURIC ACID IS ADDED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 073 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102666
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
PLANT AIR IS USED TO MIX THE TANK CONTENTS, WHILE A STEAM JACKET OR
STEAM COIL IS USED TO MAINTAIN THE TEMPERATURE AT NEAR 100 DEGREES F.
AFTER AGITATION FOR AN HOUR OR MORE, THE SLUDGE IS ALLOWED TO SETTLE IN
THE CONICAL BOTTOM FOR ONE TO THREE DAYS. THE SLUDGE, CONTAINING
UNREACTED ACID AND MOST OF THE CONTAMINANTS IN THE WASTE OIL, IS DRAINED
FROM THE REACTOR BOTTOM OUTLET FOR DISPOSAL. DISPOSAL OF THE SLUDGE IS
DISCUSSED IN SECTION 5.2.1.4.1.
THE PARTIALLY PROCESSED OIL IS THEN PUMPED TO AN ATMOSPHERIC TOWER
WHERE STEAM STRIPPING AND CLAY NEUTRALIZATION AND DECOLORIZATION ARE
CARRIED OUT NEXT IN THE PROCESSING SEQUENCE. THE OIL IS CIRCULATED
THROUGH AN EXTERNAL, DIRECT-FIRED PIPESTILL HEATER, WHICH RAISES ITS
TEMPERATURE TO ABOUT 500 DEGREES TO 600 DEGREES F. STEAM IS INTRODUCED
TO REMOVE ACIDIC AND ODOROUS COMPOUNDS AS WELL AS ADDITIONAL LIGHT ENDS.
THE LATTER ALSO BRINGS THE PRODUCT OIL TO THE DESIRED VISCOSITY. THE
STEAM STRIPPED OVERHEADS ARE CONDENSED AND SEPARATED AS FROM THE
DEHYDRATION TOWER.
AT THIS POINT, HEATING IS DISCONTINUED, AND FINELY POWDERED CLAY IS
ADDED TO THE HOT OIL FOR FINAL COLOR IMPROVEMENT AND ACID
NEUTRALIZATION. FROM 0.2 TO 0.6 POUNDS OF CLAY ARE GENERALLY USED FOR
EACH GALLON OF OIL TREATED. DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTER AID, AMOUNTING TO
50 TO 100 PERCENT OF THE CLAY USED, MAY BE MIXED WITH THE CLAY TO
FACILITATE SUBSEQUENT FILTRATION. THE OIL AND CLAY MIX, NOW COOLED TO
LESS THAN 300 DEGREES F, IS PUMPED THROUGH A PLATE AND FRAME FILTER
PRESS FOR CLAY REMOVAL. OFTEN TWO FILTERS ARE DONE, IN SERIES, THE
SECOND BEING A POLISHING FILTER FOR FINAL CLARIFICATION. ONE PLANT
VISITED USED A SWEETLAND CIRCULAR LEAF FILTER FOR THE FIRST STAGE.
CANVAS AND/OR PAPER IS THE FILTERING MEDIUM. THE FILTER CAKE, COMPOSED
OF CLAY, DIATOMACEOUS EARTH, IMPURITIES, AND OIL IS DISCARDED ALONG WITH
THE USED FILTER PAPER.
PLANTS ARE OPERATED BATCH-WISE, OFTEN ONLY ONE OR TWO SHIFTS PER DAY,
FIVE DAYS PER WEEK, BECAUSE OF LIMITED FEEDSTOCK. MOST PLANTS CAN BE
OPERATED BY ONE MAN BUT USUALLY MORE PEOPLE WORK ON THE DAY SHIFT
PERFORMING MAINTENANCE, PACKAGING, AND SHIPPING TASKS.
5.2.1.1.4 PLANT PRODUCTS
THE PRODUCT FROM AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE DRAININGS TREATED AS DESCRIBED
ABOVE IS GENERALLY AN SAE 20-WEIGHT OIL WITH A VISCOSITY OF 56 TO 58
SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS (SUS) AT 210 DEGREES F. OCCASIONALLY, AN SAE
10-WEIGHT OIL IS MADE IF THE LIGHT ENDS ARE NOT COMPLETELY REMOVED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 074 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102667
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
DIESEL OIL DRAININGS PRODUCE A HEAVIER SAE 4-WEIGHT OIL, WITH A
VISCOSITY IN THE 80 TO 85 SUS RANGE. THE OIL IS AN ASHLESS, NEUTRAL
BASE STOCK THAT CAN BE SOLD TO A JOBBER FOR BLENDING AND COMPOUNDING.
ALTERNATIVELY, THESE OPERATIONS CAN BE DONE IN-PLANT BY THE RE-REFINER;
MANY RE-REFINERS ALSO HAVE THE CAPABILITY TO PACKAGE THE PRODUCT; E.G.,
IN CANS.
FOR PRODUCTION OF AN SAE (NUMBER ILLEGIBLE)-WEIGHT OIL, THE VISCOSITY
OF THE PLANT PRODUCT MUST BE INCREASED TO OVER 58 SUS EITHER BY BLENDING
IN VIRGIN BRIGHT STOCK OR A CHEMICAL ADDITIVE, SUCH AS POLYISOBUTYLENE.
THE LATTER APPROACH IS NOT ONLY LESS EXPENSIVE BUT ALSO IMPROVES THE
VISCOSITY INDEX (VI) OF THE OIL, WHICH USUALLY IS IN THE 90 TO 100 RANGE
WITHOUT ANY ADDITIVE.
THE BASE STOCK MAY BE FURTHER COMPOUNDED INTO A WIDE VARIETY OF
ENGINE OIL AND GREASE, AS WELL AS INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS. HOWEVER, ONLY
A FEW RE-REFINERS MAKE, OR ARE PLANNING TO MAKE, GREASES AS THEY INVOLVE
ADDITIONAL PROCESSING TECHNOLOCY. ALL OF THE PRODUCTS DESIGNATED FOR
SPECIFIC END USES INCORPORATE ADDITIVE OR PERFORMANCE PACKAGES (SECTION
2.2.2). THE AMOUNT OF ADDITIVES EMPLOYED IS FREQUENTLY IN EXCESS OF THE
MINIMUM REQUIREMENT, A SO-CALLED "FAT PACKAGE," IN AN ATTEMPT TO ENSURE
SATISFACTORY END-USE PERFORMANCE; THIS APPROACH IS FOLLOWED
PARTICULARLY FOR ENGINE OILS.
THE LISTOF PRODUCTS MARKETED BY THE RE-REFINERS IS EXTENSIVE AND
DEPENDENT, OF COURSE, ON THE TYPE OF FEEDSTOC, PROCESSED. FROM
CONVENTIONAL AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE DRAININGS, ONE COMPANY LISTS FOUR
GRADES OF SINGLE-VISCOSITY MOTOR OIL, ONE MULTIGRADE OIL, A HYDRAULIC
OIL, AN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID, A COMPOUNDED AND NONCOMPOUNDED
AIRCRAFT ENGINE OIL, SEVERAL GREASES AND GEAR OILS, SEVERAL SOLVENTS,
AND A SWEEPING COMPOUND.
WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE RE-REFINING PLANT; I.E., THE ACID SLUDGE AND
OILY CLAY, HAVE NOT BEEN, HERETOFORE, SOURCES OF REVENUE. IN FACT,
THEIR DISPOSAL IN AN ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE MANNER HAS BEEN A MAJOR
PROBLEM AND AN IMPORTANT COST ITEM FOR ACID-CLAY PROCESSORS.
5.2.1.2 PLANT EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE
ANY DESCRIPTION OF RE-REFINING PROCESS HARDWARE, AS TYPIFIED BY THE
CURRENT INDUSTRY, MUST START WITH THE REALIZATION THAT MOST PLANTS ARE
OVER 20 YEARS OLD AND MANY DATE BACK TO THE 193CS. EVEN WHEN ORIGINALLY
BUILT, MUCH OF THE EQUIPMENT WAS SECOND-HAND. IN THE INTERIM, CORROSION
AND WEAR HAVE FORCED REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT OF TANKS, PUMPS, FURNACES,
AND PIPING TO THE EXTENT THAT OFTEN LITTLE IS LEFT OF THE ORIGINAL
EQUIPMENT. IT IS INDEED SURPRISING THAT SOME ITEMS WERE OBSERVED THAT
HAVE BEEN IN CONTINUOUS USE FOR 40 YEARS OR MORE. WHEN REPLACEMENTS
HAVE TO BE MADE, USED EQUIPMENT IS GENERALLY PURCHASED, INASMUCH AS
PLANT OWNERS ARE GENERALLY SMALL ENTREPRENEURS OPERATING ON MINIMUM
PROFIT MARGINS AND WITH LIMITED CAPITAL FUNDS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 075 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102668
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
CONSEQUENTLY, IT SHOULD NOT BE SURPRISING THAT THE EQUIPMENT IS NOT
ALWAYS OPTIMUM FOR THE PROCESS OR PLANT THROUGHPUT, WHILE LEAKS,
DEFECTS, AND PATCHWORK REPARIS ARE WIDELY EVIDENT. MAINTENANCE IS
GENERALLY DONE IN-PLANT, OFTEN BY THE OWNER. ONE RE-REFINER INDICATED
THAT MAINTENANCE WAS THE LARGEST LABOR COST ITEM.
NOT EVIDENT AT MOST RE-REFINERIES ARE HEAT EXCHANGERS, CONTROL
INSTRUMENTATION, AND LABORATORY ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT. UNDOUBTEDLY, AN
OPPORTUNITY FOR CONSIDERABLE ENERGY CONSERVATION IS PRESENT IN MOST
RE-REFINERIES, BUT THUS FAR IT HAS NOT BEEN WORTH THE CAPITAL INVESTMENT
IN HEAT RECOVERY EQUIPMENT. PROCESS CONTROL IS MOSTLY BASED ON THE
EXPERIENCE OF THE PLANTOWNER OR HEAD OPERATOR, PLUS A FEW TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE GAGES. THE APPEARANCE OF A SAMPLE IS OFTEN THE KEY
INDICATOR OF ADEQUATE RESIDENCE TIME, ACID, USAGE, ETC. SOMETIMES A
QUICK FIELD TEST IS USED; E.G., RUNNING A REACTOR SAMPLE THROUGH A
PIECE OF FILTER PAPER TO SEE IF THE BATCH IS "DONE."
THE EQUIPMENT THAT IS EVIDENT IN MOST UNITED STATES FACILITIES IS
TYPICAL OF SMALL CHEMICAL PROCESSING PLANTS. BECAUSE ONLY CONCENTRATED
ACID IS USED FOR TREATMENT, MILD STEEL CAN BE USED FOR EVERYTHING EXCEPT
A FEW OVERHEAD LINES AND CONDENSERS, WHERE DILUTE ACIDS (WHICH MAY FORM)
CAN CAUSE RAPID CORROSION. PUMPS ARE GENERALLY CENTRIFUGAL AND
MOTOR-DRIVEN ALTHOUGH AN OLD STEAM PUMP CAN BE SEEN OCCASIONALLY. SOME
PLANTS REPORT WEAR PROBLEMS IN THE HOT WASTE OIL PUMPS USED FOR
CIRCULATION THROUGH THE FURNACE. THEY ARE REPAIRED IF POSSIBLE, AS IS
THE CASE WITH MOST OF THE OTHER EQUIPMENT, NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT IS
USUALLY CHEAPER TO DO SO BUT DELIVERY TIMES OF REPLACEMENT PUMPS MAY BE
QUITE LONG AND IT IS TOO COSTLY TO STOCK SPARES. EQUIPMENT TENDS TO BE
TIGHTLY PACKED BECAUSE THE FACILITY GROUNDS ARE USUALLY SMALL.
IT SHOULD BE NOTED IN CONCLUDING THIS DESCRIPTION THAT THE PLANT OF
THE LARGEST RE-REFINER IN THE UNITED STATES, MOTOR OILS REFINING
COMPANY, A DIVISION OF ESMARK, INC., IS SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE
INDUSTRY AVERAGE. A TOUR OF THE PLANT REVEALED HEAT EXCHANGERS,
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RECORDERS, MODERNIZED EQUIPMENT, AND AN
IMPRESSIVE CONTROL LABORATORY.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 076 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102669
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
/1/ A CLASSIFICATION APPLIED IN CALIFORNIA TO DESIGNATE A DISPOSAL
FACILITY WHICH HAS NO POSSIBILITY OF DISCHARGE TO USABLE WATERS AND
THEREFORE CAN RECEIVE ALL TYPES OF WASTE.
5.2.1.3 PROCESS CHEMICAL AND WATER REQUIREMENTS
THE CHEMICALS USED IN THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS ARE PREDOMINANTLY THOSE
INDICATED BY ITS NAME; I.E., ACID AND CLAY. THE ACID IS GENERALLY
PURCHASED IN TANK TRUCK OR RAILROAD TANK CAR QUANTITIES. CLAY IS
PURCHASED IN 50-POUND BAGS AND BROUGHT INTO THE PLANT BY TRUCK OR
FREIGHT CAR. IT IS USUALLY FILTROL GRADE 20, AN ACID ACTIVATED
MONTMORILLONITE CLAY OF ABOUT 200 MESH.
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH IS FREQUENTLY ADDED TO THE CLAY AS A FILTER
PRECOAT MATERIAL. NO OTHER CHEMICALS ARE CONSUMED DIRECTLY IN MAKING A
RE-REFINED BASE STOCK. WATER USAGE FOR STEAM GENERATION COOLING, AND
CLEANING VARIES WITH PLANT DESIGN, LOCATION, AND LOCAL ORDINANCES. IN
ADDITION TO SEPARATION OF OIL RESIDUES FROM WASTE WATER, THE WATER IS
OFTEN NEUTRALIZED WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE BEFORE DISCHARGE TO THE SEWER.
THE QUANTITY OF CAUSTIC USED COULD NOT BE RELIABLY ASCERTAINED, BUT IS
SMALL.
5.2.1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS
CENTER AROUND DISPOSAL OF THE ACID SLUDGE AND, TO A LESSER DEGREE, THE
SPENT CLAY. OTHER DIFFICULTIES RELATED TO ODOROUS EMISSIONS AND
CONTAMINATED WATER DISPOSAL TO THE SEWER SYSTEM ARE RELATIVELY MINOR BY
COMPARISON AND MORE AMENABLE TO SOLUTION. THESE PROBLEMS ARE BRIEFLY
DISCUSSED.
5.2.1.4.1 WASTE PRODUCT DISPOSAL
ACID SLUDGE CONTAINS FROM 18 TO 28 PERCENT SULFURIC ACID BY VOLUME
(REF. 5-3). IT ALSO HAS A HICH METAL CONTENT, PARTICULARLY LEAD, AND IS
COMBUSTIBLE. THEREFORE, IT CANNOT BE DISPOSED OF INDISCRIMINATELY.
MOST UNITED STATES RE-REFINERS TRUCK THE SLUDGE TO A CLASS I-TYPE /1/
LANDFILL, WHICH CAN ACCEPT SUCH HAZARDOUS MATERIAL. ACCORDING TO THE
RE-REFINERS CONTACTED DURING THIS STUDY, COSTS AT THE DUMP RANGE FROM 4
CENTS TO 16 CENTS PER GALLON. TO THIS MUST BE ADDED THE TRANSPORTATION
COSTS FOR HAULING THE SLUDGE AS MUCH AS 50 MILES ONE WAY . ALSO, IT
USUALLY HAS TO BE HEATED PRIOR TO LOADING. ONE RE-REFINER VISITED PAYS
6 CENTS PER GALLON TO HAVE THE SLUDGE NEUTRALIZED SO THAT IT WILL BE
ACCEPTED AT THE CITY DUMP (REF. 5-4). ALTHOUGH THE MAGNITUDE OF THE
SLUDGE DISPOSAL PROBLEM VARIES WITH THE LOCALITY, IT CAN BE A
SIGNIFICANT COST ITEM FOR SOME RE-REFINERS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 077 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102670
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
SEVERAL RE-REFINERS INDICATED THAT THEY WERE WORKING ON PROCESSES TO
CONVERT THE SLUDGE TO A USEFUL, SALABLE PRODUCT. A ROAD-BASE MATERIAL
WAS MENTIONED AT ONE FACILITY AS THE OBJECTIVE. LOW TREATMENT COST IS
ONE HURDLE, AND ANOTHER IS THAT THE PRODUCT MUST BE ENVIRONMENTALLY
ACCEPTABLE; E.G., ACIDITY NEUTRALIZED, WITH METALLIC CONTAMINANTS
PREVENTED FROM LEAKING OUT.
DISPOSAL OF THE SPENT CLAY IS A SOMEWHAT EASIER PROBLEM. THE
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT OF CONCERN IS OIL, WHICH AMOUNTS TO ABOUT 20 PERCENT
BY WEIGHT. THE CLAY IS USUALLY SENT ALONG WITH SLUDGE TO THE LANDFILL,
BUT IT NEED NOT BE NEUTRALIZED. ALSO, THERE ARE SOME USES FOR IT.
SEVERAL RE-REFINERS ARE SAVING TRANSPORTATION AND DUMP CHARGES BY GIVING
THE BLACK, OILY POWDER AWAY FOR DUST CONTROL.
5.2.1.4.2 EFFLUENT AND EMISSION CONTROL
SEVERAL RE-REFINERS INDICATED THAT THEY HAD ENCOUNTERED SOME
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS A FEW YEARS AGO, BUT POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
HAD SINCE BEEN ADDED TO BRING THEIR PLANTS INTO COMPLIANCE WITH
APPLICABLE REGULATIONS. THEY ALSO STATED THAT THEY ARE UNDER CONTINUAL
SURVEILLANCE BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES AS THEY REPRESENT AN OBVIOUS SOURCE OF
POLLUTION. SANITARY DISTRICT PERSONNEL PERIODICALLY SAMPLE THE WASTE
WATER DISCHARGED, WHILE AIR POLLUTION INSPECTORS MAKE FREQUENT VISITS TO
CHECK VISIBLE AND ODOROUS EMISSIONS.
WASTE WATER CONTAINING OIL ORIGINATES FROM SEVERAL POINTS IN THE
RE-REFINERY, INCLUDING THE INCOMING WASTE OIL ITSELF, STRIPPING STEAM,
AND PLANT RUNOFF. THE OIL CONTENT AND ACIDITY IS TOO HIGH TO RUN THE
WATER DIRECTLY INTO THE SEWER. THE USUAL TREATMENT IS TO PASS THE ASTE
WATER THROUGH AN AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API) TYPE SEPARATOR,
WHICH EFFECTIVELY SEPARATES THE OIL GLOBULES FROM THE WATER PHASE. ONE
PLANT HAD TO MEET A MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATION IN THE
DISCHARGE WATER OF 100 PARTS PER MILLION HEXANE SOLUBLE, A TYPICAL VALUE
IN MANY MUNICIPALITIES (REF. 5-3); THE WATER USUALLY RAN ABOUT 40 PARTS
PER MILLION. TO MEET PH REQUIREMENTS, CAUSTIC HAS TO BE ADDED TO THE
WASTE WATER AT MOST ACID-CLAY PLANTS.
AIR POLLUTION IS CURRENTLY NOT A MAJOR RE-REFINER PROBLEM. VENTING
OF OFF-GASES TO A PROCESS FURNACE OR SPECIAL INCINERATOR HAS ESSENTIALLY
ELIMINATED ODOROUS COMPOUNDS. STEAM IS GENERALLY INJECTED INTO THE
FIREBOX TO ENSURE A CLEAN FLUE GAS WHEN THE LIGHT OVERHEADS ARE BURNED.
IN THE SEVERAL RE-REFINERIES VISITED DURING THIS STUDY, AIR POLLUTION
WAS NOT EVIDENT TO THE CASUAL OBSERVER.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 078 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102671
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
5.2.2 CLAY TREATMENT
THIS PROCESS IS A PREDECESSOR OF THE ACID-CLAY TREATMENT, BEING USED
IN THE DAYS BEFORE AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OILS WERE HIGHLY COMPOUNDED
WITH ADDITIVES. GENERALLY USING SOMEWHAT HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF CLAY
THAN EMPLOYED WITH ACID, THE CLAY PROCESS IS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING AN
ACCEPTABLE PRODUCT OIL. IT IS STILL USED BY RE-REFINERS WHO TREAT ONLY
INDUSTRIAL OILS (REF. 5-5) OR MIXED INDUSTRIAL AND CRANCASE OILS (REF.
5-6). THE ADVANTAGE OF CLAY TREATMENT, OF COURSE, IS THE AVOIDANCE OF
ACID SLUDGE WITH THE ATTENDANT DIFFICULTY AND EXPENSE OF DISPOSING OF
IT.
THE PROCESSING OF INDUSTRIAL OILS, INCLUDING HYDRAULIC PRESS OIL, AIR
COMPRESSOR OIL, AND LUBRICATING OILS, IS RELATIVELY SIMPLE (REF. 5-5).
THE OIL IS FIRST HEATED TO ABOUT 200 DEGREES TO 300 DEGREES DEGREES F TO
REMOVE WATER; THEN THE CLAY IS ADDED AT A RATE OF ABOUT 0.5 POUND PER
GALLON OF OIL. AFTER BEING AGITATED FOR GOOD CONTACT, THE OIL IS PASSED
THROUGH PRIMARY AND POLISHING FILTERS. THE VISCOSITY IS CHECKED, AND AN
ADDITIVE; E.G., FOR ANTIWEAR, MAY BE ADDED. THE YIELD IS SAID TO BE
NEAR 90 PERCENT.
OF GREATER INTEREST IS THE APPLICATION OF CLAY TREATMENT TO CRANKCASE
OIL. ACCORDING TO THE MODE OF OPERATION DESCRIBED IN REF. 5-6,
INDUSTRIAL AND CRANKCASE OILS ARE MIXED BEFORE PROCESSING. THE MIXTURE
IS HEATED TO ABOUT 560 DEGREES F FOR 2 HOURS TO DEHYDRATE AND RECOVER
THE LIGHT ENDS. A MIXTURE OF ATTAPULGAS CLAY AND FILTROL-20 IS ADDED AT
THE RATE OF APPROXIMATELY 1.5 POUNDS PER GALLON OF OIL. THE AMOUNT USED
IS BASED ON EXPERIENCE. IF THE MIXTURE FILTERS WITH DIFFICULTY
INSUFFICIENT CLAY HAS BEEN USED, WHEREAS IF THE OIL IS OVERBLEACHED TOO
MUCH HAS BEEN ADDED. THE OIL AND CLAY MIXTURE IS HELD OVERNIGHT AT 250
DEGREES F AND THEN IS PASSED THROUGH THREE FILTER PRESSES. THE FIRST
ONE REMOVES 95 PERCENT OF THE CLAY, WHILE THE LAST ONE ACTS AS A
POLISHING PRESS. THE FINISHED BASE OIL IS AN SAE 20 PRODUCT. FOR
HIGHER VISCOSITY (SAE 60 OR 40), VIRGIN BRIGHT STOCK IS ADDED, WHILE
COLD TEST NEUTRAL OIL IS USED TO LOWER VISCOSITY (SAE 10). ABOUT
ONE-THIRD OF THE PRODUCT GOES TO MOTOR OIL AND THE BALANCE TO INDUSTRIAL
OILS. ADDITIVES ARE BLENDED WITH THE BASE OILS, DEPENDING UPON THE
FINAL PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS. MOST OF THE MOTOR OIL IS SOLD AS A
NONDETERGENT OIL.
5.2.3 CAUSTIC TREATMENT
CAUSTIC (SODIUM HYDROXIDE) WASHING OR CAUSTIC AND SODIUM SILICATE
TREATING HAS BEEN USED IN SEVERAL WAYS IN CRANKCASE OIL RE-REFINING.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 079 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102672
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
AS THE ONLY PROCESSING STEP, IT DOES NOT PRODUCE A SATISFACTORY MOTOR
OIL ALTHOUGH THE PRODUCT IS CLAIMED TO BE AN EXCELLENT CUTTING OIL BASE
STOCK (REF. 5-7). IT HAS BEEN FOLLOWED BY CLAY TREATMENT TO IMPROVE
QUALITY, BUT, ACCORDING TO REF. 5-8, THE YIELD IS EVEN LESS THAN FOR THE
ACID-CLAY PROCESS. FURTHERMORE, THE QUALITY IS APPARENTLY QUESTIONABLE
EVEN WITH CLAY TREATMENT INASMUCH AS REF. 5-9 STATES THAT THE ADVENT OF
LARGE PERCENTAGES OF ADDITIVES IN COMPOUNDED MOTOR OIL MADE IT NECESSARY
FOR RE-REFINERS TO SWITCH TO SULFURIC ACID TREATMENT TO PRODUCE A USABLE
PRODUCT. FINALLY, REF. 5-10 DESCRIBES A PROCESS USING CAUSTIC SODA AS A
PRETREATMENT TO MAKE A GOOD MOTOR OIL OR RAILROAD CAR JOURNAL OIL. THIS
PROCESS, HOWEVER, INCLUDES A COMPLETE DEHYDRATION, ACID, AND CLAY
TREATMENT SEQUENCE AFTER THE CAUSTIC WASH, LEAVING SOME QUESTION AS TO
WHY THE LATTER WAS USED AT ALL.
TWO RE-REFINERS WERE CONTACTED DURING THE COURSE OF THIS STUDY WHO
USE CAUSTIC TREATMENT. BERKS ASSOCIATES, OF POTTSTOWN PENNSYLVANIA,
USES CAUSTIC AS A PRETREATMENT STEP PRIOR TO DISTILLATION (REF. 5-11)
AND DIAMOND HEAD REFINERY OF KEARNY, NEW JERSEY, USES CAUSTIC IN
CONJUNCTION WITH SILICATE, FOLLOWED BY CLAY CONTACTING (REF. 5-12).
BOTH PRODUCE AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL. THE FIRST PROCESS IS DISCUSSED IN
SECTION 5.3.1, WHILE THE OTHER IS BRIEFLY DESCRIBED IN THE FOLLOWING
PARAGRAPHS.
ACCORDING TO THE MODE OF OPERATION DESCRIBED IN REF. 5-12 AND SHOWN
IN FIGURE 5-2, UNDEHYDRATED OIL IS BROUGHT UP TO 160 DEGREES F, WHILE A
50 PERCENT CAUSTIC SOLUTION AND A 50 PERCENT SILICATE SOLUTION ARE ADDED
AT THE APPROPRIATE TEMPERATURE POINTS IN THE AMOUNT OF 2 PERCENT EACH.
FIGURE 5-2. SCHEMATIC FOR THE CAUSTIC CLAY PROCESS (REF. 5-12)
FIGURE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 080 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102673
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
A SMALL AMOUNT OF DETERGENT SOLUTION (0.1 PERCENT OF RICHONATE 60 B) IS
ALSO ADDED TO FACILITATE THE PROCESS. STEAM IS INJECTED TO PROVIDE
ADDITIONAL HEAT AND TO INCREASE THE MOISTURE LEVEL. AFTER THOROUGH
MIXING IN INSULATED, UNHEATED TANKS, THE MIXTURE IS ALLOWED TO SETTLE
FOR 18 TO 36 HOURS. THE SETTLED OIL IS THEN DECANTED AND SENT TO AN
ATMOSPHERIC REACTOR, WHERE STEAM STRIPPING AND CLAY NEUTRALIZATION AND
DECOLORIZATION ARE CARRIED OUT, WITH 0.35 POUNDS OF CLAY USED PER POUND
OF OIL. THE OIL AND CLAY MIXTURE IS HEATED TO 650 DEGREES F FOR REMOVAL
OF THE LIGHT ENDS AND WHAT IS CLAIMED TO BE TWO SUBSEQUENT CUTS; AN
OVERHEAD WHICH IS COMPARABLE TO A NO. 2 FUEL OIL AND A LOW-VISCOSITY
LUBE OIL EQUIVALENT TO AN SAE 10 WEIGHT. THE REMAINING OIL AND CLAY
MIXTURE IS THEN ALLOWED TO COOL BEFORE BEING PUMPED THROUCH A PLATE AND
FRAME PRESS FOR CLAY REMOVAL.
IN AN EFFORT TO INCREASE OIL RECOVERY RATE AND TO MINIMIZE CHEMICAL
COSTS, THE "BOTTOMS" FROM THE SETTLING TANKS ARE BLENDED BACK WITH
INCOMING USED OIL. WHEN FINALLY SPENT, THESE BOTTOMS ARE REMOVED FOR
USE AS A ROAD OIL AND AS A COAL DUST PALLIATIVE.
OVERALL LUBE OIL YIELD OF THE PROCESS IS 62 PERCENT OF THE
UNDEHYDRATED FEEDSTOCK. HOWEVER, THE OVERHEAD FUEL CUT IS CLAIMED TO BE
ABOUT 16 PERCENT, WHICH RESULTS IN A HIGH OVERALL HYDROCARBON YIELD OF
78 PERCENT. THIS PROCESS, AS CURRENTLY USED, APPEARS UNIQUE AMONG THE
VARIOUS OTHER PROCESSES SINCE IT TAKES A HEAVY FUEL CUT FROM THE USED
LUBE OIL BEING PROCESSED.
5.2.4 PROPOANE SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS
ALTHOUGH THE APPLICATION OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION IN RE-REFINING HAS
BEEN STUDIED FOR MANY YEARS (SECTION 5.4), ONLY ONE PROCESS IS NOW IN
OPERATION AT A COMMERCIAL LEVEL. THIS PROCESS WAS DEVELOPED BY THE
INSTITUTE FRANCAIS DU PETROLE AND IS KNOW AS THE IFP OR SELECTOPROPANE
PROCESS (REF. 5-13). IT IS AVAILABLE FOR LICENSING; TWO PLANTS ARE IN
OPERATION IN ITALY, AND ONE IS BEING ENGINEERED FOR YUGOSLAVIA. AS
INDICATED IN FIGURE 5-3, THE IFP PROCESS DOES NOT TOTALLY REPLACE
ACID-CLAY TREATMENT, BUT IS INTENDED TO REDUCE THE QUANTITY OF THESE
MATERIALS REQUIRED AND, CONSEQUENTLY, THE AMOUNT OF WASTE TO BE DISPOSED
OF.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 081 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102674
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
ONLY THE PROPANE EXTRACTION PORTION OF THE PROCESS IS DESCRIBED. AS
SHOWN IN FIGURE 5-3, THE DEHYDRATED AND PREHEATED SPENT OIL IS MIXED
WITH RECYCLED LIQUID PROPANE AND SENT TO A SPECIALLY DESIGNED REACTOR
OPERATING AT SEVERAL HUNDRED POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH PRESSURE. THE
PROPANE AND OIL MIXTURE IS TAKEN OFF THE TOP, WHILE THE INSOLUBLE
RESIDUE IS DRAWN FROM THE REACTOR BOTTOM. A SMALL AMOUNT OF FUEL OIL IS
ADDED TO THE BOTTOMS TO IMPROVE FLOW PROPERTIES AND IS FLASHED
(PRESSURE-REDUCED) TO RECOVER THE PROPANE. THE REMAINING RESIDUE AND
FUEL OIL MIXTURE IS THEN BURNED IN A ROTARY FURNACE. THE PROPANE AND
OIL SOLUTION FROM THE TOP OF THE REACTOR IS FLASHED IN TWO STAGES TO
RECOVER THE PROPANE, WHICH IS COMPRESSED AND CONDENSED FOR RECYCLING.
THE CLARIFIED OIL IS SENT TO THE ACID-CLAY TREATING EQUIPMENT.
FIGURE 5-3. SCHEMATICS FOR THE PROPANE SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS
(REF. 5-14)
FIGURE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 082 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102675
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
AS NOTED IN REF. 5-3, DISPOSAL IS STILL A PROBLEM DESPITE THE
REDUCTION IN ACID SLUDGE AND SPENT CLAY PRODUCED. BURNING THE FUEL AND
RESIDUE MIXTURE, CONTAINING MOST OF THE HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS IN THE
ORIGINAL USED OIL, POSES ESSENTIALLY THE SAME ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM. IN
DISCUSSING THE COMBUSTION OF THE RESIDUE, REF. 5-14 MENTIONS THAT A
SPECIAL ROTARY INCINERATOR IS USED WHICH ALLOWS ONLY A LOW LEVEL OF
PARTICULATE MATTER TO ESCAPE. IT IS NOTED THOUGH, THAT AN 80-METER
STACK IS USED, WHICH MAY CAUSE WIDE DISPERSAL OF CONTAMINANTS AND RESULT
IN A LESSENING NOTICE OF THEIR PRESENCE (REF. 5-15). HOWEVER, NEITHER
OPERATING DETAILS NOR QUANTITATIVE PERFORMANCE DATA ARE PRESENTED.
5.3 PROPOSED PROCESSES
THE PROCESSES COVERED IN THIS SECTION ARE IN VARIOUS STAGES OF
DEVELOPMENT OR IMPLEMENTATION, RANGING FROM LABORATORY TESTING TO
FULL-SCALE PLANT CONSTRUCTION. AT THE TIME THIS STUDY WAS PERFORMED,
NONE OF THESE PROCESSES WAS OPERATING COMMERCIALLY.
5.3.1 DISTILLATION PROCESSES
DISTILLATION IS THE BASIS FOR NUMEROUS RE-REFINING PROCESSES THAT
HAVE APPEARED IN THE PATENT AND TECHNICAL LITERATURE DURING RECENT
YEARS. THERE ARE SEVERAL VARIATIONS IN THE PROCESSING SCHEMES DEPENDING
UPON SUCH FACTORS AS (1) THE TYPE OF PRETREATMENT USED, (2) THE NATURE
OF THE FINISHING STEP, (3) THE FEEDSTOCK ACCEPTED, AND (4) THE KIND OF
OIL PRODUCED. SINCE MANY PROCESSING APPROACHES EMPLOY A DISTILLATION
STEP FOR SECONDARY CONTAMINATION SEPARATION AND/OR PRODUCT
FRACTIONATION, THE DISTILLATION CATEGORY TENDS TO BE ILL-DEFINED. IN
THIS REPORT, THE TERM IS RESERVED FOR THOSE PROCESSES WHICH DEPEND UPON
DISTILLATION FOR A MAJOR PORTION OF CONTAMINANT REMOVAL,
NOTHWITHSTANDING THE FACT THAT THERE MAY BE A COMPARATIVELY SIMPLE
PRETREATMENT STEP AND SUBSEQUENT FINISHING WITH CLAY OR HYDROGEN.
AMONG THE ADVANTAGES CLAIMED FOR THE DISTILLATION APPROACH ARE
STUITABILITY FOR CONTINUOUS OPERATION, EXCELLENT YIELDS, HIGHLY STABLE
PRODUCT OIL, FREEDOM FROM POLLUTION, AND ECONOMY. ACCORDING TO
WEINSTEIN, ONLY THE DISTILLATION HYDROTREATING PROCESS, WHICH IS UNDER
DEVELOPMENT, HOLDS PROMISE AS AN ECONOMICALLY ATTRACTIVE PROCESS,
PRODUCING NO WASTE PRODUCTS (REF. 5-16).
THE STATEMENT THAT DISTILLATION PROCESSES ARE POLLUTION-FREE REQUIRES
SOME CAVEATS. AS THIS RE-REFINING APPROACH MUST STILL SEPARATE OUT THE
USED OIL CONTAMINANTS, THE RESIDUES, WHICH CONTAIN LEAD, OTHER METALS,
AND ASPHALTIC COMPOUNDS, APPEAR IN THE DISTILLATION COLUMN BOTTOMS
AND/OR PRETREATMENT WASTE. IF CLAY TREATMENT IS USED FOR THE FINISHING
STEP RATHER THAN HYDROTREATING, AN ADDITIONAL WASTE PRODUCT MUST BE
DISPOSED OF.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 083 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102676
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
IT IS TRUE THAT, COMPARED WITH THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS, THE SLUDGE VOLUME
IS MUCH REDUCED, THE ACID CONTAMINATION IS AVOIDED, AND THE RESIDUE MAY
HAVE ECONOMIC VALUE AS AN ASPHALT COMPONENT OR FOR METAL RECOVERY.
THEREFORE, WHILE DISTILLATION PROCESSES ARE CERTAINLY MORE
ENVIRONMENTALLY ATTRACTIVE THAN PRESENT INDUSTRY PRACTICE, PROPER
DISPOSITION OF THE WASTE BY-PRODUCTS MUST BE CONSIDERED IN PLANT
OPERATIONS.
A FLOWSHEET FOR A DISTILLATION AND HYDROTREATING PROCESS IS SHOWN IN
FIGURE 5-4 (REF. 5-17). THE BOX LABELED "DEHYDRATION AND GASOLINE
RECOVERY" IS A SPECIAL PRETREATMENT SYSTEM WHEREBY A MAJOR PART OF THE
CONTAMINANTS, SUCH AS LEAD, IS ALSO RECOVERED.
FIGURE 5-4. DISTILLATION-HYDROTREATING (REF. 5- 17)
FIGURE OMITTED THIS POINTS TO AN INHERENT DIFFICULTY IN APPLYING
DISTILLATION TO THE RE-REFINING OF USED OIL; NAMELY, THE INHERENT
TENDENCY OF DISTILLATION COLUMNS TO FOUL AND EVENTUALLY CLOG (REFS. 5-18
AND 5-19). THE NATURE OF THE PRETREATMENT SYSTEM APPLIED IN THE
KINETICS TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL (KTI) PROCESS DEPICTED IN FIGURE 5-4
IS NOT KNOWN, BUT VARIOUS MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED IN THE LITERATURE. SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS ARE
ATTEMPTING TO ELIMINATE SUCH COSTLY PRETREATMENT STEPS, AS IS MENTIONED
LATER. ANOTHER APPROACH TO MINIMIZE FOULING WOULD BE TO TAKE A NARROWER
BOILINC POINT CUT, WHICH WOULD REDUCE LUBE YIELD, BUT COULD BE
ECONIMICALLY SATISFACTORY BECAUSE OF THE INCREASED PRODUCTION OF FUEL
PRODUCTS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 084 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102677
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 5-4, THE PRETREATED OIL IS HEATED FURTHER IN A
FURNACE AND SENT TO THE HIGH-VACUUM DISTILLATION TOWER TO PRODUCE A
DISTILLATE IN THE DESIRED LUBE BASE STOCK RANGE. SPECIAL PROPRIETARY
DESIGN FEATURES ARE APPLIED TO PRODUCE A DISTILLATE OF MAXIMUM YIELD AND
TO MINIMIZE ANY ENTRAINMENT OF RESIDUE CONTAINING ASPHALTIC COMPOUNDS.
THE LATTER POINT IS IMPORTANT IN ORDER TO AVOID AN INCREASE IN
HYDROTREATING COSTS RESULTING FROM CATALYST POISONING AND COKE
FORMATION. THE LIGHT ENDS AND BOTTOMS ARE PRESUMABLY SUITABLE FOR USE
AS FUEL ALTHOUGH SOME ATTENTION MUST BE PAID TO THE METAL COMPOSITION OF
THE BOTTOMS TO ENSURE THAT COMBUSTION PRODUCTS ARE ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE.
THE DISTILLATION STEP CAN BE ALSO USED TO FRACTIONATE THE OIL INTO
SEVERAL LUBE CUTS TO BE FURTHER PROCESSED SEPARATELY.
IN THE HYDROTREATING END OF THE PROCESS, THE DISTILLATE OIL IS MIXED
WITH HYDROGEN HEATED IN A FURNACE, AND PASSED THROUGH A FIXED CATALYST
BED IN THE REACTOR UNDER PRESSURE. CATALYST ACTIVITY AND OPERATING
CONDITIONS ARE SUCH THAT LITTLE OR NO CRACKING OCCURS IN THE PROCESS.
THE REACTOR PRODUCTS ARE SENT TO A FLASH DRUM, WHERE THE HYDROGEN-RICH
GAS IS SEPARATED AND COMPRESSED FOR RECYCLING. THE OIL IS
STEAM-STRIPPED TO OBTAIN A PRODUCT WITH THE DESIRED VISCOSITY, THEN
DRIED IN A VACUUM COLUMN. ALTERNATIVELY, FRACTIONATED LUBE OIL PRODUCTS
CAN BE MADE BY A MODIFIED FINAL STEP.
THE PROCESS DESCRIBED WAS SLATED FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN THE
NETHERLANDS, BUT PLANS WERE SUBSEQUENTLY DROPPED WHEN THAT COUNTRY
PASSED A LAW ALLOWING BURNING OF WASTE OIL, THEREBY PERILING AN ASSURED
SUPPLY OF FEESTOCK (REFS. 5-10 AND 5-20). HOWEVER, KTI HAS A
DEMONSTRATION PLANT UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN WEST GERMANY FOR HABERLAND AND
COMPANY, WHICH IS SCHEDULED FOR COMPLETION IN EARLY 1978 (REF. 5-21).
IN ADDITION, IT HAS A LETTER OF INTENT FROM HABERLAND TO START
CONSTRUCTION OF 2500 BPSD COMMERCIAL PLANT, IN THE SECOND HALF OF 1978.
THIS CAPACITY, WHICH IS EQUIVALENT TO ABOUT 25 MILLION GALLONS PER YEAR,
WILL BE APPROXIMATELY TWICE THAT OF THE LARGEST EXISTING PLANT IN THE
UNITED STATES.
OTHER PROCESSES EMPLOYING DISTILLATION, IN VARIOUS STAGES OF
IMPLEMENTATION, WERE INVESTIGATED DURING THE COURSE OF THIS STUDY. ONE
PLANT WASUNDER CONSTRUCTION BY NORCO IN BAYONNE, NEW JERSEY (REF. 5-22).
THE PROCESS CONSISTS OF DEHYDRATION, VACUUM DISTILLATION, AND
HYDROTREATING. NO CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT OF THE FEED WAS CONTEMPLATED AT
THAT TIME AS IT WAS CONSIDERED TO BE TOO EXPENSIVE. THE BASE STOCK TO
BE PRODUCED IN THIS PLANT WOULD BE SOLD FOR COMPOUNDING AS A CUTTING
OIL, BEARING OIL, OR GREATER; NO MOTOR OILS WOULD BE MADE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 085 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102678
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
RECENT ATTEMPTS TO CONTACT NORCO AS TO THE STATUS OF ITS PLANT WERE
UNSUCFESSFUL. ACCORDING TO RECENT REPORTS, NORCO IS EXPERIENCING
FINANCIAL TROUBLES AND HAS TERMINATED THE PROJECT (REFS. 5-15 AND 5-23).
THE GLADIEUX REFINING COMPANY OF FT. WAYNE, INDIANA, A SMALL CRUDE
OIL REFINER, IS WELL ALONG IN ENGINEERING DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATING FOR
AN INDUSTRIAL OIL RE-REFINERY; A PILOT PLAN IS CONCURRENTLY GATHERING
DATA ON THE CRITICAL PROCESS STEPS (REF. 5-24). THE SEQUENCE INVOLVES
DEHYDRATION, HYDROTREATING, AND VACUUM DISTILLATION. THE PROCESS
APPEARS TO BE UNIQUE IN THAT HYDROTREATING PRECEDS RATHER THAN FOLLOWS
DISTILLATION. ALSO, THE HYDROGEN TREATMENT IS SEVERE, WHEREAS ONLY A
MILD TREATMENT IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED NECESSARY. SINCE INDUSTRIAL OILS
WILL COMPRISE THE FEESTOCK, DISTILLATION COLUMN-FOULING MAY NOT BE AS
SEVERE A PROBLEM AS IT WOULD BE IF CRANKCASE OIL WERE BEING PROCESSED.
NEVERTHELESS, A PREFILTRATION STEP IS BEING CONSIDERED IF THE SOLIDS
CONTENT GETS TOO HIGH.
AN INTERESTING VARIATION OF THE DISTILLATION PROCESS WAS OBSERVED
DURING A VISIT TO THE DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY OF ECO-SEPARATOR, A
DIVISION OF A. JOHNSON & COMPANY, A SWEDISH BASED CORPORATION (REF.
5-25). THE PROCESS STEPS INVESTIGATED THUS FAR ARE DEHYDRATION OF
CRANKCASE OIL, FOLLOWED BY DISTILLATION, WITH BOTH OPERATIONS CONDUCTED
UNDER VACUUM. THE UNIQUENESS OF THIS PROCESS RESIDES IN THE THIN FILM
HEAT EXCHANGERS AND EVAPORATORS USED FOR THE SEPARATIONS. ADVANTAGES OF
SUCH UNITS INCLUDE EXCELLENT HEAT TRANSFER, HICH THROUGHPUTS IN SMALL
EQUIPMENT, AND LITTLE FLUID HOLDUP. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE NARROW
PASSAGES THAT PROVIDE THE THIN FILM ARE PRONE TO PLUGGING IN THE ABSENCE
OF A PRESEPARATION STEP FOR THE USED OIL. IN THE PILOT PLANT, TWO OF
THE COMPACT UNITS ARE PIPED IN PARALLEL AND OPERATE ALTERNATELY. AFTER
ABOUT 18 HOURS' RUNNING TIME ON ONE OF THE UNITS, FLOW IS SWITCHED AND
THE FOULED UNIT IS CLEANED FOR 1 TO 2 HOURS WITH A SMALL QUANTITY OF
CHROMIC ACID SOLUTION; THE ACID IS THEN NEUTRALIZED AND SENT TO THE
SEWER. ACCEPTABILITY OF DISCHARGING THIS WASTE PRODUCT INTO THE SEWER
SYSTEM HAS NOT BEEN DETERMINED.
ALTHOUGH LABORATORY DATA INDICATE THAT SUBSTANTIALLY ALL OF THE METAL
CONTAMINANTS HAVE BEEN REMOVED, THE PRODUCT (AT THE TIME OF THE VISIT)
WAS DARK AND HAD AN UNDESIRABLE ODOR. WHILE STEAM-STRIPPING
SUCCESSFULLY REMOVED THE ODOR AND CLAY TREATMENT IMPROVED THE COLOR,
ATTEMPTS ARE BEING MADE TO AVOID THESE FINAL STEPS. CURRENTLY, NO
ATTEMPT IS BEING MADE TO MARKET THE PRODUCT OF THIS EXPERIMENTAL
OPERATION AS LUBE OIL; ALL PRODUCT PRODUCED IS DISPOSED OF AS BURNER
FUEL (REF. 5-15).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 086 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102679
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
BERKS ASSOCIATES OF POTTSTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA HAD USED A STRAIGHT
DISTILLATION PROCESS FOR 7 YEARS PRIOR TO INCORPORATING A CAUSTIC
PRETREATMENT. THE CAUSTIC PRETREATMENT HAS BEEN IN USE FOR THE PAST 8
YEARS, AND IS BASED ON THEIR PATENT, WHICH IS DESCRIBED IN SECTION
5.4.2.4.
USED OIL IS FIRST DEHYDRATED AND THEN DILUTED WITH A LIGHT SOLVENT
OIL IN THE RATIO OF 1/2 PART SOLVENT TO 4 PARTS OIL. AFTER DEHYDRATION
AND DILUTION, A 50 PERCENT CAUSTIC SOLUTION IS ADDED AT THE RATE OF 0.5
PERCENT, AND THE MIXTURE IS THEN HELD FOR ABOUT 12 HOURS IN A SETTLING
TANK AT A TEMPERATURE BELOW 212 DEGREES F. AFTER DECANTATION, THE
TREATED OIL GOES TO A VACUUM DISTILLATION TOWER WHICH PRODUCES TWO LUBE
OIL CUTS IN ADDITION TO THE OVERHEADS AND BOTTOMS. THE LUBE OIL
FRACTION IS THEN CLAY-TREATED AT THE RATE OF 0.25 TO 0.50 POUNDS PER
GALLON. THE PRODUCT IS MARKETED BOTH AS A BASE OIL FOR USE AS A
RAILROAD JOURNAL OIL, AND IS COMPOUNDED AS A "SERIES 3" OIL FOR USE IN
DIESEL TRUCK ENGINES.
BOTH THE BOTTOMS AND SLUDGE ARE MARKETED TO A ROOF COATING
MANUFACTURER. THE BOTTOMS ARE ACCEPTABLE IN UNTREATED FORM, BUT THE
SLUDGE REQUIRES DRYING AND SCREENING.
EVEN WITH THE CAUSTIC PRETREATMENT STEP, COLUMN-FOULING OCCURS,
REQUIRING SHUTDOWN FOR CLEANING APPROXIMATELY EVERY 6 MONTHS. A BUBBLE
CAP COLUMN IS USED, WITH 140 CAPS PER TRAY AND 21 TRAYS IN THE COLUMN.
THESE CAPS AND TRAYS ARE REMOVED FOR CLEANING, THEN SCRAPED AND WASHED
IN SOLVENT. THE CLEANING PROCEDURE REQUIRES ABOUT 7 WORKERS AND TAKES 1
TO 2 WEEKS.
ANOTHER VARIATION OF THE DISTILLATION PROCESS IS IN USE AT CORAL
REFINING OF KANSAS CITY, KANSAS. THE PROCESS USED IN THIS PLANT WAS
DEVELOPED AT CORAL REFINING AND IS OWNED BY THE VACUSOL CORPORATION,
ALSO OF KANSAS CITY; IT IS CALLED THE O'BLASNY PROCESS AFTER ITS
DEVELOPER (REF. 5-26). THE PROCESS HAS A PATENT PENDING AND AS SUCH IS
CURRENTLY CONSIDERED PROPRIETARY.
APPARENTLY, THE PROCESS EMPLOYS NO PRETREATMENT PRIOR TO
DISTILLATION, EXCEPT FOR A CONVENTIONAL DEHYDRATION STEP. AFTER
DEHYDRATION, THE USED OIL IS SUBJECTED TO THE PROPRIETARY DISTILLATION
PROCESS. CURRENTLY, THE LUBEOIL PRODUCT IS SOLD AS A BASE OIL, BOTH
WITH AND WITHOUT CLAY-TREATING, TO RAILROADS AS A JOURNAL OIL AND TO
OTHER USERS, SUCH AS GREASE MANUFACTURERS. THE OVERHEAD DISTILLATE AND
BOTTOMS ARE ALSO SOLD. ACCORDING TO CORAL REFINING, THESE BOTTOMS COULD
BE USED IN ASPHALTIC PRODUCTS, AS RUBBER PLASTICIZERS, AND EVEN AS
TRACTION MOTOR LUBRICANTS (REF. 5-26).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 087 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102680
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
ALTHOUGH CURRENT USE OF THE LUBE OIL PRODUCED IS LIMITED TO
NONDEMANDING APPLICATIONS, THE INTENT IS TO PRODUCE AUTOMOTIVE LUBE
OILS. BASE OIL QUALITY, AS DETERMINED BY SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF
METALS REMAINING, IS CLAIMED TO BE GOOD. ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS TO FULLY
EVALUATE THE QUALITY OF THE OIL ARE SAID TO BE IN PROCESS.
THE CURRENT STARTED OPERATION IN FEBRUARY OF 1977 AND IS SIZED TO
PROCESS 5 MILLION GALLONS PER YEAR OF USED OIL. RECENT PROCESSING RATES
HAVE BEEN AROUND 350,000 GALLONS PER MONTH. CLAIMS HAVE BEEN MADE BY
THE OPERATOR THAT BECAUSE OF THE UNIQUE DISTILLATION PROCESS, NO
SHUTDOWNS WILL EVER BE REQUIRED FOR CLEANING THE DISTILLATION EQUIPMENT.
5.3.2 BERC SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS
THE BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER (BERC), A PART OF THE ENERGY
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION (ERDA), HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN A
RESEARCH PROJECT ON RE-REFINING USED CRANKCASE OIL FOR SEVERAL YEARS.
PAPERS HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED ON THE COMPARATIVE COMPOSITIONS OF COLLECTED
OILS (REF. 5-27), LABORATORY EVALUATION OF SEVERAL RE-REFINING PROCESSES
(REF. 5-28), AND PILOT PLANT STUDIES OF AN IN-HOUSE PROCESS (REF. 5-29).
THE LATTER ASPECT OF THE BERC WORK IS DESCRIBED IN THIS SECTION.
THE PROCESS SHOWN SCHEMATICALLY IN FIGURE 5-5 IS COVERED BY TWO
PATENT APPLICATIONS (NO. S-46, 037 AND G-48,107), BOTH OF WHICH HAVE
BEEN ALLOWED. THE MAJOR STEPS ARE DEHYDRATION TO REMOVE WATER AND LIGHT
ENDS; SOLVENT EXTRACTION, INCLUDING SOLVENT RECOVERY FROM THE EXTRACT
AND RAFFINATE; FRACTIONAL VACUUM DISTILLATION FOR ADDITIONAL
CONTAMINANT REMOVAL AND BASE STOCK PRODUCTION; AND CLAY TREATMENT FOR
COLOR IMPROVEMENT AND STABILIZATION, ALTHOUGH OTHER FINISHING PROCESSES
HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED, SUCH AS HYDROTREATING. THE SOLVENT CONSISTS OF
A MIXTURE OF 1 PART (BY VOLUME) ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL, 1 PART METHYL ETHYL
KETONE, AND 2 PARTS BUTYL ALCOHOL. THE COMINATION IS USED IN A SOLVENT
AND OIL RATIO OF 3:1. THE VARIOUS STEPS IN THE PROCESS ARE SIMILAR TO
REFINING OPERATIONS DESCRIBED ELSEWHERE IN THIS REPORT FOR USED OR
VIRGIN LUBE OIL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 088 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102681
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
FIGURE 5-5. BERC/ERDA RE-REFINING PROCESS; 10 X 10 6 GAL PER YEAR
CAPACITY (REF. 5-30)
FIGURE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 089 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102682
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
MICROFORM REFILMED; SEE APPENDICES.
THE BERC PROCESS HAS BEEN RUN IN PILOT PLANT SCALE EQUIPMENT, AND
ENOUGH MATERIAL HAS BEEN PREPARED TO OBTAIN ENGINGE PERFORMANCE DATA
(REF. 5-31). TWO BERC PROCESS OILS WERE TESTED, ONE FINISHED BY CLAY
CONTACTING AND ONE BY HYDROTREATING. IN ADDITION, A RE-REFINED MOTOR
OIL PROVIDED BY MOTOR OILS REFINING OF MCCOOK, ILLINOIS WAS TESTED
CONCURRENTLY. ALL THREE OILS WERE COMPOUNDED FOR SE SERVICE. THE
COMMERCIAL OIL PASSED THE IIC, IIIC, VC, AND THE L-38 ENGINE TEST
EVALUATIONS (SECTION 9) THAT ARE ESTABLISHED FOR SE SERVICE, AND WHICH
ARE ALSO SPECIFIED BY THE MILITARY TO MEET THE MAJOR REQUIREMENTS SET
FORTH IN THE MIL-L-46152 SPECIFICATION. THE HYDROGEN-FINISHED BERC OIL
PASSED BOTH IIIC AND VC SEQUENCE TESTS BUT FAILED THE IIC MARGINALLY.
THE CLAY-TREATED SAMPLE SUCCESSFULLY PASSED THE IIC AND IIIC TESTS BUT
FAILED THE VC MARGINALLY (REF. 5-32). BOTH OILS PASSED THE L-38 TEST.
FLEET TESTING OF OIL PRODUCED BY BERC TECHNOLOGY IS CURRENTLY BEING
CONDUCTED IN THE STATE OF IOWA, SHOWING SATISFACOTRY SERVICE AFTER 15
MONTHS OF USE (REF. 5-15).
AS AN EXAMPLE OF AN ADVANCED PROCESS, THE MZF PROCESS WAS CHOSEN FOR
EVALUATION IN THIS STUDY. THIS PROCESS IS BASED ON TWO SOLVENT
EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES WHICH WERE PATENTED BY DR. M. FAINMAN AND MR. C.
MCCAULEY. THESE TECHNIQUES REQUIRE AQUEOUS ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL SOLUTIONS
IN CONJUNCTION WITH SMALL AMOUNTS OF ALKALI (REF. 5-33) OR ACID (REF.
5-34) TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS FROM THE USED OIL. THE ALKALI TECHNIQUE IS
FAVORED BY DR. FAINMAN AND HAS BEEN FURTHER IMPROVED (PATENT PENDING).
INFORMATION WAS PRIMARILY AVAILABLE FROM THE EXISTING PATENTS AND WAS
SUPPLEMENTED BY ADDITIONAL DATA PROVIDED BY THE INVENTOR. CLAIMS FOR
THE PROCESS HAVE NOT BEEN VERIFIED AND ARE BASED ON A LIMITED AMOUNT OF
SMALL-SCALE LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION.
A PROCESS SCHEMATIC IS SHOWN IN FIGURE 5-6. IN AN INITIAL STEP, THE
USED OIL IS DILUTED WITH RECYCLED NAPHTHA, IN A VOLUME RATIO OF 1:1, TO
REDUCE THE OIL VISCOSITY AND FACILITATE THE EXTRACTION PROCESS. AQUEOUS
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL PLUS SODIUM CARBONATE ARE ADDED AND THOROUGHLY MIXED
WITH THE OIL. ACCORDING TO THE PATENT, AN UNSTABLE EMULSION IS FORMED
WHICH IS PHYSICALLY SEPARATED INTO A TOP LAYER CONSISTING OF OIL-NAPHTHA
AND A BOTTOM ALCOHOL WATER LAYER CONTAINING THE SLUDGE. THE PHASES ARE
STRIPPED TO RECOVER THE NAPHTHA AND ALCOHOL FOR RECYCLING, THE LATTER AS
AN ALCOHOL-RICH AZEOTROPE. THE OIL SO OBTAINED IS READY FOR FURTHER
FINISHING, SUCH AS DISTILLATION AND/OR CLAY TREATMENT.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 090 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102683
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
FIGURE 5-6. MZF RE-REFINING PROCESS (BASED ON REFS. 5-35 AND 5-36)
FIGURE OMITTED
THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION TECHNIQUE DESCRIBED IN THE PATENT USES
CENTRIFUGATION, WHICH IS EXPENSIVE IN TERMS OF BOTH EQUIPMENT COST AND
OPERATING ENERGY. ACCORDING TO DR. FAINMAN, THE IMPROVED PROCESS IS
BASED ON AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD WHICH DOES NOT REQUIRE THE EXPENDITURE OF
ENERGY. HOWEVER, IT WAS STATED THAT THE PROCESS EMPLOYED A SMALL AMOUNT
OF A LOW-COST AND ABUNDANT CHEMICAL DEEMULSIFIER (REF. 5-35). SINCE THE
PROCEDURE IS BEING PATENTED, NO DESCRIPTIVE MATERIAL COULD BE MADE
AVAILABLE.
5.3.4 PHILLIPS RE-REFINED OIL PROCESS (PROP)
IN AUGUST OF 1977, THE PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY ANNOUNCED A NEW
RE-REFINING PROCESS AND SIGNED A CONTRACT WITH THE STATE OF NORTH
CAROLINA TO BUILD A 2 MILLION GALLON PER YEAR PLANT FOR 1.4 MILLION
DOLLARS (REF. 5-37). THE PLANT, WHICH IS SCHEDULED TO GO INTO OPERATION
IN MID-1978, IS DESIGNED TO OPERATE CONTINUOUSLY BUT COULD BE OPERATED
ON A SINGLE-SHIFT, 5-DAY WEEK BASIS. THROUGHPUT CAPACITY WOULD THEN
DROP TO 500,000 GALLONS PER YEAR. PHILLIPS (REF. 5-38) CONSIDERS THE
PROCESS PROPRIETARY AND IS UNWILLING EVEN TO DISCUSS IT IN RELATION TO
ITS PATENTED PROCESSES (SECTIONS 5.4.5.3 AND 5.4.7.1), WHICH MAKE USE OF
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF AMMONIUM SULFATE OR BISULFATE AND AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE. IT IS NOTED THOUGH, THAT THEIR PURCHASE AGREEMENT WITH THE
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA MENTIONS BOTH THESE PATENTS AND A PATENT
APPLICATION, SERIAL NO. 797,212. THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA (REF.
5-39) COULD NOT OFFER ANY TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE SINCE IT HAS ENTERED INTO
A SECRECY ARRANGEMENT WITH PHILLIPS FOR THE PURPOSE OF EVALUATING THE
PROCESS AT THE SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, NORTH CAROLINA STATE
UNIVERSITY.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 091 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102684
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
HOWEVER, A LIMITED AMOUNT OF NONCONFIDENTIAL ECONOMIC DATA WAS PROVIDED
BY THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
PHILLIPS MARKETING APPROACH FOR THE PRODUCT IS TO OFFER A
PREFABRICATED, SKID-MOUNTED QUICK-CONNECT PLANT, SIZED TO MEET SPECIFIC
VOLUME REQUIREMENTS. IT IS A FIXED-PRICE TURNKEY ARRANGEMENT THAT
INCLUDES TRAINING OF OPERATORS. PRODUCT QUALITY AND YIELD ARE
GUARANTEED. TO MEET THESE GUARANTEES, PHILLIPS SPECIFIES THAT THE
FEESTOCK BE NORMAL CRANKCASE DRAININGS AND EXCLUDE OTHER TYPES, SUCH AS
INDUSTRIAL OILS. PROCESS CLAIMS INCLUDE (1) HIGH LUBE OIL YIELDS, (2)
RAPID STARTUP AND SHUTDOWN, (3) ENVIRONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITY THROUGH
ELIMINATION OF ACIDS, SLUDGES, SOLVENTS, HARMFUL AIR AND WATER
EFFLUENTS, AND GENERATION OF A NEUTRAL SOLID WASTE THAN CAN BE PROCESSED
INTO USEFUL BY-PRODUCTS, (4) PRODUCTION OF A DIESEL FUEL SIDE STREAM,
AND (5) A PROCESS TIME OF 3 HOURS FROM USED OIL FEESTOCK INPUT TO
FINISHED PRODUCT OUTPUT (REF. 5-40).
THE FOLLOWING DESCRIPTION IS TAKEN FROM REF. 5-40:
THE OIL RECLAMATION PROCESS IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS THAT CAN BE
OPERATED ON A "BATCH" TYPE BASIS. THE RECLAMATION EQUIPMENT WILL
REQUIRE APPROXIMATELY 1 TO 2 HOURS TO BRING EQUIPMENT AND OIL UP TO
OPERATING TEMPERATURE AND 1 HOUR AT THE END OF THE DAY TO SHUT DOWN AND
REMOVE SLUDGE. THUS, FOR A PRODUCTION RATE OF 2000 GALLONS DAILY, THE
OPERATION TIME FOR PERSONNEL WILL BE 11 HOURS DAILY. SPENT OIL WILL BE
ACCUMULATED IN A 6000-GALLON TANK (3-DAY SUPPLY). PUMPS ARE PROVIDED TO
REMOVE OIL FROM DRUMS OR TANKERS.
THE RECLAMATION PROCESS (CONFIDENTIAL) TERMINATES IN AN 8000-GALLON
TANK WHERE THE ADDITIVES ARE BLENDED WITH THE PROCESSED OIL. NO STORAGE
FACILITIES HAVE BEEN PROVIDED FOR ADDITIVES SINCE ROUGHLY ONLY 160
GALLONS ARE ADDED DAILY. ADDITIVES WOULD BE STORED IN DRUMS AND ADDED
MANUALLY. SLUDGE IS REMOVED TWICE DAILY, REQUIRING AN ESTIMATED 45
MINUTES FOR ONE MAN. ONE SLUDGE REMOVAL IS PLANNED AT THE END OF
OPERATIONS. NO INTERRUPTION OF PRODUCTION IS REQUIRED. MAINTENANCE
DOWNTIME IS ESTIMATED AT 8 PERCENT OF OPERATION TIME OR ABOUT 14
HOURS/MONTH. THIS ROUTINE MAINTENANCE SHOULD BE SCHEDULED FOR SATURDAY
TO PERMIT CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION.
UPON ADDING THE ADDITIVE PACKAGE AND MIXING, THE FINISHED PRODUCT
WILL BE STORED IN TWO 8000-GALLON TANKS. OIL CAN BE PUMPED INTO EITHER
TANK TRUCKS OR 55-GALLON DRUMS FROM THESE STORAGE TANKS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 092 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102685
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
5.4 OTHER PROCESSES AS DESCRIBED IN THE PATENT LITERATURE
5.4.1 GENERAL
THE PATENT LITERATURE WAS REVIEWED FOR PROCESSES APPLICABLE TO
RE-REFINING USED OILS. THIS REVIEW, WHICH COVERED PATENTS ISSUED WITHIN
THE PAST 20 YEARS, WAS CONDUCTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ORDERING SYSTEM
USED IN THE PATENT CLASSIFICATION MANUAL. CLASS 208 CONTAINS PATENTS
RELATED TO "MINERAL OILS: PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS." UNDER THIS CLASS ARE
THE SUBCLASSIFICATIONS "REFINING" AND "PURIFYING USED OIL." THE LATTER
SUBCLASSIFICATION IS SUBDIVIDED IN THE CLASSIFICATION MANUAL ACCORDING
TO THE METHOD USED TO PURIFY THE USED OIL. THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS
PRESENT THESE PATENTS AS ENTITLED AND FOLLOW THE SAME ORGANIZATION AS
THE CLASSIFICATION MANUAL. DATA WITHIN A SUBCLASSIFICATION IS THEN
PRESENTED IN ORDER OF GRANT, WITH THE EARLIEST PATENTS PRESENTED FIRST.
5.4.2 PURIFYING USED OIL: BASIC (SUBCLASSIFICATION 179)
THIS CATEGORY REPRESENTS THE INITIAL AND MAJOR PATENT
SUBCLASSIFICATION WHICH COVERS THOSE PROCESSES APPLICABLE TO RE-REFINING
USED OILS. THE SUCCEEDING BREAKDOWNS UNDER THIS SUBCLASSIFICATION ARE
BY THE PARTICULAR TYPE OF PROCESS EMPLOYED, SUCH AS THE ADDITION OF
ORGANIC MATERIAL.
5.4.2.1 REFINING USED LUBRICATING OILS WITH SULFURIC ACID AND
HYDROGENATION (REF. 5-41)
THIS PROCESS FOR RE-REFINING USED ENGINE AND INDUSTRIAL OILS CONSISTS
OF A PREPURIFYING STEP USING SULFURIC ACID, FOLLOWED BY A CATALYTIC
HYDROGENATION TREATMENT. PATENT EMPHASIS APPEARS TO BE ON THE
HYDROGENATION STEP, DETAILING PRESSURES, TEMPERATURES, SPACE VELOCITY,
AND CATALYSTS USED IN THE PROCESS.
THE USED LUBRICATING OIL, ASSUMED TO HAVE 7 PERCENT WATER, IS TREATED
WITH 5 WEIGHT PERCENT CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID. ACCORDING TO THE
PATENT DESCRIPTION, THIS TREATMENT CAUSES A LOSS OF 17.5 PERCENT
(SLUDGE), YIELDING 82.5 PERCENT PREPURIFIED OIL, WHICH IS THEN
HYDROGENATED AT A PRESSURE OF 40 ATMOSPHERES AND A TEMPERATURE OF 360
DEGREES C, WITH A SPACE VELOCITY OF 0.5 HOUR -1. THE GAS AND LIQUID
RATIO IS 0.1 CUBIC METER PER LITER, WITH 75/25 PERCENT HYDROGEN/NITROGEN
GAS MIXTURE. THE CATALYST IS COMPOSED OF A MIXTURE CONTAINING NICKEL
OXIDE, MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE, SILICA, AND IRON OXIDE, ALL CARRIED ON A
GAMMA ALUMINUM OXIDE BASE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 093 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102686
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
AFTER HYDROGENATION, THE OIL IS SUBJECTED TO VACUUM DISTILLATION TO
SEPARATE OUT FRACTIONS. THE PRODUCT YIELD IS 48.2 PERCENT RE-REFINED
ENGINE OIL, 32.5 PERCENT RE-REFINED GAS OIL AND INDUSTRIAL OIL, 17.5
PERCENT ACID TREATMENT LOSS, AND 1.8 PERCENT HYDROGENATION AND
DISTILLATION LOSSES.
IT IS CLAIMED IN THE PATENT THAT THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF PRODUCTS
ARE BETTER THAN ACHIEVED IN "CONVENTIONAL" RE-REFINING PROCESSES. THE
AMOUNT OF SLUDGE THAT PRECIPITATES OUT WITH THE 5 PERCENT ACID TREATMENT
APPEARS QUITE LOW AND INCONSISTENT WITH THAT OBTAINED FROM CURRENT
ACID-CLAY RE-REFINING PROCESSES. IT IS CONCEIVABLE, HOWEVER, THAT IN
THE PATENTEE'S HOME COUNTRY (HUNGARY), MOTOR OILS WERE NOT COMPOUNDED
WITH ADDITIVES AT THE TIME OF PATENT FILING.
5.4.2.2 RECLAMATION OF USED LUBRICATING OILS BY SULFURIC ACID
TREATMENT (REF. 5-42) THIS PROCESS FOR RE-REFINING USED MOTOR OILS APP
EARS TO BE BASED ON THE USE OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF SULFURIC ACID
RATHER THAN THE CONCENTRATED FORM COMMONLY EMPLOYED IN THE ACID-CLAY
PROCESS. THE PROCESS, WHICH IS INTENDED FOR MOTOR OILS CONTAINING
ASHLESS POLYMERIC DISPERSANTS, CONSISTS OF ADDING 20 TO 40 POUNDS OF AN
80 TO 95 PERCENT AQUEOUS CONCENTRATION OF SULFURIC ACID TO EACH BARREL
OF USED OIL. THE TREATED OIL, AT 100 DEGREES TO 140 DEGREES F IS
PERMITTED TO SETTLE FOR ABOUT 20 HOURS PRIOR TO DECANTING THE PURIFIED
OIL.
ALTHOUGH NOT SPECIFICALLY STATED IN THE PATENT, THE PURIFIED OIL IS
SUBJECTED TO A CLAY TREATMENT. FOR AN ACID STRENGTH OF 90 PERCENT, A
DOSE OF 30 POUNDS PER BARREL, AND A SETTLING TIME OF 20 HOURS, THE
PROCESS YIELD IS CLAIMED TO BE 65 PERCENT OIL, 13.1 PERCENT OVERHEADS,
10.5 PERCENT SLUDGE, AND 11.4 PERCENT FILTERING LOSSES.
THE PATENT STATES THAT THE USE OF CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID ON MOTOR
OILS CONTAINING ASHLESS DISPERSANTS TENDS TO HINDER THE REMOVAL OF
SLUDGE.
5.4.2.3 RE-REFINING OF WASTE CRANKCASE AND LIKE OILS (REF. 5-43)
THIS PROCESS TREATS USED OIL WITH CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS GENERATING FREE
HYDROXYL RADICALS, WHICH PRECIPITATE OUT CONTAMINANTS WITHOUT HARMING
THE DETERGENTS AND ADDITIVES IN THE OIL. COMPOUNDS TO BE ADDED ARE
SELECTED FROM THE PEROXIDES, SUCH AS HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, AND METAL
HALIDES, SUCH AS ALUMINUM CHLORIDE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 094 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102687
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
THE USED OIL IS HEATED TO 120 DEGREES F AND 0.2 PERCENT OF A 50
PERCENT CONCENTRATION OF AQUEOUS SODIUM HYDROXIDE IS ADDED, FOLLOWED BY
FURTHER HEATING TO 130 DEGREES F AND THE ADDITION OF 0.1 PERCENT OF A 30
PERCENT SOLUTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. THE TREATED OIL IS THEN
THOROUGHLY MIXED, HEATED TO 150 DEGREES F, ALLOWED TO COOL TO ROOM
TEMPERATURE, AND SETTLE FOR 24 HOURS. THE CLEAR OIL IS THEN DECANTED.
FOR A USED OIL WITH A 7 PERCENT BOTTOM SEDIMENT AND WATER TO START WITH,
A 90 PERCENT YIELD IS CLAIMEDIN THE PATENT. THE PURIFIED OIL MAY BE
FURTHER TREATED OR DISTILLED AND FRACTIONATED. NO DETAILS REGARDING THE
LATTER OPERATIONS ARE PROVIDED.
5.4.2.4 CRANKCASE OIL REFINING (REF. 5-44)
THIS PROCESS MAKES USE OF AN ALKALI METAL HYDROXIDE, SUCH AS SODIUM
OR POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, IN CONJUNCTION WITH A HEADS OIL (WHICH IS A
LIGHT HYDROCARBON FRACTION WITH AN AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND
MATERIALS (ASTM) BOILING RANGE OF 150 DEGREES TO 250 DEGREES F) TO
PRECIPITATE OUT CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS.
THE WASTE OIL IS FIRST DEHYDRATED AT ABOUT 400 DEGREES F, WHICH IS
BELOW THE COKING POINT. AFTER COOLING TO 200 DEGREES TO 300 DEGREES F,
ABOUT 0.2 TO 2.0 PERCENT OF A CONCENTRATED AQUEOUS ALKALI METAL
HYDROXIDE SOLUTION IS ADDED. THE MIXTURE IS THEN BLENDED WITH HEADS
OIL, WITH A HEADS OIL TO DEHYDRATED OILS VOLUME RATIO BETWEEN 1 TO 5.7
AND 1 TO 4.1, CAUSING THE FORMATION OF A PRECIPITATE. THE PRECIPITATE
IS THEN SEPARATED CENTRIFUGALLY. THE SEPARATED LIQUID MIXTURE IS THEN
SUBJECTED TO A DISTILLATION PROCESS TO OBTAIN THE DESIRED LUBE CUTS, TO
REMOVE WATER, AND TO RECOVER THE HEADS OIL AND OTHER OVERHEADS.
THE PATENT CONTAINS A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS AND
EQUIPMENT EMPLOYED. MUCH OF THIS DESCRIPTION IS RELATED TO THE
SPECIFICS REQUIRED TO PLACE THE INVENTION INTO PRACTICE AND TO THE
DISTILLATION PROCESS PERFORMED AFTER THE WASTE OIL IS TREATED. NO
DETAILS AS TO PRODUCT YIELD OR QUALITY ARE PROVIDED.
5.4.2.5 PROCESS FOR RE-REFINING USED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (REF. 5-45)
THIS PROCESS IS ESSENTIALLY A MULTISTAGE VACUUM DISTILLATION. THE
FIRST STAGE OF THE PROCESS IS A COMBINATION OF FLASH DISTILLATION AND
MULTISTAGE STRIPPING. WASTE OIL HEATED TO 300 DEGREES TO 450 DEGREES F
IS EXPANDED FROM ABOUT 90 TO 130 POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH, GAGE (PSIG),
DOWN TO ATMOSPHERIC PRESSUFE TO REMOVE WATER AND VOLATILE HYDROCARBONS.
THE LESS VOLATILE LIQUID BOTTOMS THEN FLOW THROUGH A MULTISTAGE
STRIPPING COLUMN COUNTER-CURRENT TO SUPERHEATED STEAM OF 400 DEGREES TO
500 DEGREES F. IF THE USED OIL IS ACIDIC, A SMALL AMOUNT OF ALKALI IS
INTRODUCED ALONG WITH THE STEAM DURING THE FIRST-STAGE STRIPPING COLUMN.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 095 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
THIS NEUTRALIZATION STEP IS INTENDED TO PROTECT THE EQUIPMENT WHICH IS
MADE FROM PLAIN CARBON STEEL. THE OVERHEADS FROM THIS STRIPPING
OPERATION ARE CONDENSED TO SEPARATE OUT WATER AND LIGHT HYDROCARBONS.
THE BOTTOMS ARE THEN SUBJECTED TO A ONE- OR TWO-STEP VACUUM DISTILLATION
PROCESS USING TEMPERATURES OF 600 DEGREES TO 700 DEGREES F AND A VACUUM
OF 1 TO 50 TORRS. THE TWO-STAGE VACUUM DISTILLATION PROCESS IS
PREFERRED AS IT GIVES A WIDER RANGE OF PRODUCT YIELDS. THE PRODUCT
YIELD FOR THE THREE STAGE (ONE ATMOSPHERIC STAGE AND TWO VACUUM STAGES)
PROCESS IS CLAIMED TO CONSIST OF APPROXIMATELY 30 TO 50 PERCENT LIGHT
LUBE OIL, 10 TO 30 PERCENT HEAVY LUBE OIL, AND 10 TO 20 PERCENT
ASPHALTIC BOTTOMS.
NO DETAILS WERE NOTED REGARDING MEASURES TO PREVENT CLOGGING OF THE
DISTILLATION UNITS, WHICH IS THE BASIC PROBLEM IN DISTILLATION OF WASTE
OIL. THE PATENT IS FOR THE PROCESS AND NOT THE HARDWARE. IN FACT, THE
PATENT STATES THAT ANY SUITABLE COLUMN MAY BE EMPLOYED, BUT A BAIRD DISC
AND TUBE COLUMN IS PREFERRED SINCE IT IS NOT SUBJECT TO CLOGCING BY
DIRT, SLUDGE, OXIDATION PRODUCTS, MIXED OIL ADDITIVES, AND THE LIKE.
ALSO, IT IS CLAIMED THAT RESIDENCE TIME IN THE FIRST-STAGE STRIPPER IS
ONLY 2 TO 5 SECONDS. IN THE SECOND- AND THIRD-STAGE DISTILLATION
EVAPORATORS, THE RESIDENCE TIME IS 1 TO 3 SECONDS.
5.1.2.6 REMOVAL OF LEAD AND OTHER SUSPENDED SOLIDS FROM USED
HYDROCARBON LUBRICATING OIL (REF. 5-46) THIS PROCESS USES HEAT AND
RESIDENCE TIME TO AGGLOMERATE LEAD AND OTHER DISPERSED SOLIDS IN WASTE
OIL. FIRST, THE USED OIL IS DEHYDRATED TO REMOVE WATER AND THE LIGHT
ENDS. THIS PORTION OF THE PROCESS IS CARRIED OUT AT TEMPERATURES OF 500
DEGREES TO 700 DEGREES F AND PRESSURES RANGING FROM A MILD VACUUM OF 2.5
UP TO 150 POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH, ABSOLUTE (PSIA). THE OIL IS THEN
HEAT-TREATED AT 500 DEGREES TO 700 DEGREES FOR 1 TO 12 HOURS, DEPENDING
UPON THE GEOMETRY OF THE EQUIPMENT AND THE DEGREE OF PARTICULATE REMOVAL
DESIRED. THE AGGLOMERATED METALS ARE THEN REMOVED BY ONE OF THE MANY
STANDARD PROCEDURES AVAILABLE, SUCH AS GRAVITY SETTLING, FILTRATION, OR
CENTRIFUGATION.
DEPENDING UPON THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT USED, THE PROCESS CAN BE
EITHER OF THE BATCH OR CONTINUOUS TYPE. ALSO, THE HEAT TREATING AND
GRAVITY-SETTLING ZONES CAN BE UNITIZED SUCH THAT THE OIL IS SETTLED AT
THE END OF THE HEAT TREATMENT PERIOD.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 096 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
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L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
WHILE PROCESS DETAILS ARE NOT KNOWN, IT IS BELIEVED THAT THERMAL
DECOMPOSITION OF THE PEPTIZING AGENTS WHICH HOLD THE DISPERSED SOLIDS IN
COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION TAKES PLACE AS A RESULT OF THE HIGH PROCESS
TEMPERATURES.
NO DATA ON PRODUCT YIELD AND QUALITY ARE PROVIDED IN THE PATENT.
HOWEVER, THE STATEMENT IS MADE THAT OVER 90 PERCENT OF THE DISPERSED
LEAD AND OTHER SOLIDS CAN BE REMOVED.
5.4.2.7 PROCESS FOR CLEANING USED OILS (REF. 5-47)
THIS PROCESS PURIFIES OIL BY HEAT TREATMENT. IN THE PROCESS, USED
OIL IS HEATED IN A REACTOR TO ABOUT 610 DEGREES TO 750 DEGREES F, USING
A PRESSURE OF 1 TO 6 ATMOSPHERES AND A RESIDENCE TIME OF 15 TO 30
MINUTES. THE OIL IS THEN FILTERE1 AND/OR CENTRIFUGED.
THE PROCESS AS DESCRIBED IN THE PATENT CALLS FOR A CONTINUOUS
WITHDRAWAL OF OIL FROM THE REACTOR. THIS OIL IS THEN DIVIDED INTO TWO
PARTS, WITH ONE PART GOING TO THE FILTRATION UNIT AND THE OTHER BACK TO
THE REACTOR. A RECYCLING RATIO OF 5 TO 20 (THE ENTERING USED OIL FLOW
RAT IS 1/5 TO 1/20 OF THE FLOW RATE OF THE RECYCLE LOOP) IS USED TO
ENSURE THE PROPER RESIDENCE TIME OF THE OIL IN THE REACTOR. THE
RESIDUES REMOVED FROM THE OIL, ALONG WITH OVERHEADS FROM THE REACTOR,
ARE FED TO THE FURNACE HEATING THE OIL.
SELECTED PRODUCT YIELD AND QUALITY DATA PROVIDED IN THE PATENT
DISCLOSURE ARE PRESENTED IN TABLE 5-1 FOR TWO RUNS.
5.4.3 PURIFYING USED OIL WITH ADDED ORGANIC MATERIAL
SUBCLASSIFICATION 180)
THE PATENTS LISTED UNDER SUBCLASSIFICATION 180 ARE BASED ON THE
ADDITION OF ORGANIC MATERIAL AS A MEANS OF USED OIL PURIFICATION.
5.4.3.1 RECLAIMING USED LUBRICATING OIL (REF. 5-48)
THIS PROCESS USES A SMALL AMOUNT OF HYDRAZINE TO PRECIPITATE OUT
IMPURITIES CONTAINED IN THE USED OIL. THE OIL IS TREATED AT A
TEMPERATURE OF 50 DEGREES TO 150 DEGREES F WITH 0.5 TO 10 PERCENT OF
HYDRAZINE. THE MIXTURE IS THOROUGHLY AGITATED TO ENSURE COMPLETE
CONTACT. SLUDGE IS THEN SEPARATED BY CONVENTIONAL MEANS SUCH AS GRAVITY
OR CENTRIFUGATION. A FINAL CLAY TREATMENT IS USED TO IMPROVE COLOR. TO
REMOVE DISSOLVED HYDRAZINE, IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO WATER-WASH THE OIL OR
TREAT WITH ACID.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 097 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102690
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
TABLE 5-1. PRODUCT YIELD AND QUALITY DATA FOR TROESCH USED OIL
CLEANING PROCESS (REF. 5-47)
TABLE OMITTED
TABLE 5Q2. COMPARISON OF OIL PROPERTIES (REF. 5-48)
TABLE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 098 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
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L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING THE EXACT AMOUNT OF HYDRAZINE ARE NOT GIVEN.
HOWEVER, THE DATA INDICATE THAT THE FINAL PRODUCT IS NOT VERY SENSITIVE
TO THE SELECTED HYDRAZINE TREATMENT VOLUMES.
5.4.3.2 PROCESS FOR PURIFYING OIL WITH MONOISOPROPANOLAMINE (REF.
5-49)
THIS PROCESS PURIFIES OIL BY THE ADDITION OF AN OIL-SOLUBLE,
ACID-REDUCING CHEMICAL COMPOUND OF THE AMINE TYPE. IN THIS PROCESS, THE
OIL IS PRETREATED WITH 0.5 WEIGHT PERCENT SULFURIC OR HYDROCHLORIC ACID
TO FORM AN ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTION. THE MIXTURE IS THEN TREATED WITH 0.25
PERCENT OF AN AMMONIA-BEARING AMINE COMPOUND, SUCH AS MONO- OR
ISOQPROPANOLAMINE, FORMING A SLUDGE WHICH IS THEN SEPARATED OUT BY
CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES. NO DATA RELATIVE TO PRODUCT YIELDS AND QUALITY
ARE PROVIDED IN THE PATENT.
5.4.3.3 METHOD OF NEUTRALIZING OIL WITH DIAZOMETHANE (REF. 5-50)
THIS PATENT NEUTRALIZES OIL ACIDITY BY THE ADDITION OF DIAZOMETHANE.
WHILE THE PRIMARY USAGE OF THIS PROCESS IS IN REFINING CRUDE OIL, IT IS
ALSO APPLICABLE FOR THE TREATMENT OF USED OIL. A 3 PERCENT SOLUTION OF
DIAZOMETHANE IN HEXANE IS ADDED TO USED OIL, AFTER IT HAS BEEN
PERCOLATED THROUGH FULLER'S EARTH FOR PURIFICATION PURPOSES, IN AN
AMOUNT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACID PRESENT. ALL ACIDS PRESENT ARE THUS
COVERTED TO METHYL ESTERS. A NEUTRALIZATION NUMBER OF 0 IS OBTAINED,
AND THE COLOR IS IMPROVED BY AN AMOUNT OF ABOUT 0.5 ON THE ASTM COLOR
SCALE. EXCEPT FOR IMPROVEMENT IN ACID NUMBER AND COLOR, NO OTHER
PURIFICATION OF THE USED OIL RESULTS FROM THIS PROCESS.
5.4.3.4 PROCESS FOR REMOVING ENGINE PRODUCED CONTAMINANTS FROM USED
LUBRICATING OIL (REF. 5-51)
IN PRINCIPLE, THIS PROCESS REPRESENTS SOLVENT (GENERALLY PROPANE)
EXTRACTION OF LUBE OIL FROM THE CONTAMINATING MATERIALS. A SELECTED
SOLVENT COMPRISED OF APPROXIMATELY 90 PERCENT PROPANE 8 PERCENT BUTANE,
AND 2 PERCENT AMMONIA IS MIXED WITH THE WASTE OIL IN A SOLVENT TOWER,
USING A SOLVENT TO OIL RATIO VARYING FROM 1:1 TO AS HIGH AS 20:1, WITH
AN AVERAGE RATIO OF ABOUT 5:1. THE HIGHER SOLVENT OIL RATIOS TEND TO
PRODUCE BETTER SEPARATION OF THE LUBE OIL FROM THE IMPURITIES AND
IMPROVE COLOR. THE SOLVENT TOWER IS OPERATED AT 100 DEGREES TO 170
DEGREES F, WITH SUFFICIENT PRESSURE (400 TO 600 PSIG) TO MAINTAIN THE
SOLVENT AS A LIQUID.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 099 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
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L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
OIL IMPURITIES, INCLUDING WATER, ARE PRECIPITATED OUT IN THE SOLVENT
TOWER. THE SOLVENT AND OIL MIXTURE IS THEN FURTHER PROCESSED IN A
SOLVENT STRIPPING (FLASH) TOWER WHICH OPERATES AT 250 TO 350 PSIG AND
250 DEGREES TO 500 DEGREES F. THE SOLVENT IS RECYCLED, AND THE OIL IS
THEN SUBJECTED TO FINAL TREATMENT IN A CATALYTIC REACTOR, CONSISTING OF
AN ACTIVATED BAUXITE, MARKETED UNDER THE TRADE NAME POROCEL AND
OPERATING AT 350 DEGREES TO 700 DEGREES F AND 0 TO 50 PSIG. THIS STEP
REMOVES THE REMAINING 10 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL IMPURITIES CONTAINED IN
THE USED OIL, WITH THE INITIAL 90 PERCENT REMOVED IN THE SOLVENT
EXTRACTION STEP. THE CATALYST MAY BE REGENERATED BY A STEAM AND AIR
TREATMENT. THE LIGHT ENDS ARE THEN REMOVED IN A CONVENTIONAL REACTOR,
OPERATING AT 400 DEGREES TO 600 DEGREES F, FOLLOWED BY CLAY TREATMENT TO
IMPROVE COLOR.
THE YIELDS FOR THIS PROCESS AS CLAIMED BY THE INVENTOR ARE SHOWN IN
TABLE 5-3 FOR A SOLVENT MIXTURE CONSISTING OF BUTANE PLUS 2 PERCENT
AMMONIA.
TABLE 5-3. PROCESS YIELDS (REF. 5-51)
TABLE OMITTED
5.4.3.5 PROCESS FOR REMOVING NAPHTHENIC ACIDS FROM MINERAL OILS (REF.
5-52)
THIS PROCESS REDUCES THE ACIDITY OF USED CRANKCASE OIL BY THE
ADDITION OF AN AQUEOUS ALKALI AND A COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP
CONSISTING OF ALIPHATIC SULTONES, CARBYL SULFATES, ETHYLENE SULFATES,
ETC. THE INTENT OF THIS PATENT DISCLOSURE IS SIMILAR TO THAT DESCRIBED
IN SECTION 5.4.3.3. IN PLACE OF THE DIAZOMETHANE, 2 PERCENT OF A 3
PERCENT CONCENTRATED SOLUTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND 0.15 PERCENT OF
ETHYLENE SULFATE ARE ADDED TO THE USED OIL. THIS RESULTS IN A REDUCTION
IN THE NEUTRALIZATION NUMBER AND AN IMPROVEMENT IN COLOR.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 100 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
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L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102693
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TRANSCRIPT
5.4.3.6 RE-REFINING OF LUBRICATING OILS (REF. 5-53)
THIS PROCESS PURIFIES OIL BY THE ADDITION OF SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
POSSESSING HIGH DETERGENCY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, BUT NONE AT ELEVATED
TEMPERATURE. IN THIS PROCESS, AN AQUEOUS CLEANSING AGENT IS ADDED TO
THE USED OIL AT ROOM TEMPERATURE USING A RATIO OF 1:3. THE MIXTURE IS
THEN AGITATED TO FORM AN EMULSION, FOLLOWED BY AN INCREASE IN
TEMPERATURE TO ABOUT 150 DEGREES TO 200 DEGREES F, TO BREAK THE EMULSION
AND TO PERMIT SEPARATION OF THE CLEAN OIL FROM THE SPENT CLEANSING AGENT
BY MEANS OF A CENTRIFUGE. TYPICALLY, 1 GALLON OF SURFACE-ACTIVE
CLEANSINC AGENT CONTAINS 43 GRAMS OF A CONJUGATED POLYOXYALKYLENE
COMPOUND, 48 GRAMS OF TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE, 7 GRAM OF DODECYL BENZENE
SULFONATE, AND WATER.
NO PRODUCT YIELD INFORMATION IS PROVIDED IN THE PATENT. PRODUCT
QUALITY DATA INDICATE REDUCTION IN THE BOTTOM SEDIMENT AND WATER CONTENT
OF THE OIL FROM 1.1 TO 0.8 PERCENT AND IN THE ASH CONTENT FROM 1.4 TO
0.1 PERCENT. THE PURIFIED OIL MAY UNDERGO FURTHER TREATMENT, SUCH AS
DISTILLATION OR FILTRATION. USE OF THIS PROCESS AS A PRETREATMENT STEP
PREVENTS CLOGGING OF THE DISTILLATION UNITS AND REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF
CLAY REQUIRED IN SUBSEQUENT FINISHING PROCESSES.
5.4.3.7 PROCESS FOR RE-REFINING USED OIL (REF. 5-54)
THIS PROCESS PRECIPITATES SLUDGE FROM USED OIL BY THE ADDITION OF
DIETHYLENATRIAMINE (DETA). THE USED OIL IS HEATED TO 120 DEGREES TO 190
DEGREES F AND 0.1 TO 12 PERCENT OF DETA IS ADDED. THE FLOCCULANT THAT
FORMS IS ALLOWED TO SETTLE OUT. AFTER SETTLING AND DECANTING, THE
PURIFIED OIL IS THEN SUBJECTED TO A CLAY TREATMENT STEP, USING A
TEMPERATURE OF 350 DEGREES F AND ABOUT 10 PERCENT CLAY TO IMPROVE COLOR.
THE AMOUNT OF CLAY TO BE USED AS WELL AS THE SPECIFIC TEMPERATURES IS
SIMILAR TO THE PRACTICES EMPLOYED IN THE COMMON ACID-CLAY PROCESS.
PRODUCT QUALITY DATA BASED ON USING 1 PERCENT DETA ARE SHOWN IN TABLE
5-4.
5.4.3.8 PURIFYING USED METAL-WORKING LUBRICATING OILS (REF. 5-55)
CONTAMINATED METAL-WORKING OILS ARE CLEANSED BY THE ADDITION OF A
SMALL AMOUNT OF A TRIMERIZED POLYCARBOXYLIC ACID. METAL-WORKING OILS,
INCLUDING ROLLING, CUTTING, AND GRINDING OILS, ARE USUALLY OF THE
EMULSIFIED TYPE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 101 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102694
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
TABLE 5-4. PRODUCT QUALITY DATA (REF. 5-54)
TABLE OMITTED THEY BECOME CONTAMINATED WITH THE FINE METAL PARTICLES
AND OXIDES. THE CONTAMINATED OIL MIXTURE IS ALLOWED TO STAND SO THAT
THE OIL LAYER MAY BE SKIMMED OFF. THIS OIL IS THEN HEATED TO ANOUT 100
DEGREES F OR SLIGHTLY HIGHER, AND 50 TO 1000 PARTS PER MILLION OF A
TRIMERIZED POLYCARBOXYLIC ACID IS ADDED, WHICH IS PRODUCED BY
POLYMERIZATION OF A POLYOLEFINIC ACID CONTAINING AT LEAST 10 CARBON
ATOMS IN AN ALIPHATIC CHAIN. AN ACID OF THIS TYPE, CALLED EMPOL 1040,
IS MARKETED BY EMERY INDUSTRIES. PARTICLE AGGLOMERATION OCCURS WITHIN
20 MINUTES. THE PARTICLES ARE THEN FILTERED OUT, CENTRIFUGED, OR
MAGNETICALLY SEPARATED, AND THE OIL IS REEMULSIFIED AND RETURNED TO USE.
5.4.3.9 REMOVAL OF DISPERSED SOLIDS FROM A LIQUID (REF. 5-56)
NONDISSOLVED PARTICLES ARE REMOVED FROM ORGANIC LIQUIDS BY THE
ADDITION OF ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLETHYLENE (UHMW PE). WHILE NO
SPECIFIC APPLICATION IS STATED IN THE PATENT DISCLOSURE, IT MIGHT BE
SUITABLE FOR CLEANING METAL-WORKING OILS OF THE TYPE DESCRIBED IN THE
PRECEDING PATENT. THE PROCESS IS RATHER STRAIGHTFORWARD AND REQUIRES
ONLY THAT THE ORGANIC LIQUID IS CAPABLE OF DISSOLVING POLYETHYLENE. THE
TYPE OF POLYETHYLENE REQUIRED IS ONE WITH A MOLECULAR WEIGHT IN THE
RANGE OF 1,500,000 TO 6,000,000. THESE POLYETHYLENES MELT AT ABOUT 266
DEGREES F AND ARE STABLE UP TO ABOUT 750 DEGREES F, WHEREUPON THERMAL
DEGRADATION BEGINS. THE CONTAMINATED OIL IS HEATED ABOVE THE
POLYETHYLENE'S MELTING POINT AND A SMALL AMOUNT ABOUT 0.03 TO 0.3
PERCENT OF THE UHMW PE IS ADDED. AFTER STIRRING AND COOLING, THE UHMW
PE CONTAINING THE CONTAMINANTS PRECIPITATES OUT. THE CLEANSED OIL MAY
BE DECANTED AND REUSED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 102 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
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L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
5.4.3.10 METHOD OF REDUCING THE LEAD CONTENT OF A USED HYDROCARBON
LUBIRCATING O.1 BY ADDING NETHYL ETHYL KETONE TO SEPARATE THE RESULTING
MIXTURE INTO A COAGULATED INSOLUBLE PHASE (REF. 5.57)
METHYL ETHYL KETONE (MEK) IS USED TO EXTRACT LUBE OIL FROM
LEADCONTAINING CRANKCASE DRAININGS. THE PROCESS REQUIRES ANHYDROUS USED
OIL HAVING LESS THAN 0.5 WEIGHT PERCENT WATER. IN THE PROCESS, WHICH
TAKES PLACE BETWEEN 65 DEGREES AND 95 DEGREES F, 2 PARTS OF MEK ARE
ADDED TO EACH PART OF USED OIL. THE MIXTURE IS LEFT INDISTURBED FOR
ABOUT 60 TO 24 HOURS TO FACILITATE COAGULATION AND SEPARATION. THE
SEPARATED INSOLUBLES AMOUNT TO ABOUT 10 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL MIXTURE
VOLUME.
THE CLARIFIED MEK-OIL SOLUTION IS THEN FED TO A DISTILLATION UNIT TO
RECOVER THE MEK, WHICH IS RECYCLED IN THE PROCESS. THE OIL, WHICH IS
DARK IN COLOR, CAN BE LIGHTENED BY AN APPROPRIATE CLEANING TECHNIQUE,
SUCH AS CLAY-CONTACTING. THE SLUDGE FORMED IN THE PROCESS IS THEN
DEOILED BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION TO YEILD A DRY PRODUCT WHICH CONTAINS
ABOUT 20 TO 40 PERCENT LEAD. THIS PRODUCT ISDISPOSED OF BY REPROCESSING
FOR METALS RECOVERY OR IS SENT TO A DUMP. PRODUCT QUALITY DATA AS
PROVIDED IN THE PATENT ARE LISTED IN TABLE 5-5.
TABLE 5-5. PRODUCT QUALITY (REF. 5-57)
R TABLE OMITTED
5.4.3.11 PROCESS FOR REGENERATING USED LUBRICATING OILS (REF. 5-58)
THIS IS THE IPF PROPANE EXTRACTION PROCESS, WHICH IS DISCUSSED IN
DETAIL IN SECTION 5.2.4.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 103 OF 395
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5.4.3.12 TREATING MUDDY-LIKE WASTE OILY MATERIAL (REF. 5-59)
THIS IS A 5-STEP PROCESS FOR RECLAIMING FUEL OIL AND ASPHALT FROM THE
OILY SLUDGES THAT ARE GENERATED BY INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATING
PLANTS. SETP 1 INVOLVES SETTLING OF THE MIXTURE AT ABOUT 120 DEGREES TO
160 DEGREES F TO AT ABOUT 2 TO 4. STEP 3 INVOLVES SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF
THE FUEL OIL CONTENT BY USE OF A PARAFFIN-BASE HYDROCARBON WHOSE BOILING
POINT RANGE IS ABOUT 76 DEGREES TO 480 DEGREES F. AN EXTRACTION TOWER IS
USED, WITH TEMPERATURE MAINTAINED BETWEEN 40 DEGREES AND 77 DEGREES F.
STEP 4 INVOLVES CENTRIFUGING TO SEPARATE THE FUEL-SOLVENT MIXTURE FROM
THE ASPHALTIC BASE MATERIAL, WHICH IS THEN DRY-DISTILLED AT ABOUT 930
DEGREES TO 1100 DEGREES F. IN STEP 5, DISTILLATION OF THE FUEL-SOLVENT
MIXTURE IS PERFORMED TO RECOVER THE SOLVENT AND THE FUEL OIL COMPONENT.
5.4.3.13 PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE DE-ASPHLATING OF RESIDUES FROM
VACUUM DISTILLATION OF PETORLEUM, AND APPLICATION TO THE REMIANING OF
LUBRICANT OIL (REF. 5-60)
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS INVENTION IS TO PURIFY DRAIN OILS ON A SMALL
SCALE THROUGH THE USE OF SIMPLE, INEXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT. THE PROCESS
DEVISED IS BASED ON A TECHNIQUE FOR IMPROVING THE CONTACT BETWEEN THE
MINERAL OIL BEING TREATED AND THE PROPANE SOLVENT. THE USED OIL IS
PULSE-SPRAYED INTO LIQUID PROPANE IN AN EXTRACTION TOWER. THE EXCELLENT
CONTACT AFFORDED CAUSES THE ASPHALTS AND INSOLUBLE PARTICLES TO
PRECIPITATE OUT. THE FINAL SCRUBBING OF THE DISSOLVED LUBRICANT TAKES
PLACE IN A SERIES OF THREE COLUMSN, IN WHICH SEPARATION OF THE LIQUID
PROPANE OCCURS. A REFLUX SYSTEM IS SET UP BETWEEN THESE TOWERS, WHICH
ALSO MAKE USE OF PULSED INJECTIONS COUNTER TO THE FLOW OF MATERIAL.
THIS PULSED REFLUX SYSTEM CAUSES A RAPID PRECIPITATION OF ALL
IMPURITIES. THE OIL-PROPANE MIXTURE THAN FLOWS THROUGH AN EVAPORATOR
COIL AND A HEAT EXCHANGER TO SEPARATE THE PROPANE FROM THE OIL. A
COMPRESSOR IS THEN USED TO LIQUEFY THE PROPANE, WHICH IS RECYCLED FOR
FURTHER USE. NO DATA AS TO PRODUCT YIELD OR QUALITY ARE PROVIDED IN THE
PATENT DISCLOSURE.
5.4.3.14 PROCESS FOR REGENERATING USED LIBRICATING OILS (REF. 5-61)
AN ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANCE PERMEABLE TO HYDROCARBONS IS USED IN
THIS PATENT TO PURIFY USED LUBRICATING OILS CONTAINING A SOLUBLE METAL
COMPOUNDS. THIS PROCESS IS PARTICULARLY APPLICABLE TO CARNKCASE
DRAININGS WHICH CONTAIN LARGE AMOUNTS OF ADDITIVES. THE PROCESS IS
INTENDED AT A REPLACEMENT OF THE SULFURIC ACID TREATMENT PROCESS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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USED OIL, AFTER BEING STRIPPED OF WATER, IS DISSOLVED IN A LIGHT
HYDROCARBON TO REDUCE ITS VISCOSITY. PROPANE, BUTANE, PENTANE, HEXANE,
AND OTHER SUCH SOLVENTS ARE SUITABLE AND ARE USED IN A SOLVENT-TO OIL
RATIO OF ABOUT 2:1. THEOIL-SOLVENT MIXTURE IS CIRCULATED AGAINST THE
FACE OF THE ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANCE. PURIFIED OIL AND SOLVENT PASS
THROUGH THE MEMBRANNE, LEAVING IMPURITIES BEHIND. THE SOLVENT IS THEN
STRIPPED FROM THE OIL AND RECYCLED. ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES HAVING A
CUT ZONE OF 5000 TO 300,000 MAY BE USED. A CUT ZONE IS DEFINED AS THE
APPROXIMATE LIMIT BETWEEN THE MOLECULAR WEIGHTS RETAINED BY THE MEMBRANE
TO THOSE NOT RETAINED. THE MEMBRANES ARE FABRICATED FROM VARIOUS
MATERIALS, INCLUDING CELLULOSE, CELLULOSE ESTERS,
POLYTERRAFLUORETHYLENE, SULFONED POLYSTYRENE, AND IONICALLY CROSS-LINKED
COMPLEX POLYELECTROLYTES. THE PATNET DESCRIPTION CITES NUMEROUS
PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENTS OF THESE MEMBRANES AS WELL AS TYPICAL OPERATING
PRESSURES (0 TO 10 ATMOSPHERES), TEMPERATURES (70 DEGREES TO 86 DEGREES
F), AND CIRCULATION VELOCITIES OF 1 METER PER SECOND. THE VELOCITY
SHOULD BESUFFICIENTLY HIGH TO PREVENT BUILDUP OF AN IMPURITY-RICH
POLARIZATION ZONE ON THE FACE OF THE MEMBRANE.
PRODUCT YIELD OF 80 PERCENT ARE REPORTED IN THE PATENT DISCLOSURE.
MASS SPECTROMETRY DATA INDICATE LARGE REDUCTIONS IN METAL CONTENT.
TYPICAL MEMBRNE EFFICIENTY IS REPORTED TO BE ABOUT 9 TO 10 KILOGRAMS PER
HOUR PER SQUARE METER.
5.4.4 PURIFYING USED OIL PLURAL TREATING AGENTS: SEQUENTIAL OR
SIMULTANEOUS (SUBCLASSIFICATION 181)
PATENTS COVERED IN THE FOLLOWING SUBSECTIONS ARE THOSE CONTAINED IN
THE PATENT SUBCLASSIFICATION 181, ENTITLED "PLURAL TREATING AGENTS."
5.4.4.1 METHOD OF REGENERATING USED LUBRICATING OIL (REF. 5-62)
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS PATENT IS TO CONVERT UNDESIRED COMPONENTS AND
IMPURITIES FROM COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION INTO CRYTALLINE MACROMOLECULES
THATCAN BE REMOVED BY MECHINCAL PROCESSES. THE USED OIL IS PURIFIED BY
BRINGING IT INTO CONTACT, IN AN ACIDULATED ENVIROMNENT, WITH A HALOGEN
DERIVATE AND MONATOMIC OXYGEN. THE PRINCIPAL AGENTS USED IN THE PROCESS
ARE SULFURIC ACID, ZINC CHLORIDE, AND INORGANIC ACID SALTS. THE ACID IS
USED IN A WEAK AQUEOUS FORM SO AS TO INTRODUCE WATER INTO THE OIL
APPARENTLY, THE PROCESS DOES WORK WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF WATER.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TRANSCRIPT
ZINC CHLORIDE IS UED TO PROVIDE HALOGEN DERIVATIVES. THE MONOATOMIC
OXYGEN REQUIRED IN THE PROCESS IS GENERATED FROM INORGANIC SALTS SUCH AS
PERBORATES, PERSULFATES, AND PERMANGANATES OF SODIUM OR POTASSIUM. AN
EXAMPLE OF THE PROCESS IS AS FOLLOWS: TYPICALLY, 0.5 PERCNET OF A 25
PERCENT AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF SULFURIC ACID, 1.0 PERCENT OF ZINC CHLORIDE,
AND 0.2 PERCENT OF SODIUM PERBORATE IS ADDED TO THE USED OIL. THE
MIXTURE IS THEN STIRRED AND HEATED INITIALLY TO 226 DEGREES F UNDER
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, FOLLOWED BY FURTHER HEATING TO 536 DEGREES F WITH
THE APPLICATION OF A VACUUM. THE TREATED OIL IS COOLED, SETTLED FOR 12
HOURS, DECANTD, AND TREATED WITH 6 PERCENT ACTIVATED CLAY. THE PRODUCT
YIELDS CLAIMED IN THE PATENT ARE 84 PERCENT LUBE OIL, 9.7 PERCENT LIGHT
ENDS, 5.2 PERCENT SLUDGE, AND 1.1 PERCENT UANCCOUNTED MATERIALS. NO
DATA ARE INCLUDED IN THE PATENT RELATIVE TO THE QUALITY OF THEOIL
PRODUCED.
5.4.4.2 RE-REFINED WASTE CARNKCASE OILS AND METHOD (REF. 5-63)
THIS PROCESS IS PRIMARILY INTENDED TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS FROM USED
CRANKCASE OIL SO THAT IT IS READILY SUITABLE FOR DISTILLATION. THE USED
OIL ISTREATED WITH A COMBINATION OF SULFURIC ACID, NITRIC ACID, AND A
COMPOUND SUCH AS DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE TO PRECIPITATE OUT CONTAMINANTS.
AT ROOM TEMPERATURE, AN ACID MIXTURE CONSISTING OF 70 PERCENT OF A 70
PERCENT SOLUTION OF NITRIC ACID AND 30 PERCENT OF A 98 PERCENT SOLUTION
OF SULFURIC ACID, IS ADDED TO THE USED OIL AT THE RATE OF 0.6 PERCENT.
AFTER THOROUGH MIXING, APPROXIMATELY 0.6 PERCENT OF DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE
IS ADDED. THE TREATED OIL IS THEN HEATED, WITH CONTINOUS STIRRING TO
ABOUT 180 DEGREES F UNTIL A WAXY, SEMISOLID FLUCCULENT IS FORMED. UPON
COMPLETION OF THE SETTLING PROCESS, THE CLEAR OIL IS DECANTED. THE OIL,
WHICH IS MEDIUM TO DARK BROWN IN COLOR AND ESSENTIALLY NEUTRAL, IS THEN
READY FOR DISTILLATION.
5.4.4.3 REFINING OF USED LUBRICATING OILS(REF. 5-64)
THIS PROCESS USES A C 4 TO C 5 ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL, SUCH AS BUTANOL, TO
PRECIPITATE OUT POLAR ADDITIVES AND OXIDATION PRODUCTS. THE DESLUDGED
OIL IS THEN SUBJECTED TO CONVENTIONAL LUBRICATING OIL REFINING STEPS AND
MAY EVEN BE INCLUDED AS PART OF THE NORMAL FEED-STREAM USED IN VIRGIN
LUBE OIL REFINERIES. THE PREFERRED C 4 TO C5 ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL IS
NORMALLY BUTANOL. HOWEVER, OTHER ALCOHOLS OR ALCOHOL MIXTURES SUCH AS
SECONDARY BUTANOL, ISOBUTYL, AND ISOAMYL COULD BEUSED. THE
PRECIPITATION PROCESS CAN BE ENHANCED BY ADDING HEXANE OR PENTANE TO THE
ALCOHOL MIXTURE AT THE RATE OF 25 PERCENT OF THE AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL USED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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FOR THIS PROCESS THE USED OIL, WHICH IF FIRST STEAM-STRIPPED OF WATER
AND LIGHT ENDS, IS TREATED WTH ONE-THIRD TO TWICE ITS VOLUME OF THE
SELECTD ALCOHOL. THE PROCESS IS CARRIED OUT AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.
PRECIPITATION SHOULDBE COMPLETED WITHIN 12 TO 24 HOURS. INITIALLY,
THEUSED OIL (100 VOLUME UNITS) IS STRIPPED AT 375 DEGREES F TO REMOVE
WATER AND LIGHT ENDS, YIELDING ABOUT 97 VOLUME UNITS. IMPURITIES ARE
PRECIPITATED OUT BY THE ADDITION OF 78 VOLUME UNITS OF BUTYL ALCHOL AND
19 VOLUME UNITS OF PENTANCE. THREE LAYERS RESULT: A SLUDGE LAYER, A
VISCOUS LAYER, AND AN OILY LAYER. THE OILY LAYER IS THEN DISTILLED TO
RECOVER THE BUTYL ALCOHOL AND PENTANE, LEAVING 92 VOLUME UNITS OF OIL
FOR FURTHER PROCESSING. ACID TREATMENT IS THEN APPLIED TO TO EXTRACTED
OIL BY THE ADDITION OF 14 VOLUME UNITS OF FUMING SULFURIC ACID.
TYPICALLY, THIS PRODUCES A 25 VOLUME OF SLUDGE AND 70 VOLUME UNITS OF
OIL. THE ACID-TREATED OIL IS SEPARATED FROM THE SLUDGE AND TREATED WITH
50 VOLUME UNITS OF A 10 PERCENT SOLUTION OF SODIUM CARBONATE TO
NEUTRALIZE THE ACIDITY. ANY RESIDUAL ACIDITY IS NEUTRALIZED BY THE
ADDITION OF 8 VOLUME UNITS OF ISOPROPYL ALOCHOL. THIS STEP ALSO REMOVES
THE SODIUM SULFONATES DISSOLVED IN ALCOHOL, AND THE TOP LAYER CONTAINING
MEUTRALIZED OIL DILUTED WITH ALCOHOL AND SOME WATER. THE TOP LAYER IS
THEN STRIPPED, AT 275 DEGREES F AND 15 MM HG VACUUM. THE RECALIMED OIL
AMOUNTS TO 61 VOLUME UNITS AND HAS AN ASTM COLOR RATING OF 3.5. FURTHER
IMPROVEMENT IS MADE BY THE ADDITION OF 5 PERCENT ATTAPULGUS CLAY,
MAINTAINING A TEMPERATUREOF 270 DEGREES F AND THEN FILTERING OUT THE
CLAY.
5.4.4.4 METHOD OF PURIFYING OILS CONTAINING LIQUID AND SOLID
IMPURITIES (REF. 5-65)
THIS PROCESS IS INTENDED TO PURIFY INDUSTRIAL OILS BY THE SEQUENTIAL
ADDITION OF AN ALKALI AND AN ACID. THE OIL TO BE PURIFIED IS HEATED SO
AS TO DECREASE ITS VISCOSITY AND REDUCE THE TIME FOR THE SOLIDS TO
SETTLE TO THE BOTTOM. A TEMPERATURE OF 140 DEGREES TO 180 DEGREES F IS
PREFERRED. A SMALL AMOUNT OF CAUSTIC, SUCH AS 0.4 TO 5 PERCENT BY
VOLUME OF A 50 PERCENT CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE IS ADDED AND
MIXED IN WITH THE OIL. APPROXIMATELY 30 MINUTES LATER, A SMALL AMOUNT
OF AN ACID, SUCH AS 0.1 TO 5 PERCENT OF A 19 PERCENT CONCENTRATION OF
SULFURIC ACID, IS ADDED. AFTER THOROUGH MIXING, A 10 TO 96 HOUR
SETTTLING PERIOD IS ADDED TO FACILITATE CONTAMINANT REMOVAL. THE
PURIFIED OIL IS THEN DECANTED AND REUSED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
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5.4.5 PURIFYING LUBE OIL - PLURAL TREATING AGENTS: ONE IS A SOLID
CONTACT MATERIAL SUBCLASSIFICATION 182)
PATENTS CONTAINED IN THE SUBSEQUENT PARAGRAPHIC ARE THOSE CONTAINED
IN PATENT SUBCLAWSIFICATION 182. THIS SUBCLASSIFICATION IS A SUBCLASS
OF THE PRECEDING SECTION, WHERE ONE OF THE PLURAL TREATING AGENTS IS
SPECIFIED AS A SOLID CONTACT MATERIAL.
5.4.5.1 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RECLAIMING WASTE INDUSTRIAL OILS
(REF. 5-66).
THIS PATENT INVOLVES THE PURIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL OILS BY HEATING
THEOIL TO 150 DEGREES F AND FILTERING IT THROUGH A BED OF ACTIVATED
EARTH, SUCH AS FULLER'S EARTH, BAUXITE, OR ALUMINA. THE FILTERED OIL IS
THEN TREATED IN A VACUUM STILL TO REMOVE THE LIGHT ENDS.
THE MAIN FEATURE OF THE INVENTION, WHICH MAKES IT ECONOMICAL ANDAVOID
CERTAIN DISPOSAL PROBLEMS, IS THE PROVISION FOR REACTIVIATING THE SPENT
FILTER EARTH. THE SPENT EARTH IS REMOVED PERIODICALLY AND
DISCHARGEDINTO THE UPPER END OF AN INCLINED ROTARY INCINERATOR TO BURN
OUT CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS. THE INCINERATOR IS OPERATED AT TEMPERATURES
OF AT LEAST 1000 F IN ORDER TO COMPLETELY BURN OUT CARBONACEOUS
MATERIALS. THE UPPER TEMPERATURE LIMIT IS SET BY THE TYPE OF ERATH
USED. FULLER'S EARTH CAN BE HEATED TO 1100 F WITHOUT BEING DESTROYED
AND BAUXITE TO 1600 DEGREES F.
5.4.5.2 METHOD FOR RECLAIMING USED CRANKCASE OIL (REF. 5-67)
THIS PROCESS REACTS USED MOTOR OIL WITH ANHYDROUS ZINC CHLORIDE TO
PRECIPITATE OUT IMPURITIES. AN ACTIVATED CLAY TREATMENT FOLLOWS. IN
THE PROCESS, ANHYDROUS ZINC CHLORIDE IS ADDED TO THE USED MOTOR OIL IN
AMOUNTS OF 3 TO 10 PERCENT. ITS MIXTUREIS RAPIDLY HEATED, UNDER VACUUM,
TO ABOUT 480 DEGREES F. THIS TEMPERATURE IS MAINTAINED FOR ABOUT 20
MINUTES TO DRIVE OFF THE LIGHT ENDS AND TO FORM A SLUDGE. AS THE MIXTURE
IS ALLOWD TO COOL, THE SLUDGE SETTLES OUT AND IS REMOVED. THE PARTLY
PURIFIED OIL IS THEN DECANTED, FOLLOWED BY THE ADDITION OF ABOUT 10
PERCENT ACTIVATED CLAY AND A 20-MINUTE SETTLING PERIOD AT 365 DEGREES F.
THE CLAY IS THEN FILTERED OUT BY CONVENTIONAL MEANS SUCH AS A PLATE AND
FRAME PRESS.
PRODUCT QUALITY, AS PRESENTED IN THE PATNET, IS PRESENTED IN TABLE
5-6. THE PROCESS YIELD IS REPORTED TO BE 55 PERCENT.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 108 OF 395
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TABLE 5 6. PRODUCT QUALITY OF CLARK PROCESS (REF. 5-67)
TABLE OMITTED
5.4.5.3 RECLAIMING USED MOTOR OIL (REF. 5-68)
THE BASIC INTENT OF THIS PROCESS IS TO REMOVE METALLIC CONTAMINANTS
FROM USED MOTOR OILS IN AN EFFICIENT, ECONOMICAL, AND NONPOLLUTING
MANNER. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED BY REACTING THE USED MOTOR OIL AND THE
AQUEOUS OSLUTION OF AMMONIUM SULFATE OR BUSULFATE AT APPROPRIATE
TEMPERATURES, PRESSURES, AND TIME. TYPICALLY, THE OIL IS REACTED FOR 60
MINUTES WITH AN EQUAL VOLUME OF A 20.PERCENT CONCENTRATION OF A 50-50
MIXTURE OF AMMONIUM SULFATE AND BISULFATE AT 350 DEGREES F USING AN
OPERATING PRESSURE OF 90 TO 350 PSIG.
AS THE REACTION TAKES PLACE, A SEPARATED WATER-OIL PHASE IS FORMED.
THE OIL IS DECANTED AND SUBJECTED TO FURTHER TREATMENT, CONSISTING OF
FLASH DEHYDRATION STEP TO REMOVE WATERAND LIGHT ENDS, FOLLOWED BY CLAY
CONTACTING AND HYDROTREATING. THE LAST TWO STEPS AREONLY PERFORMED IF A
LUBE OIL BASE STOCK IS DESIRED. THE TREATED OIL, AFTER DEHYDRATION,
WOULD BE SUITABLE FOR USE AS A FUEL OIL. THE WATER LAYER IS FILTERED TO
REMOVE THE PRECIPITATED METALS. THESE METALS MAY BE SENT ON TO BE
RECOVERED BY STANDARD SMELTER TECHNIQUES. THEFILTERED WATERS BROUGHT
BACK TO STRENGTH WITH AN ADDITIONAL AMMONIUM SULFATE AND BISULFATE
MIXTURE AND R-CYCLED BACK INTO THE PROCESS.
THE PROCEDURES FOR CLAY-CONTACING AND HYDROTREATING ARE DESCRIBED IN
DETAIL IN THE PATENT. CLAY-CONTACTING IS DONE AT TEMPERATURES OF 300
DEGREES TO 760 DEGREES F AND AT PRESURES OF 0 TO 1000 PSIG.
HYDROTREATING IS ACCOMPLISHED AT TEMPERATURES OF 500 DEGREES TO 800
DEGREES F, 150 TO 3000 PSIG, A HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION OF 500 TO 2500
CUBIC FEET PER BARREL, USING A SUITABLE CATALYST SUCH AS A
NICKEL-MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE ON ALUMINA. BASED ON DATA PROVIDED IN THE
PATENT, THE PROCESS REDUCES THE SULFATED ASH CONTENT TO 0.08 PERCENT AND
THE LEAD CONTENT TO 0.008 PERCENT FROM THE RESPECTIVE PRETREATMENT
LEVELS OF 2.46 AND 1.15 PERCENT.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
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5.4.6 PURIFYING USED OIL WITH ACID OR ALKALI (SUBCLASSIFICATION 183)
THIS GROUPING OF PATENTS, WHICH HAS THE PATENT MANUAL
SUBCLASSIFICATION NUMBER 183, IS A SUBSET OF THE TWO PRECEDING
CLASSIFICATIONS. ONLY ONE PERTINENT PATENT WAS FOUND UNDER THIS
HEADING.
5.4.6.1 METHOD OF CONVERTING CRANKCASE OIL TO USABLE OIL (REF. 5-69)
THIS PATENT INVOLVES THE PURIFICATION OF CRANKCASE OIL IN A SERIES OF
MULTIPLE STEPS, CONSISTING BASICALLY OF DEHYDRATION, FOLLOWED BY AN
11-STEP ACID-CLAY PROCESS. THE DEHYDRATION STEP CONSISTS OF HEATING THE
USED OIL UP TO 219 DEGREES F, THEN COOLING IT DOWN TO 212 DEGREES F, AND
REPEATING THE PROCESS 2 TO 6 TIMES. THE ACID TREATING PROCESS INVOLVES
ANUMBER OF HEATING, COOLING, SETTLING, SLUDGE REMOVAL, AND FILTRATION
STEPS. IN THIS PROCESS, THE OIL IS COOLED BELOW 50 DEGREES F,
PREFERABLY BELOW 32 DEGREES F, COMPARD WITH CONVENTIONAL ACID TREATMENT
TEMPERATURES OF ABOUT 100 DEGREES F.
5.4.7 PURIFYING USED OIL BY DISTILLATION (SUBCLASSIFICATION 184)
PATENT MANUAL SUBCLASSIFICATION 184, DISTILLATION, WAS FOUND TO HAVE
ONLY ONE PATENT RELATED TO PURIFYING USED OIL, WHICH IS DESCRIBED IN THE
FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH. BOTH THE PATENT TITLE AND THE PROCESS AS DESCRIBED
APPEAR TO BE INCONSISTENT WITH THE CLASSIFICATION.
5.4.7.1 RECLAIMING USED MOTOR OIL BY CHEMICAL TREATMENT: WITH
AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (REF. 5-70)
IN THIS PROCESS, USED MTOR OIL IS CONTACTED WITH AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
OF AN AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE LEAD AND ASH CONTENT.
THE PATNT IS SIMILAR TO THAT DESCRIBED IN SECTION 5.4.5.3 AND IS ISSUED
TO THE SAME INVENTOR. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO PANTENTS IS THAT
AN AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE ARE DIAMMONIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE OR AMMONIUM
DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TRANSCRIPT
5.4.8 PURIFYING USEDIL BY DISTILLATION, WITH SOLID-LIQUID SPEARATION
(SUBCLASSIFICATION 186)
ONE APPLICABLE PATENT HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED IN PATENT SUBCLASSIFICATION
186.
5.4.8.1 PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR RE-REFINING USED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
(REF. 5-71)
THIS PATENT TRIES TO OVERCOME THE DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH
DISTILLING USED CARNKCASE OIL. IMPURITIES IN THE USED OIL TO CLOG
COLLECT, AND OTHERWISE INTERFERE WITH THE OPERATION OF MULTISTAGE
DISTILLATION COLUMS. THE PROCESS FEATURES FLASH VAPORIZATION, USING AS
MANY AS FOUR FLASH EVAPORATORS TO PROVIDE DIFFERENT AND PRODUCTS.
MECHANICAL FILTRATION IS PROVIDED SUBSEQUENT TO THE FIRST EVAPORATOR.
THEPREFERRED CONFIGUATION IS TO USE A SERIES OF FOUR EVAPORATORS
WHERE EACH SUCCEEDING ONE OPERATES AT A HIGHER TEMPERATURE AND VACCUUM.
TYPICALLY, THE FIRST EVAPORATOR IS OPERATED AT TEMPERATURES BETWEEN 210
DEGREES AND 240 DEGREES F AND AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. THE FOURTH
EVAPORATOR HAS A TEMPERATUREOF 630 DEGREES F AND A PRESSURE OF ABOUT
0.06 TO 0.12 PSIG. MECHANICAL FILTRATION IS PROVIDED BETWEEN THE FIRST
TWO EVAPORATORS. THIS FILTER CONSISTS OF A 40 TO 45 MICRON VIBRATORY
FILTER, FEEDING CARTRIDGE FILTERS THAT WORK DOWN TO 3 MICRONS. WHILE
PRODUCT YIELD FRACTIONS ARENOT ITEMIZED IN THE PATENT DISCLOSURE, IT IS
STATES THAT ALL OF THE USEFUL PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN THEUSED CRANKCASE
ARE RECOVERED IN SOME FORM, RANGING FROM KEROSENE TO A RESIDUAL FUEL
OIL.
5.4.9 PATENT SUMMARY
A SUMMMARY PRESENTATION OF PATENTS RELATED TO USED OIL RE-REFINING
AND TREATED IN THIS REPORT IS PROVIDED IN TABLE 5 7. THE TABLE LISTS
PATENT NUMBERS, INVENTORS, ASSIGNMENTS, AND ISSUE DATES, AND PROVIDES A
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TRANSCRIPT
TABLE 5-7. SUMMARY OF PATENTS RESERACHED
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TRANSCRIPT
TABLE 5-7. SUMMARY OF PATENTS RESEARCHED
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TRANSCRIPT
TABLE 5-7. SUMMARY OF PATENTS RESEARCHED
TABLE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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5.5 REFERENCES
5-1 W.L. NELSON, PETROLEUM REFINERY ENGINEERING, MCGRAW-HILL BOOK
COMPANY, NEW YORK (1956).
5-2 WASTE OIL RECYCLING -- ISSUE PAPER, U.S. BUREAU OF MINES,
WASHINGTON, D.C. (CIRCA 1973).
5-3 N.J. WEINSTEIN, WASTE OIL RECYCOING AND DISPOSAL,
EPA-670/2-74-052, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON,
D.C., PREPARED BY RECON SYSTEMS, INC., PRINCETON, NEW JERSY (AUGUST
1974).
5-4 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: B. HORTON DURING VISIT TO DERABORN
REFINERY COMANY, DEARBONR, MICHIGAN (21 OCTOBER 1976).
5-5 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: R. WIGGINS. TALLEY BROS., INC.,
HUNTINGTON PARK, CALIFORNIA (27 SEPTEMBER 1976).
5-6 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: A. WARDEN, WARDEN OIL COMPANY,
MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA (5 MAY 1977).
5-7 J.W. SWAIN, JR., PAPER PRESENTED AT THE NEW YORK CITY SECTION OF
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LUBRICATION ENGINEERS (4 MARCH 1970).
5-8 M. H. CHIOGIOJI, "WASTE OIL: A RESOURCE TO BE CONSERVED," SAE
PAPER NO. 740684, SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS INC., NEW YORK (1974).
5-9 WASTE OIL RECOVERY PRACTICES -- STATE OF THE ART (1972)
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SYSTEMS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. NTIS NO.
PB-229,801 (DECEMBER 1972).
5-10 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: R. KERN, GULF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
COMPANY, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA (4 OCTOBER 1976).
5-11 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS: MR. L. SCHURR, BERKS ASSOCIATES
POTTSTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA (11 OCTOBER 1977).
5-12 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: MR. R. MAHLER, DIAMOND HEAD OIL
REFINERY, KERANY, NEW JERSEY (9 NOVEMBER 1977).
5-13 "SPENT LUBE RECLAMATION," HYDROCARBON PROCESSING, P. 213
(EPTEMBER 1976).
5-14 D. V. QUANG, ET AL, "EXPERIENCE WITH THE FRENCH PETROLEUM
INSTITUTE PROPANE CLARIFICATION PROCESS IN RE-REFINING SPENT CRANKCASE
OILS," THE JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, PP. 18-20 (MAY/JUNE 1975).
5-15 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: MR. M. L. WHISMAN, BARTLESVILLE ENERGY
RESEARCH CENTER, BARTLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA (8 NOVEMBER 1977).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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N.J. WEINSTEIN, "RE-REFINING SCHEMES COMPARED." HYDROCARBON
PROCESSING. PP. 74-76 (DECEMBER 1976).
5-17 KTI TECHNOLOGY IN REFINING OF SPENT LUBRICATING OILS, BROCHURE
SUPPLIED BY KINETICS TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, SAN MARINO,
CALIFORNIA (8 OCTOBER 1976).
5-18 H.R. EMMERSON, "PROBLEMS FACING THE RE-REFINER," HYDROCARBON
PROCESSING, PP. 145-148 (EPTEMBER 1975).
5-19 J.C. DAVIS, "NEW TECHNOLOGY REVITALIZES WASTE-LUBE OIL
RE-REFINING," CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, PP. 62-68 (22 JULY 1974).
5-20 "NEWS ITEMS," CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, P. 39 (JULY 1976).
5-21 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN DR. R.F. WESTERDIUN,KTI.
ZOETERMEER, NETHERLANDS, NAD MR. M.L. WHISMAN, BARTLESVILLE RESEARCH
CENTER, BARTLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA (25 AUGUST 1977).
5-22 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS: S.H. ISMALL DURING VISIT TO
NORCO, BAYONNE, NEW JERSEY (8 NOVEMBER 1976).
5-23 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: MR. J.W. SWAIN, CONSULTATN, WELLESLEY,
MASSACHUSETTS (15 OCTOBER 1977).
5-24 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS: R. MARSHALL DURING VISIT TO GLADIEUX
REFINING COMAPNY, FT. WAYNE, INDIANA (11 NOVEMBER 1976).
5-25 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: E.H. PALMASON DURING VISIT TO
ECO-SEPARATOR DIVISION OF A. JOHNSON & CONPANY, VENTURA, CALIFORNIA (21
DECEMBER 1976).
52-6 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS: MR. TI TIERNEY, VACUSOL CORPORATION,
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS (19, OCTOBER 1977).
5-27 M.L. WHISMAN, ET AL., WASTE LUBRICATING OIL RESEARCH: PART 4,
BERC/RI-76/4, BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER, BARTLESVILLE,
OKLAHOMA (OCTOBER 1976).
5-28 M.L. WHISMAN, ET AL., AN INVESTIGATION OF SEVERAL RE-REFINING
METHODS, BERC/RI 7884, BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESERACH CENTER,
BARTLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA (1974).
5-29 J.C. CORLEW AND R.J. SLUDKI, TREATMENT OF WASTE LUBRICATING OIL
USING BERC/ERDA SOLVENT, BERC/RI-76'11, BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH
CENTER, BARTLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA (OCTOBER 1976); PREPARED BY CUSTOM
REFINING COMPANY, DENVER, COLORADO.
5-30 R.J. BIGDA, PREDESIGN COST ESTIMATE FOR RE-REFINED LUBE OIL
PLANT, BERC/RI-77/11, BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER, BARTLESVILLE,
OKLAHOMA (JUNE 1977).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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C.J. THOMPSON AND M.L. WHISMAN, WASTE OIL RECYCLING -- AN IDEA WHOSE
TIME HAS COME, BERC/OP-76/38, BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER,
BARTLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA (DECEMBER 1976).
5-32 C.J. TOMPSON, ET AL., ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTING OF RE-REFINED
LUBRICATING OILS, BERC/OP-76/29, BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER,
BARTLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA (8 OCTOBER 1976.)
5-33 M. FAIRMAN AND C. MCAULEY, "METHOD OF PURIFYING LUBRICATING
OILS," U.S. PATENT NO. 3, 819, 508 (25 JUNE 1974).
5-34 M. FAINMAN AND C. MCAULEY, "METHOD OF PURIFYING LUBRICATING
OILS, "U.S. PATENT NO. 3,835, 035 (10 SEPTEMBER 1974).
5-35 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS: DR. M. Z. FAINMAN, MZF ASSOCIATES, LOS
ANGELES, CALIFORNIA (10 OCTOBER 1977).
5-36 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: LETTER FROM MZV ASSOCIATES, LOS
ANGELES, CALIFORNIA (9 FEBRUARY 1977).
5-37 "PHILLIPS ANNOUNCES PROCESS FOR RECYCLING WASTE MOTOR OILS." NEW
RELEASE, PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY, BARTLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA (26 AUGUST
1977).
5-38 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS: MR. E.A. MALIK, PHILIPS PETROLEUM
COMPANY, BARTLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA (21 OCTOBER 1977).
5-39 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: MS. S. BASS, THE GOVERNOR'S OFFICE,
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA (26 OCTOBER 1977).
5-40 R.K. CLEGG, ET AL., ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDY MOTOR OIL
RECLAMATION, OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE ANALYSIS, STATE OFNORTH CAROLINE
(1 AUGUST 1977).
5-41 L. SOMOGYI, ET AL., U.S. PATENT NO. 3,346,483 (10 OCTOBER 1967.)
5-42 D. CARLOS, ET AL., U.S. PATENT NO. 3,376,216 (2 APRIL 1968);
ASSIGNED TO SINCLAIR RESEARCH, INC.
5-43 G.GULICK, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,620,967 (1 MAY 1971); ASSIGNED TO
QOVE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES.
5-44 J.M. CHAMBERS, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,625,881 (7 DECEMBER 1971);
ASSIGNED TO BERKS ASSOCIATES.
5-45 O. FITZSOMMONS, ET AL., U.S. PATENT NO. 3,791,965 (12 FEBRUARY
1974); ASSIGNED TO PETROCON CORPORATION.
5-46 R. LEWIS, ET AL., U.S. PATENT NO. 3,923,643 (2 DECEMBER 1975);
ASSIGNED TO SHELL OIL COMPANY.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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5-47 A. TROESCH, ETAL., U.S. PATENT NO. 3,954,602 (4 MAY 1976);
ASSIGNED TO SOCIETE PARISIENNE DES LUBRIFIANTS NATIONAUX ET DES
ENTREPOTS D'HYDROCARBURES.
5-48 B. MITACEK, U.S. PATNET NO. 2,822,320 (4 FEBRARY 1958);
ASSIGNED TO PHILLIPS PETROLEUM.
5-49 S. BARCLAY, U.S. PATNET NO. 2,951,031 (30 AUGUST 1960).
5-50 G. AYERS, ET AL., U.S. PATENT NO. 3, 123, 549 (3 MARCH 1964);
ASSIGNED TO THE PURE OIL CORPORATION.
5-51 U. KAHAN, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,169,917 (16 FEBRUARY 1965);
ASSIGNED TO ULRICH PROCESS COMPANY.
5-52 W. KREWER, ET AL., U.S. PATENT NO. 3, 222,275 (7 DECEMBER 1965);
ASSIGNED TO UNION OIL COMPANY.
5-53 M. GRYSIAK, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,282,827 (1 NOVEMBER 1966);
ASSIGNED TO NORVEL COMPANY.
5-54 J. GILSON, ETAL., U.S. PATENT NO. 3,305,478 (21 FEBRARY 1967);
ASSIGNED TO THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY.
5-5 C. JOHNSON, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,450,627 (17 JUNE 1969); ASSIGNED
TO NALCO CHEMICAL COMPANY.
5-56 A. TALBOT, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,563,885 (16 FEBRUARY 1971);
ASSIGNED TO SUN OIL COMPANY.
5-57 T. JORDAN AND W. MCDONALD, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,763,036 (2 OCTOBER
1973); ASSIGNED TO TEXACO, INC.
5-58 Q.D. VU, ET AL., U.S. PATENT NO. 3,773,658 (20 NOVEMBER 1973);
ASSIGNED TO INSTITUTE FRANCAIS DU PETROLE, DES CARBURANTS ET
LUBRIFIANTS.
5-59 S. WATANABE, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,864,242 (4 FEBRUARY 1975);
ASSIGNED TO KABUSHIKI KAISHA IMAMURA SEISAKUSHO.
5-60 L. WIELEZYNSKI, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,870,625 (11 MARCH
1975).
5-61 G. PARC, ET AL., U.S. PATENT NO. 3,919, 075 (11 NOVEMBER 1975);
ASSIGNED TO INSTITUTE FRANCAIS DU PETROLE.
5-62 M. MORACE, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,417,012 (17 DECEMBER 1968).
5-63 G.GULICK, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,607,731 (21 SEPTEMBER 1971);
ASSIGNED TO QUOVE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES.
5-64 D. BRONWELL, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,639,229 (1 FEBRUARY 1972);
ASSIGNED TO ESSO RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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5-65 J. MOFFITT, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,790,474 (5 FEBRUARY 1974).
5-66 J. WALLOVER, US PATENT NO. 3,527,696 (8 SEPTEMBER 1970);
ASSIGNED TO WALLOVER OIL COMPANY.
5-67 T. CLARK, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,904,512 (9 SEPTEMBER 1975);
ASSIGNED TO BRITISH COLUMBIA RESEARCH CENTER.
5-68 M. JOHNSON, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,930,988 (6 JANUARY 1976);
ASSIGNED TO PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY.
-569 G.KOSTRYREFF, U.S. PATENT NO. 2,922,758 (26 JANUARY 1960);
ASSIGNED (1/2) TO I. GULLER.
5-70 M. JOHNSON, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,879,282 (22 APRIL
1975); ASSIGEND TO PHILLIPS PETROLUM COMPANY.
5-71 G.HINDMAN, U.S. PATENT NO. 3,923,644 (2 DECEMBER 1975);
ASSIGNED TO PETROCON CORPORATION.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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SECTION 6
REFINING PROCESSES FOR VIRGIN LUB E OIL
6.1 INTRODUCTION
REFINERY PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MINERAL OIL LUBRICANTS ARE
DESCRIBED IN THIS SECTION. MENTION IS MADE OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS,
BUT EMPHASIS IS ON MODERN REFINERY PRACTICE. ALTHOUGH DISTURBING TO THE
READER, IT IS NEVERTHELESS NECESSARY TO POINT OUT THAT THERE IS NO
SINGLE PROCESSING SEQUENCE THAT IS UNIVERSALLY DESCRIPTIVE OF ALL
LUBRICATING OIL PLANTS; INDEED, IT IS DOUBTFUL THAT ANY TWO ARE
SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL. THE REASONS FOR THIS VARIABILITY RANGE FROM
DIFFERENCE I N CRUDE STOCKS AND PRODUCT SLATES TO REFINERY SIZE AND AGE,
DEGREE OF MODERNIZATION, PATENT SITUATION,AD COMPANY ENOMICS.
AT BEST, THIS BRIEF DESCRIPTION CAN ONLY PRESENT TYPICAL, GENERIC
PROCESSING STEPS FOR VIRGIN LUBE OIL, PARTICULARLY FOR LUBES INTEN1ED
FOR AUTOMOTIVE SERVICE. MANY SPECIALTY OILS REQUIRE ADDITIONAL
TREATMENT OR DIFFERENT PROCESS CONDITIONS. FURTHERMORE, MANY PATENTED
PROCESSES EMPLOY SPECIFIC CATALYSTS OR SOLVENT COMBINATIONS, OFTEN
UNIQUELY COMBINING SEVERAL TREATMENT STEPS FOR IMPROVED YIELD, MORE
INVORABLE ECONOMICS, BETTER FLEXIBILITY, OR REDUCED ENERGY CONSUMPTION.
THE PRIMARY INFORMATIONAL OBJECTIVE OF THIS SECTION IS TO ILLUSTRATE
THE CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIRGIN LUBE OIL PROCESSES AND THOSE USED
OR BEING INVESTIGATED FOR RE-REFINING PLANTS. A SECONDARY OBJECTIVE IS
TO SHOW THE SIZE, NUMBER, AND CAPACITY OF VIRGIN LUBE FACILITIES IN THE
UNITED STATES FOR COMPARATIVE PURPOSES.
6.2 VIRGINLUBE FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES
ACCORDING TO REF. 6-1, THERE WERE 47 LUBE OIL PRODUCTION PLANTS IN
THE UNITED STATES AS OF 1 JANUARY 1977, WITH A TOTAL CAPACITY OF 232,977
BARRELS PER STREAM DAY (B/SD). TEXAS HAS BY FAR THE LARGESTCAPACITY,
99,222 B/AD,OVER THREE TIMES THAT OF ITS NEAREST RIVAL, PENNSYLVANIA.
IN ALL, 14 STATES PRODUCE LUBE OIL PRODUCTS, RANGI G DOWN TO WYOMING
WITH A TOTAL CAPACITY OF 1470 B/SD.
SPECIFIC PLANT SIZES ALSO VARY WIDELY. THREE ARE LISTED AT UNDER
1000 B/SD, (200, 500, AND 800 B/SD), WHILE THE 44 REMAINING PLANTS RANGE
FROM 1100 TO 33,800 B/SD). MOST LUBE PLANTS ARE GENERALLY A PART OF
LARGER REFINERY INSTALLATIONS PROCESSING CRUDE FOR MANY OTHER PRODUCTS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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FOR COMPARISON, MOST PRESENT RE-REFINERIES HAVE CAPACITIES NEAR 200
B/SD; THE LARGEST IN THE COUNTRY IS SLIGHTLY UNDER 1000 B/SD.
6.3 OVERALL LUBE PLANT FLOWSHEET
A FLOWSHEET FOR A PETROLEUM REFINERY PRODUCING LUBRICATING OILS IS
SHOWN IN FIGURE 6-1.
FIGURE 6-1. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A REFINERY FOR PRODUCING
LUBRICATING OILS (REF. 6-2).
TABLE OMITTED
THE FIRST STEP, CRUDE FRACTIONATION, IS NOT A PART OF THE LUBE PLANT,
PER SE, BUT INDICATES THE SOURCE OF THE PLANT FEEDN NAMELY, THE REDUCED
CRUDE FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE (ATMOSPHERIC) CRUDE FRACTINATION COLUMN.
ALTHOUGH A SOLVENT DEASPHALTING, SOLVENT EXTRACTION, AND SOLVENT
DEWACING ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF CURRENT PLANT PRACTICE, THE CLAY OR
ACID-CLAY DECOLORIZING STEP IS TO A GREAT EXTENT OBSOLETE. NOT SHOWN IN
THIS 1958 SCHEMATIC IS THE INCREASED USE OF HYDROGEN TREATMENT FOR
DECOLORIZATION AND PRODUCT STABILIZATION. PROBLEMS IN DISPOSING OF THE
SPENT CLAY ADSORBENT GRADUALLY BECAME EXTREMELY DIFFICULT, AND CLAY
CONTACTING IS NOW SELDOM USED IN LARGE-SCALE LUBE OIL MANUFACTURING
(REF. 6-3).
OCCASIONALLY, THE SEVERAL RAW LUBE FRACTIONS FROM VACUUM
FRACTIONATIONARE EACH SENT THROUGH ITS OWN SOLVENT-REFINING AND SOLVENT
-DEWAXING UNITS. HISTORICALLY, HOWEVER, MOST PLANTS HAVE OPERATED ON A
SEMIBATCH TYPE OF PROCESSING , BY WHICH A SINGLE SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND
DEWAXING PLANT IS USED FIRST FOR ONE STOCK AND THEN FOR ANOTHER. WHILE
ONE OF THESTOCKS IS BEING TREATED AND DEWAXED, FURTHER RAW LUBE STOCKS
ARE COLLECTED AND STORED IN INTERMEDIATE STORAGE TANKS (REF. 6-4). THE
PROBLEM IN THIS APPROACH IS THAT MANY INTERMEDIATE STORAGE TANKS ARE
REQUIRED THE TANK FARM BECOMES COSTLY AND USES A LARGE PLOT AREA. OTHER
DIFFICULTIES RELATE TO DEGRADATION IN STORAGE AND CHANGEOVER IN
FEEDSTOCKS.
YHE NEW TREND (REF. 6-2) IS, FIRST, TO USE HIGH EFFICIENCY PROCESSING
EQUIPMENT, WITH REDUCED HOLDING TIMES, E.G., A ROTATING DISC CONTACTOR
(RDC) OR A PODBIELNIAK CENTRIFUGAL EXTRACTOR. THE NEW LUBE OIL
REFINERIES ARE NOW DESIGNED AS FULLY INTEGRATED PLANTS. THE RAW LUBE
OIL FRACTIONS FROM THE VACUUM TOWER ARE SEPARATELY BUT SIMULTANEOUSLY
TREATED IN THEEXTRACTION UNITS. THE RAFFINATE AND EXTRACT PHASES ARE
CONBINED, AND ALL OF THE DOWNSTREAM EQUIPMENT AND UNITS PROCESS THE
COMBINED RAFFINATE. A RERUN UNIT, AS THE LAST PART OF THE LUBE OIL
TRAIN, FRACTIONATE THE FINISHED WIDE-CUT LUBE OIL INTO THREE OR FOUR
BASE STOCKS WHICH CAN BE BLENDED INTO THE FINAL LUBE PRODUCTS. ANOTHER
APPROACH TO INTEGRATION (REF. 6-5) IS TO COMBINE PROCESSES, SUCH AS
PHENOL EXTRACTIN AND HYDROTREATING, INTO ONE UNIT, CALLED IN THIS CASE A
"PHENOLFINER". THIS APPROACH REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF EQUIPMENT REQUIRED,
IMPROVES ENERGY CONSERVATION AND MINIMIZES INVESTMENT COSTS.
THEORETICALLY, THE OPERATION OF AN INTEGRATED LUBE OIL REFINERY DOES NOT
REQUIRE INTERMEDIATE STORAGE TANKS, BUT REFINERS USUALLY PROVIDE A FEW
BETWEEN SOME UNITS TO FACILITATE STARTUP AND TO OFFSET SHORT OPERATING
UPSETS.
THE FOLLOWING SUBSECTIONS BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE PROCESSING STEPS
COMPRISING AN AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL REFINERY.
6.4 PROCESSING DESCRIPTION
6.4.1 VACUUM DISTILLATION
A VACUUM DISTILLATION UNIT IS A BASIC COMPNENET OF ANY, HOWEVER
SIMPLE, LUBE OIL PRODUCTION PLANT. THE REDUCED CRUDE FROM ATMOSPHERIC
DISTILLATION, WHICH IS THE FEED TO THE LUBE PLANT, HAS A BOILING POINT
RANGE OF ABOUT 700 DEGREES TO 1000 DEGREES R, TOO HIGH TO BE DISTILLED
AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WITHOUT DECOMPOSITION. THEREFORE, IT IS
DISTILLED AT REDUCED PRESSURE, EITHER BY USING VACUUM OR STEAM OR BY A
COMBINATION OF THE TWO. THE REDUCED CRUDE CHARGE IS HEATED BY HEAT
EXCHANGE AND THEN BY A FURNACE BEFORE INTRODUCTION INTO THE VACUUM TOWER
IN AN ATMOSPHERE OF SUPERHEATED STAEM. TYPICAL PRESSURE IN THE TWOER IS
IN THE NIEGHBORHOOD OF 100 MM HG OR LESS. SUCH PRESSURES ALLOW
EVERYTHING BUT THE ASPHALT AND VERY HEAVY LUBE STOCKS TO BE VAPORIZED
AND FRACTIONATED. SEVERAL PRODUCTS ARE TAKEN OFF AS SIDE-STREAM
PRODUCTS AND ARE OFTEN STEAM-STRIPPED FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THEIR FLASH
POINTS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
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A VACUUM DISTILLATION UNIT CAN EITHER BE INTEGRATED WITH A A CRUDE
OIL ATMOSPHERIC UNIT OR DESIGNED AS AN INDEPENDENT UNIT FED FROM
ATMOSPHERIC RESIDUE STORAGE TANKS. THE INTEGRATED APPROACH HAS
ADVANTAGES IN HEAT CONXERVATION AND ELIMINATION OF STORAGE TANKS.
HOWEVER, THERE ARE SEVERAL REASONS WHY IT IS NOT OFTEN DONE, INCLUDING
PHYSICAL SEPARATIN OF THE LUBE OIL PLANT IN THE REFINERY AND INCREASED
FLEXIBILITY IN HANDLING DIFFERENT CRUDES AND LUBE PLANT FEEDS.
SHARP SEPARATION BETWEEN THE VACUUM RESIDUE AND THE HEAVIEST LUBE OIL
DISTILLATE IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT OBJECTIVES OF VACUUM UNIT
DESIGN. ASPHLATENES, ENTRAINED INTO THE LUBE OIL FRACTION, HAVE AN
ADVERS EFFECT ON THE OPRATION OF DOWNSTREAM UNITS DUE TO DISCOLORATION,
COKING, HIGH CLAY USAGE, EMULSIONS, ETC. ON THE OTHER HAND, HEAVY LUBE
OIL IS A DESIRABLE COMPONENET OF MANY ENGINE AND INDUSTRIAL LUBRICATING
OILS AND REFINERS ARE NATURALKY INTERESTED IN CUTTING DEEP INTO THE
VACUUM RESIDUE TO MAXIMIZE THIS FRACTION. ONE SOLUTION IS TO INCLUDE A
PROPANE DEASPHALTING UNIT IN TH ELUBE OIL REFINERY, REMOVING THE NEED TO
AIM AT A HIGH TRUE BOILING POINT (TBP) CUT POINT IN THE TOWER. A
SO-CALLED LONG RESIDUE IS PRODUCED BY LEAVING SOME HEAVY OIL IN THE
BOTTOM PRODUCT. THIS OIL PLUS A VERY HEAVY OIL FRACTION ARE RECOVERED
IN THE DEASPHALTING UNIT DESCRIBED IN THEFOLLOWING SUBSECTION.
6.4.2 PROPANE DEASPHALTING
PRIOR TO 1933, EFFECTIVE METHODS OF RECOVERING SOLVENTS HAD NOT BEEN
DEVELOPED (REF. 6-2). THE FLASHING, DISTILLING, AND STRIPPING OF
SOLVENTS FROM THE TREATED OILS AND THE PURIFICATION OF THE SOLVENT ARE
ACTUALLY THE MAJOR PARTS OF A SOLVENT TREATING SYSTEM. THEPURPOSE OF A
SOLVENT PROCESS IS TO SEPARATE A GENERAL GROUP OF UNWANTED MATERIALS OR
HYDROCARBONS FROM THE OIL MORE EFFICIENTLY AND/OR AT LESS COST THAN BY
OTHER METHODS, SUCH AS ACID TREATMENT.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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THE SOLVENT PROCESSES TEND TO ERASE THE OLD CRUDE OIL MARKETING
SYSTEM BY WHICH ONLY A FEW CRUDE OILS WERE CONSIDERED SATISFACTORY FOR
LUBRICANT MANUFACTURE. BY SOLVENT METHODS, THE ORIGINAL PROPERTIES OF
THE OIL CAN BE CHANGED SO THAT A UNIFORM GRADEOF OIL CAN BE MANUFACTURED
FORM A WIDE VARIETY OF CRUDE OILS, ALTHOUGH YIELDS AND COSTS WILL VARY
WITH THE TYPE OF FEEDSTOCK.
PROPANE IS A SELECTIVE SOLVENT WITH SOME EXTRAORDINARY PROPERTIES
(REF.6-3). AT LOW TEMPERATURES, FROM -40 DEGREES TO +70 DEGREES F, IT
DOES NOT DISSOLVE PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBONS. AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES, FROM
100 DEGREES TO 140 DEGREES F, PARAFFINS ARE QUITE SOLUBLE IN PROPANE,
BUT HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT ASPHALTIC AND RESINOUS COMPONDS PRECIPITATE.
OTHER ADVANTAGEOUS PROPERTIES OF PROPANE AS A SOLVENT ARE (1) ITS LOW
BOILING POINT, WHICH FACILITATES ITS SEPARATION FROM HIGH-BOILING OILS
AND FURNISHES REFRIGERATION FOR DEWAXING OPERATIONS; (2) ITS FLUIDITY,
SIMPLIFYING CONTACT AND EQUIPMENT DESIGN; AND (3) ITS RELATIVELY LOW
COST.
PROPANE IS A SOLVENT USED UNIVERSALLY FOR PRODUCTION OF VERY HEAVY
OILS FROM VACUUM RESIDUES. AS MENTIONED IN REF. 6-3, IT IS A SURPRISING
THAT A RELATIVELY LIGHT COLOR OIL CAN BE PRODUCED FROM A BLACK RESIDUE
WHICH IS OTHERWISE USED AS ROAD ASPHALT. IN THE ERALY DAYS OF LUBE OIL
REFINING, THIS OIL WAS GIVEN THE NAME "BRIGHTSTOCK", AND THIS TERM IS
STILL USED FOR HEAVY BASE STOCK.
PROPANE DEASPHALTING IS AN UNUSUAL EXTRACTION PROCESS FOR SEVERAL
REASONS. FIRST, THE DESIRED OIL PRODUCT IS AN EXTRACT AND NOT A
RAFFINATE. THE OILSIS DISSOLVED IN PROPANE IN A CONCENTRATION OF 15 TO
20 PERCENT, INDICATING THAT A RELATIVELY LARGE QUANTITY OF PROPANE HAS
TO BE CIRCULATED IN ORDER TO PRODUCE COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES OF HEAVY LUBE
OIL. SECONDLY, THE RAFFINATE PHASE IS NOT A COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES OF
HEAVY LUBE OIL. SECONDLY, THE RAFFINATE PHASE IS NOT A HOMOGENEOUS
SOLUTION BUT RATHER A COLLOID OR EMULSION OF PRECIPITATED ASPHALT I N
PROPANE. THIRDLY, THE SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN PROPANE DESCREASES
WITH TEMPERATURE; NEAR ITS CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (206 DEGREES F),
PROPANE DOES NOT DISSOLVE HYDROCRABONS OF ANY TYPE. FINALLY, INCREASING
OPERATING PRESSURE INCREASES SOLUBILITY, WHEREAS NORMALLY THIS VARIABLE
HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON EXTRACTION OPERATIONS; THIS ALSO RELATES TO
CRITICAL POINT OPERATION.
FIGURE 6-2 SHOWS A FLOWSHEET FOR A PROPANE DEASPHALTING UNIT. THE
DEASPHALTING TOWER OPERATES A SOMEWHERE IN THE RANGE OF 100 DEGREES TO
175 DEGREES F AND 400 TO 550 PSI. SOLVENT RATIOS RUN BETWEEN 5:1 AND
13:1 BY VOLUME (REF. 6-5). EXTRACTION TAKES PLACE COUNTERCURRENTLY IN A
TOWER EQUIPPED WITH SPECIALLY DESIGNED CONTACTING TRAYS. A UNIQUE
FEATURE IS THE INTERNAL STEAM HEATER AT THE FEED END OF THE TOWER TO
MAINTAIN A HIGHER TEMPERATURE AT THE EXTRACT THAN AT THE RAFFINTE END.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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THE PURPOSE IS TO CONTROL SELECTIVITY OF SEPARATION BASED ON
SOLUBILITY CHANGES NEAR THECRITICAL POINT.
FIGURE 6-2. PROPANE DEASPHALTING (REF. 6-5)
FIGURE OMITTED
AS INDICATED IN FIGURE 6-2, A TWO-STAGE PROPANE RECOVERY SYSTEM IS
USED. THE FIRST STAGE OPERATES AT ELEVATED PRESSURE, WHICH PERMITS
CONDENSATION OF THE RECOVERED PROPANE BY AIR OR WATER COOLING. IN THE
SECOND STAGE, PROPANE IS STRIPPED FROM THE OIL AND ASPHALT STREAMS AT
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IN ORDER TO ACCOMPLISH COMPLETE REMOVAL FROM
THEPRODUCTS. AFTER CONDENSING THE STRIPPING STEAM, THE PROPANE VAPOR IS
COMPRESSED AND CONDENSED.
PROPANE MAY ALSO BE USED AS A DEWAXING SOLVENT, IN WHICH CASE THE
DEASPHALTING OPERATION MAY BE NEATLY INTEGRATED WITH DEWAXING BY NOT
EVAPORATING THE PROPANE FROM THE EXTRACT. AS IS DISCUSSED LATER,
ALTHOUGH MANY PROPANE DEWAXING UNITS ARE STILL OPERATING IN LUB OIL
REFINERIES, IT IS NO LONGER THE MOST POPULAR DEWAXING SOLVENT, HAVING
BEEN REPLACED BY METHYL ETHYL KETONE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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6.4.3 SOLVENT REFINING
SOLVEN REFINING PROCESSES ARE USED TO IMPROVE THE VISCOSITY INDEX AND
PARAFFINICITY OF LUBE OIL STOCKS. THE EXTRACTS OBTAINED IN SOLVENT
REFINING ARE RELATIVELY RICH IN NAPHTENIC, AROMATIC, AND UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS AND THEY CONTAIN RELATIVELY LARGE AMOUNTS OF THE SULFUR AND
OTHER INORGANIC ELEMENTS FOUND IN PETROLEUM.
MANY SOLVENTS HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED, INCLUDING (1) FURFURAL, PHENOL,
CRESYLIC ACID AND PROPANE (DUO-SOL PROCESS): (2) LIQUID SULFUR DIOXIDE
(EDELEANU PROCESS): AND (3) SULFUR DIOXIDE/BENZENE. THE OIL AND
SOLVENT ARE CONTACTED COUNTERCURRENTLY, FREQUENTLY IN A PACKED COLUMN,
AND THEN THEREFINED OIL AND EXTRACT LAYERS ARE SEPARATED. RECOVERY OF
SOLVENT FROM THE OIL AND EXTRACT SOLUTIONS CONSTITUTES A MAJOR PART OF
EVERY SOLVENT REFINING PROCESS; THE RECOVERY SYSTEM DESIGN DEPENDS ON
THEPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOLVENT, PARTICULARLY THE BOILING POINT.
THE COMPLEXITY OF THIS PROCESS IS ILLUSTRATED BY THE FURFURAL UNIT SHOWN
IN FIGURE 6-3. ONLY A FEW MAJOR FEATURES ARE DISCUSSED HERE.
FURFURAL IS A GOOD SELECTIVE SOLVENT FOR AROMATICS AND RESINS, BUT
ASPHALTENES INTERFERE WITH FURFURAL EXTRACTION, PROMOTING THE FORMATION
OF EMULSIONS. FURFURAL BOILS AT 324 DEGREES F UNDER ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE AND IS THEREFORE READILY SEPARATED FROM THE HEAVIER LUBE OIL
FRACTIONS. FURFURAL AND WATER FORM AN AZEOTROPE RICH IN FURFURAL WHICH
BOILS AT 208 DEGREES F, PERMITTING A CONVENIENT METHOD OF REMOVING
STRIPPING STEAM CONDENSATE FROM THE SSYTEM. EXTRACTION TEMPERATURES LIE
IN THE RANGE OF 86 DEGRES TO 266 DEGREES F, WITH SOLVENT RATIOS NORMALY
BETWEEN 1.5 AND 3.5. FURFURAL IS UNSTABLE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND,
THEREFORE, IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE FORMATION OF CARBONACEOUS DEPOSITS
AND ACIDIC COMPONENETS, SHOULD NOT BE HEATED ABOVE 450 DEGREES F IN THE
SOLVENT RECOVERY SECTION OF THE PLANT (REF. 6-5).
AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 6-3, FURFURAL ENTERS AT THE TOP OF THE EXTRACTION
TOWER, AND THE OIL CHARGE ENTERS CLOSER TO THE M-DDLE THE REFINED OIL
MIXTURE RISES TO THE TOP, AND THE EXTRACT SETTLES TO THE BOTTOM. EACH OF
THESE SOLUTIONS IS HEATED IN A FURNACE COIL AND FRACTIONATED, THEN
FINALLY STRIPPED FOR THEREMOVAL OF THE FURFURAL. MOST OF THE
FURFURAL,NEARLY PURE, IS DISTILLED FROM THE EXTRACT SOLUTION, BUT THE
REST IS ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF WATER FROM THE STRIPPING STEAM.
UPON CONDENSATION, TWO IMMISCIBLE SOLUTIONS ARE FORMED, ONE RICH IN
FURFURAL AND THE OTHER RICH IN WATER. THE WET FURFURAL FROM ALL SOURCES
IS COLLCTED, CONDENSED, AND DELIVERED TO SETTLING DRUM AT THE TOP OF THE
FURFURAL STRIPPER SHOWN AT THE RIGHT OF THE DIAGRAM. THE FURFURAL-RICH
SOLUTION FRO THE DRUM IS DISTILLED FOR THE REMOVAL OF WATER, AS THE
CONSTANTBOILING AZEOTROPE, LEAVING THE FURFURAL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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FIGURE 6-3. SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF LUBRICATING OILS BY FURFURAL
FIGURE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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LIKEWISE, THE WATER-RICH SOLUTION IS FRACTIONATED FOR RECOVERY OF THE
AZEOTROPE, WHICH IS RETURNED TO THE DRUM (REF. 6-4).
FURFURAL IS A REACTIVE CHEMICAL COMPOUND. IT CAN BE EASILY OXIDIZED
AND, THEREFORE, SOME FURFURAL TREATING UNITS HAVE BEEN DESIGNED WITH
CHARGE STOCK DEAERATORS TO PREFENT AIR FROM ENTERING THE SYSTEM.
FURFURAL ASLO TENDS TO POLYMERIZE, BUT POLYMERS ARE CONTINUOUSLY REMOVED
FROM THE PROCESS WITH THE EXTRACT PRODUCT. FOR THESE REASONS, FURFURAL
LOSS CAN BE HIGHER THAN THAT FOR SOLVENTS IN OTHER PROCESSES, E.G.,
PHENOL IN THE PHENOL EXTRACTION PROCESS (REF. 6-3).
THE COMPLEXITY OF THE FURFURAL TREATING AND SOLVENT RECOVERY SYSTEM
IS GENERALLY TYPICAL OF SOLVENT REFINING OPERATIONS. NEVERTHELESS, THE
IMPROVEMENT IN VISCOSITY INDEX, AND THE ELIMINATION OF COLORED MATERIALS
JUSTIFY THE COST. BEFORE PROCEEDING TO A DISCUSSION OF THE SOLVENT
DEWAXING STEP, THE OLDER, BUT NOW LARGELY OBSOLETE, ACID TREATING
PROCESS IS BRIEFLY COVERED BECAUSE OF ITS WIDESPREAD CONTEMPORARY USE IN
RE-REFINING.
6.4.4 ACID TREATMENT
ACID TREATMENT IS NORMALLY CARREID OUT WITH 98 PERCENT SULFURIC ACID,
ALTHOUGH THE MANUFACTURE OF SPECIAL PRODUCTS, SUCH AS TRANSFORMER OIL
AND MEDICIANL MINERAL OIL, MAY REQUIRE THE USE OF OLEUM. A CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP MAY BE USED AS THE MIXING DEVICE, BUT, HOWEVER DONE, AGITATION TO
PROMOTE INTIMATE CONTACT IS NECESSARY. THE SLUDGE MAY BE ALLOWED TO
SETTLE BY GRAVITY OR SENT THROUGH A CENTRIFUGE FOR SPEARATION. THIS
TREATMENT REMOVES UNSATURATED, ASPHALTIC, AND UNSTABLE COMPOUNDS WHICH
CAUSE THE OIL TO DARKEN WHEN EXPOSED TO AIR (REF. 6-4).
ACID-TREATED LUBRICATING OILS ARE USSUALLY GIVEN A CLAY TREATMENT TO
REMOVE REACTION PRODUCTS, NEUTRALIZE RESIDUAL ACID, AND REMOVE TRACES OF
SLUDGE BY ADSORPTION. CLAY TREATING IS USUALLY CARRIED OUT AT 200
DEGREES TO 215 DEGREES F, FOLLOWED BY FILTRATION TO REMOVE THE SPENT
CLAY.
CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID IS A GOOD TREATING AGENT AND PRODUCES LUBE
OILS OF OUTSTANDING QUALITY. IT IS NOT USEDMUCH ANYMORE FOR REFINING
LUBE OILS BECAUSE OF THE SLUDGE DISPOSAL PROBELM. IN ADDITIN,
TREATMENTOF HEAVY OILS POSES SERIOUS OPERATING DIFFICULTIES. AT THE
MODERATE TEMPERATURES EMPLOYED, EFFICIENT SEPARATIN OF THE ACID SLUDGE
FROM A RELATIVELY VISCOUS OIL, ON A COMMERCIAL SCALE, IS DIFFICULT (REF.
6-3).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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6.4.5 SOLVENT DEWAXING
THE DEWAXING OF LUBRICATING OLS IS THE MOST DIFFICULT PROCESS IN LUBE
OIL MANUFACTURING; IT IS ALSO THE MOST EXPENSIVE (REF. 603).
PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBONS FROMLIGHTLUBE OIL FRACTIONS TEND TO GROW LARGE
CRYSTALS WHICH DO NOT TRAP MUCH OIL DURING FILTRATION. HOWEVER, WAX
FORMED FROM THE HEAVIER FRACTIONS TENDS TO BE IN LITTLE CRYSTALS, TERMED
MICROCRYSTALLINE WAX, WHICH OCCLUDE A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF OIL. DEWAXING
CANNOT BE EFFECTD BY DISTILLATION SINCE THE WAXY MATERIALS BOIL OVER THE
ENTIRE LUBE OIL RANGE. THE OLDEST PROCESS WAS STRAIGHTFORWARD, CHILLING
DOWN TO THEREQUIRED POUR POINT TEMPERATURE, FOLLOWED BY FILTRATION AT
THIS TEMPERATURE TO REMOVE THE WAX. THIS PROCESS IS LITTLE USED NOW
BECAUSE OF HIGH LABOR COSTS TO OPERATE THE FILTERPRESSAD THE DIFFICULTY
IN LOW-TEMPERATURE FILTRATION OF HEAVY OILS (REF.6-5).
IN RECENT YEARS, SOLVENT DEWAXING HAS BEEN WIDELY ADOPTED IN LUBE OIL
REFINERIES. SOLVENTS SERVE TO PRECIPITATE HYDROCARBONS WITH A HIGH
MELTING POINT, REDUCE VISCOSITY OF THE OIL FRACTION AT THE
CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE, AND FACILITATE FILTRATION OF THE WAX.
PROPANE WAS ONCE THE MOST POPULAR DEWAXING SOLVENT, BUT IT HAS BEEN
REPLACED BY A MIXTURE OF METHYL ETHYL KETONE (MEK) IWHT BENZENE AND/OR
TOLUENE. MEK PRECIPITATES WAX EFFICIENTLY AND SELECTIVELY BUT IS A POOR
SOLVENT FOR OIL-TYPE HYDROCARBONS. THUS, UP TO 20 PERCENT BENZENE AND 20
PERCENTOLUENE ARE ADDED TO MEK TO IMPROVE SOLUBILITY.
A FLOWSHEET FOR A TYPICA MEK UNIT IS DEPICTED IN FIGURE 6-4. THE
SOLVENT AND OIL CHARGE IS HEATED TO ENSURE COMPLETE SOLUTION OF THE WAX
CARRIED OVER IN THE SOLVENT; AND WAX MUCLEI PRESENT MAY SUBSEQUENTLY
LEAD TO CRYSTALS THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO FILTER. THE MIXTURE IS THEN
CHILLED TO ABOUT -5DEGRES F, USING SCRAPED-SURFACE EXCHANGERS TO REMOVE
WAX CRYSTALS FROM THE WALLS AND THUS MAINTAIN A GOOD HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT. THE WAX IS REMOVEDBY FILTRATION UNDER VACUUM IN ROTARY
FILTERS. THE CAKE IS COLLECTED ON THE FILTER DRUM IS WASHED WITH
CHILLED SOLVENT, BLOWN OFF WITH INERT GAS, AND TRANSFERRED BY A CONVEYOR
TO THE WAX-MIX FLOW TANK AND THENCE TO THESOLVENT RECOVERY SYSTEM.
SOLVENT IS RECOVRED FROM BOTH THEEWAXED FILTRATE AND THE SEPARATED
WAX BY EVAPORATION. A DOUBLE-EFFECT FLASH EVAPORATOR IS USED TO OBTAIN
GOOD THERMAL EFFICIENCY. WATER ENTERS THE PLANT PRIMARILY IN THE
STRIPPING STEAM USED IN THEFINAL STAGES OF SOLVENT RECOVERY. IT IS
REMOVED FROM THESOLVENT AS A BOTTOM STREAM FROM THE KETONE FRACTIONATOR.
SOLVENT RATIOS NORMALLY LIE BETWEEN 1:1 AND 4:1.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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THERE ARE NO HGH PRESSURES IN THE PROCESS.
THEOIL CONTENT OF THE WAX, CALLED "SLACK WAX",S GENERALLY T OO HIGH
TO MEET THE MARKETING SPECIFICATION FOR COMMERCIAL GRADES OF WAX AND
MUST BE FURTHER TREATED BY "DEOILING". THE MODERN METHOD INVOLVES
ADDITION OF SOLVENT AND REFILTRATION; THE PROCESS IS THEN REPEATED.
6.4.6 FINISHING
TRACES OF RESINOUS MATERIALS AND CHEMICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS CAN FORM
ORGANIC ACIDS AND CAUSE QUICK DETERIORATION OF THE COLOR OF THE LUBE OIL
PRODUCT AD ALSO THE PETROLEUM WAX. THESE COMPUNDS CAN BE REMOVED BY
CONTACTING THEOIL WITH CLAY, USING EITHER PERCOLATION THROUGH ALONG
COLUM PACKED WITH THE ADSORBENT OR MIXING THE OIL WITH POWDERED CLAY AT
HIGH TEMPERATURE, FOLLOWED BY FILTRATION. PROBLEMS WITH DISPOSAL OF THE
SPEND ADSORBENT AND LOSS OF OIL ON THE CLAY LED TO THE ABANDONMENT OF
CLAY CONTACTING WHEN HYDROGEN TREATING (HYDROTREATING) BECAME AVAILABLE.
THESUCCESS OF HYDROTREATING LIGHT AND MIDDLE DISTILLATES FOSTERED
RESEARCH AIMED AT IMPROVING THE PROPERTIES OF LUBE OIL FRACTIONS.
SEPCIAL CATALYSTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED, AND HYDROTREATING UNITS (ALSO
TERMED HYDROFINISHING, HYDROFINING, AND VARIOUS PROPRIETY NAMES) ARE NOW
WIDELY USED FOR THIS PURPOSE. ORCANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS ARE THE
PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTOS TO COLOR INSTABILITY; THUS, THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF
HYDROTREATING IS REMOVAL OFNITROGEN. IN SO DOING, OXYGEN ALSO IS REMOVED
EFFICIENTLY. INEVITABLY, THE SULFUR CONTENT OF THE OIL IS REDUCED, TOO,
BUT THIS IS OFTEN NO CREDIT BECAUSE SOME OF OF THE SULFUR COMPOUNDS
WHICH ARE DESTROYED ACT AS NATURAL INHIBITORS (REF. 6-3).
TREATING OILS WITH HYDROGEN IS CONSIDERABLY MORE DIFFICULT THAN
TREATING DISTILLATES. THE CHEMISTRY OF OIL TREATING IS QUITE DIFFERENT
FROM THAT FOR LIGHTER DISTILLATES. ALSO, LUBE OILS ARE HEAVY FRACTIONS,
WHICH DO NOT VAPORIZE AT THE REACTOR PRESSURE AND TEND TO LAY DOWN COKE
ON THE CATALYST. ON THE OTHER HAND, HYDROTREATING CAN MEASURABLY
IMPROVE THE VISCOSITY INDEX OF THE PRODUCT OIL BY CONTROL OF PROCESS
CONDITIONS. HYDROTREATING CAN BE USED FOR PRODUCTION OF SPECIAL OILS,
INCLUDING WHITE OILS, WHICH, AS PREVIOUSL YMENTIONED, ARE USUALLY
TREATED WITH CONCENTRATED ACID. IT IS ALSO EMPLOYED TO FINISH WAXES IN
PLACE OF THE ACID-CLAY TREATMENT SHOWN ON FIGURE 6-1.
THE FLOWSHET FOR THE HYDROTREATING PROCESS IS QUITE SIMPLE, AS
INDICATED INFIGURE 6-5.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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FIGURE 6-5. HYDROTREATING PROCESS (REF. 6-5).
FIGURE OMITED
THE FEED IS COMBINED WITH HYDROGEN GAS, HEATED IN A FURNACE AND
PASSED THROUGH A CATALYTIC REACTOR. THE REACTOR EFFLUENT IS COOLED,
FOLLOWED BY HIGH-PRESSURE SEPARATION OF LIQUID AND GAS. THEY HYDROGEN
GAS IS RECYCLED, AND THE LIQUID IS SENT FIRST TO A STRIPPER FOR REMOVAL
OF H2S, NH3, AND LIGHT HYDROCARBONS, FOLLOWED BY DRYING. THESE
OPERATIONS ARE NECESSARY TO CORRECT THE FLASH POINT AND REMOVE TRACES OF
MOISTURE, WHICH MAKES THE OIL HAZY. THE PROCESS USUALLY INVOLVES ONLY A
MILD HYDROGENATION CONDUCTED AT A RELATIVELY LOW PRESSURE (250 TO 900
PSI) AND A RELATIVELY LOW TEMPERATURE (500 DEGREES TO 760 DEGREES F),
WITH THE CONSUMPTION OF ONLY SMALLAMOUNTS OF HYDROGEN (25 TO 100 CUBIC
FEET PER BARREL) (REF. 6-4).
6.5 REFERENCES
6-1 A. CANTRELL, "ANNUAL REFINING SURVEY," OIL AND GAS JOURNAL, VOL.
75, NO. 13, PP. 97-123 (MARCH 28, 1977).
6-2 W.L. NELSON, PETROLEUM REFINERY ENGINEERING, MCGRAW-HILL BOOK
COMPANY, NEW YORK (1958).
6-3 M. SOUDEK, "WHAT LUBE OIL PROCESSES TO USE," HYDROCARBON
PROCESSING, PP. 59-66 (DECEMBER 1974).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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FIGURE 6-4. MEK/BENZENE DEWAXING PROCESS (REF. 6-5).
FIGURE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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6-4 KIRK-OTHMER, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 15, PP.
54-61.
6-5 G.D. HOBSON ANDW. PHOL (EDITORS), MODERN PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY,
JOHN WILEY AND SONS, NEW YORK, N.Y. (1973).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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SECTION 7
7.1 GENERAL
THE ECONOMICS OF SECONDARY (SALVAGE) MATERIAL OPERATIONS HAVE 8EEN
TRADITIONALLY MARGINAL. THIS HAS BEEN PARTICULARLY TRUE WHEN THEVIRGIN
SUPPLY SOURCE IS BOTH PLENTIFUL AND CHEAP. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS,
RECOVERY AND RECYCLING OPERATIONS ARE REPLACED BY DISPOSAL OPERATIONS
WHEREIN A FEE IS PAID TO HAVE THE UNWANTED PRODUCT REMOVED. USED OIL
COLLECTING HAD BEEN OPERATING IN THIS MODE UNTIL THE ORGANIZATION OF
PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC) IMPOSED ITS PETROLEUM PRICE
INCREASE. USED OIL IS NOW AN EAGERLY SOUGHT AFTER COMMODITY.
7.2 AVAILABILITY
RE-REFINERS CONTACTED DURING THE COURSE OF THIS STUDY INDICATED A
LACK OF SUFFICIENT QUANTITIES OF USED OIL FEEDSTOCK. MOST RE-REFINERIES
WERE NOT RUNNING AT FULL CPACITY EVEN THOUGH DEMAND FOR THE FINISHED
PRODUCT EXISTED. HOWEVER,AS DISCUSSED IN A SUBSEQUENT SECTION, THE
NONAVAILABILITY OF USED OIL IS RELATED TO PRICE COMPETITION AND THE
AMOUNG OF MONEY THAT RE-REFINERS ARE WILLING TO PAY.
USED OIL TENDS TO ACCUMULATE AT PLACES RELATED TO THE TYPE OF USER.
FOR AUTOMOTIVE LUBES, ACCUMULATION POINTS REFLECT A BROAD SPECTRUM OF
VEHICLE SERVICE HABITS INCLUDING THE "DO-IT-YOURSELF' HOME GARAGE,
SERVICE STATION, AUTO DEALERS, AND FLEET GARAGES. GENERALLY, THE MORE
OIL ACCUMULATED AT A SINGLE POINT, THE GREATER THE POTENTIAL THAT IT
WILL BE AVAIALBLE FOR COLLECTION. THIS IS REFLECTED IN AN EPA-FUNDED
STUDY ESTIMATE OF ONLY 22 PERCENT AVAILABILITY FROM THE DO-IT-YOURSELFER
AND 90 PERCENT FROM AUTO DEALERS (REF. 7-1). HOWEVER, SOME OF THESE
USED OIL SOURCES ARE UTILIZING IT IN-HOUSE, WHICH THEN MAKES IT
UNAVAILABLE FOR COLLECTION. THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API)
REPORTED SEVERAL INSTALLATION, SUCH AS A NEW JERSEY TRUCK STOP, THAT
BURNS SELF-GENERATED CRANKCASE DRAININGS TO PROVIDE HEAT (REF. 7-2).
INDUSTRIAL OILS GENERATED IN MANUFACTURING PLANTS MAY NOT BE
AVAILABLE FOR COLLECTION BECAUS OF A LACK OF PROPER SEGREGATION OF ALL
WASTE PRODUCTS (REF. 7-3). USED OIL MAY BECOME MIXED WITH WATER,
CHEMICALS, SOLIDS, AND OTHER WASTES SUCH THAT THE MOST PRACTICAL COURSE
IS TO DISPOSE OF IT IN A LANDFILL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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ALSO, MOST INDUSTRIAL PLANTS GENERATE LARGE AMOUNTS OF POWER, WITH
PROVIDE A CONVENIENT MEANS OF UTILIZING USED OIL. AS REPORTED IN REF.
7-3, ONLY A SMALL PROPORTION OF INDUSTRIAL OIL IS BURNED, WHILE OVER
ONE-THIRD OF THE USED OIL GENERATED I DISPOSED OF IN AN UNKNOWN MANNER.
7.2.1 SOURCES
ESTIMATES OF RECOVERABLE USED OIL WERE PROVIDED IN SECTION 4 OF THIS
REPORT. THIS ESTIMATE SHOWS APPROXIMATELY 63 PERCENT OF ALL RECOVERABLE
USED OIL COMING FROM THE AUTOMTIVE SECTOR AND 37 PERCENT FROM INDUSTRIAL
SOURCES. DATA SHOWN IN TABLES 3-2 AND 3-3 OF SECTION 3 HAVE BEEN
ADAPTED IN THE FORM OF PERCENTILES OF TOTALS; TABLE 7-1 AND 7-2 PROVIDE
A BREAKDOWN OF SOURCES WITHIN EACH MAJOR CATEGORY.
TABLE 7-1, AVAILABLE USED OIL FROM AUTOMITIVE SOURCES
TABLE OMITTED
TABLE 7-2. AVAILABLE USED OIL FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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SOME RE-REFINING OPERATIONS ARE LOCATD RELATIVELY CLOSE TO A READILY
AVAILABLE SOURCE OF SUPPLY. FOR INSTANCE, MOTOR OILS, REFINING IS
LOCATED IN THE CHICAGO AREA, WHICH IS A MAJOR RAIL AND TRUCKING CENTER.
MOTOR OILS REFINING OBTAINS USED OIL FROM 500 TRUCK FLEETS AND 20
RAILROADS AND REREFINES IT ON A CLOSED-LOOP BASIS (REF. 7-4). IT ALSO
DEALS WITH MANY INDUSTRIAL PLANTS IN THE AREA. CONVERSELY, OTHER AREAS
APPEAR TO BE GENERATING LARGE QUANTITIES OF USED OIL WITHOUT ANY
RE-REFINER CLOSE BY. THIS SITUATION PROMPTED GLADIEUX REFINING OF FORT
WAYNE, INDIANA, INTO TAKING STEPS TO ENTER THE RE-REFINING BUSINESS
(REF. 7-5). THERE ARE LARGE INDUSTRIAL PLANTS WITHIN 50 TO 60 MILES OF
FORT WAYNE, SUCH AS A CHRYSLER TRANSMISSION PLANT AT KOKOMO AND A
CHEVROLET UNIT AT MUNCIE, WHICH SHOULD GENERATE AT LEAST 10 MILLION
GALLONS PER YEAR OF USED INDUSTRIAL OIL.
7.2.2 PRICE
THERE ARE TWO PRICES OF INTEREST RELATIVE TO USED OIL: THE PRICE
PAID AT THE SOURCE AND THE PRICE PAID ON DELIVERY TO THE USER. THESE
PRICES ARE COMMONLY CALLED STREET PRICE AND DELIVERED PRICE.
TH E USED OIL COLLECTION MARKET IS AN UNREGULATED FREE ENTERPRISE
OPERATION. USED OIL SELLERS RANGE FROM SMALL INDEPENDENT SERVICE
STATIONS, PRIMARILY INTERESTED IN GETTING THEIR HOLDING TANKS EMPTIES;
TO LARGE CORPORATE GIANTS INTERESTED IN MAXIMIZING PROFITS; AND TO
GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES. THERE FORE, THE STREET PRICE OF OIL, EVEN FOR
THE SAME QUALITY OF OIL IJ THE SAME AREA, CAN FLUCTUATE WIDELY DEPENDING
ON THE RELATIVE BARGAINING BETWEEN SELLER AND BUYER. THE DELIVERED
PRICE OF USED OIL TENDS TO REFLECT ITS END USE AND THE PRICE OF VIRGIN
LUBE OIL WHICH PROVIDES A CEILING. USED OIL INTENDED FOR BURNING HAS AN
EFFECTIV CEILING PRICE IMPOSED BY THE PRICE OF VIRGIN FUELS.
AS AN INTERESTING INTERFERENCE IN THIS FREE MARKET COMPETITION
BETWEEN RE-REFINERS AND FUEL USERS, BY GOVERNMENT REGULATION, IS
REPORTED IN REF. 7-3. IN NEW JERSEY, COMPETITION AMONG COLLECTORS FOR
USED OIL FOR FUEL PURPOSES RAISED THE PRICE RE-REFINERS HAD TO PAY FROM
ABOUT 6 TO 8 CENTS TO ABOUT 9 TO 12 CENTS PER GALLON. IN NEW YORK,
WHICH HAS COLLECTOR-LICENSING LEGISLATION LIMITING THE NUMBER OF USED
OIL COLLECTORS, THE PRICE REMAINED AT THE 6 TO 8 CENT LEVEL.
OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING TH E PRICE OF USED OIL ARE THE QUALITY OF A
SPECIFIC OIL AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES. THIS STUDY DID NOT ATTEMPT TO
SURVEY PRICES PAID THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, BUT DID QUERY A NUMBER OF
RE-REFINERS ABOUT THE COST OF USED OIL, INDICATEING A VARIATION IN
PRICE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
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LEACH OIL COMPANY, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNAI, REPORTED A STREER PRICE
RANGING FROM 0 TO 10 CENTS PER GALLON AND A DELIVERY PRICE TO FUEL USERS
OF 17 TO 20 CENTS PER GALLON. FOR DELIVERED USED OIL, LEACH WAS PAYING
14 CENTS PER GALLON (REF. 7-6). NELCO OIL REFINING OF SAN DIEGO HAS
TAKEN A UNIQUE APPROACH TO USED OIL PRICING. IT HAS ITS OWN COLL-CTION
TRUCKS AND HAS ESTABLISHED A MAXIMUM DELIVERED PRICE OF 10 CENTS PER
GALLON. ON THE BASIS OF THE STREET PRICE FOR USED OIL, ITS LOCATION,
AND TRUCK OPERATING COSTS, NELCO DETERMINES WHETHER THE DELIVERED PRICE
WILL MEET ITS CEILING REQUIREMENTS (REF. 7-7). MOTOR OIL REFINING,
LOCATED IN THE CHICAGO AREA, FOLOOWS ANOTHER USED OIL PRICING PROCEDURE.
FOR OIL PRUCHASED OUTRIGHT FOR RE-REFINING, IT OFFERS 10 CENTS PER
GALLON. WHEREAS FOR OIL SUPPLIED IN EXCHANGE FOR RE-REFINED OIL A CREDIT
OF 5 CENTS PER GALLON IS ALLOWED (REF. 7-4). THE WILLIAMS REFINING
COMPANY OF DENVER, COLORADO, HAS ABANDONED RE-REFINING BUT MAINTAINS A
USED OIL COLLECTION OPERATION. ITS USED OIL PURCHASE PRICE IS 3 CENTS
PER GALLON AND ITS SELLING PRICE IS 13 CENTS PER GALLON (REF. 7-7). IN
THE NEW YORK AREA, THE REPORTED STREET PRICE VARIES BETWEEN 2 CENTS AND
5 CENTS PER GALLON, WITH A SELLING PRICE OF 6 CENTS TO 12 CENTSPER
GALLON.
7.3 COLLECTION
THE AVAILABLE DATA ON USED OIL COLLECTORS AND COLLECTING OPERATIONS
DATE BACK TO A 1974 EPA STUDY WHICH IS BASED ON INFORMATION OBTAIND BY
MEANS OF A SURVEY (REF. 7-1). HTE NAMES OF 285 USERD OIL COLLECTORS
WERE COMPILED VIA THE YELLOW PAGES ANDSUPPLEMENTED FROM OTHER SOURCES,
SUCH AS THOSE PROVIDED BY MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM
RE-REFINERS (APR). A TELEPHONE SURVEY OF 100 COLLECTORS WAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPETED. REFERENCE 7-3 PROVIDES DATA OBTAINED FORM A
SURVEY OF OIL COLLECTORS IN THE NEW YORK CITY AREA.
7.3.1 PICKUP OPERATOR
CONCLUSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS REACHED IN THECOURSE OF THE
EPA-SPONSORED STUDY (REF. 7-1) ARE AS FOLLOWS:
A. THE WASTE OIL INDUSTRY IS HIGHLY FRAGMENTED, EPHEMERAL, AND NOT
EASILY CHARACTERIZED IN TERMS OF THE AVERAGE OPEATOR OR FIRM.
B. MANY FIRMS, BOTH OLD AND NEW, SEEM TO RUNTHEIR BUSINESSES IN A
HIGHLY INFORMAL AND FLEXIBLE MANNER, OFTEN OPERATING OUT OF TEMPORARY
FACILITIES WITH NO FORMAL ADDRESS OR NUMBER.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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C. WASTE OIL FIRMS, IN GENERAL, KEEP EITHER POOR RECORDS OR NO
RECORDS.
D. COLLECTORS AND COLLECTOR/PROCESSORS ARE NOT COOPERATIVE
RESPONDENTS. MANY REFUSED TO GRANT AN INTERVIEW, AND MANY OF THOSE
WHO DID REFUSED TO ANSER MANY OF THE QUESTIONS.
THE EPA SURVEY DISTINGUISHED BETWEEN COLLECTORS AND
COLLECTOR/PROCESSORS. COLLECTORS WERE CATEGORIZED, WITH 38 PERCENT
BEING LESS THAN 2500 GALLONS AND ONLY 8 PERCENT OVER 20,000 GALLONS.
COLLECTOR/PROCESSOR OPERATIONS TENDED TO BE LARGER, WITH 41 PERCENT
OWNING 5 OR MORE TRUCKS AND 23 PERCENT HAVING MORE THAN A 20,000 GALLON
TOTAL TRUCK CAPACITY. THE FRAGMENTED NATURE OF THE USED OIL COLLECTION
INDUSTRY MAY BE DUE TO THE FACT THAT IT ONLY REQUIRES THE ACQUISITION OF
A SMALL TANK TRUCK EQUIPPED WITH A SEUCTION PUMP TO START IN A
COLLECTION BUSINESS. FEW STATES HAVE REGULATIONS COVERING USED OIL
COLLECTORS THAT INHIBIT ENTRANCE TO THEFIELD. DURING THE COURSE OF THIS
STUDY, ONE COLLECTOR, FABIAN OIL REFINING COMPANY OF OAKLAND,
CALIFORNIA, WAS CONTACTED (REF. 9-8). THE FABIAN OPERATION, WHICH IS
RELATIVELY LARGE, USING 13 TRUCKS OF OVER 50,000 GALLONS TOTAL CAPACITY.
APPEARS TO REFUTE THE GENERALLY NEGATIVE IMPRESSIONS STATED IN REF.
7-1.
7.3.2 PICKUP OPERATIONS
THE SURVEY REPORTED IN REF. 7-1 SHOWED THAT 64 PERCENT OF THE
COLLECTORS OPERATED WITHIN A 100-MILE RADIUS, 3I PERCENT WITHIN 200
MILES, AND 5 PERCENT OVER 200 MILES. COLLECTOR/PROCESSORS TENDED TO
COVER A LARGER AREA, WITH 54 PERCENT OPERATING WITHIN 100 MILES, 10
PERCENT WITHIN 200 MILES, AND 31 PERCENT OVER 200 MILES.
SOME INTERESTING OPERATING ARRANGEMENTS WERE DISCOVERED IN
DISCUSSIONS WITH RE-REFINERS. FOR EXAMPLE, MOTOR OILS REFINING HAS A
CLOSED-LOOP OPERATIN WITH THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA. USED OIL IS
HAULED TO CHICAGO VIA TRUCK, AND RE-REFINED OIL IS HAULED BACK WITH THE
TANK CLEANED PRIOR TO LOADING THE RE-REFINED OIL. A DISTANCE OF ABOUT
500 MILES EACH WAY IS INVOLVED (REF. 7-4). BAYSIDE OIL CORPORATION OF
SAN CARLOS, CALIFORNIA, PURCHASES RE-REFINED OIL FROM LOS ANGELES, SAN
DIEGO, AND SALT LAKE CIT-, WHICH INVOLVES DISTANCES OF ABOUT 400 TO 600
MILES EACH WAY. USEIIL IS HAULED BACK ON THE RETURN TRIP (REF. 7-9).
THE DOUBLE EAGLE REFINING COMPANY OF OKLAHOMACITY, OKLAHOMA, ALSO
ENGAGES IN LONG HAUL OPERATIONS, TO ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO (ABOUT 550
MILES ONE WAY) AND DENVER, COLORADO (ABOUT 650 MILES ONE WAY) (REF.
7-10).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
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APPARENTLY, RELATIVELYLONG-RANGE TRANSPRT OF USED AND REFINED OIL BY
TANK TRUCK IS ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE. HOWEVER, NO SPECIFIC COSTS FOR
THESE OPERATIONS ARE AVAILABLE. SOME INSIGHT MAY BE PROVIDED IN
THEGLADIEUX REFINERY PLANNED PRICE SCHEDULE FOR RE-REFINING. IN THIS
CASE, A CHARGE OF 1 CENT PER GALLON IS MADE FOR EVERY 30 MILES OF
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE REFINERY AND THE INDSUTRIAL PLANT (REF. 7-5). FOR
THECHICAGO TO WEST VIRGINIA OPERATION, WHICH IS ABOUT 500 MILES ONE WAY,
ABOUT 17 CENTS PER GALLON WOULD BE ADDED TO THE COST OF RE-REFINED OIL.
NO COST DATA ARE AVAILABLE FOR RAIL TANK SHIPPING OPERATIONS. MOTOR
OILS REFINING OF CHICAGO OPERATES WITH 60 RAILROAD TANK CARS. TO AVOID
CLEANING COSTS THESE CARES ARE SEGREGATED ASTO USED OIL AND RE-REFINED
OIL, AND THE CARS ARE RETURNED EMPTY.
ACCORDING TO REF. 7-3, THE MOST COMMON FREQUENCY OF PICKUP FROM
SERVICE STATIONS IS MONTHLY. THE AMOUNT OF OIL PICKED UP, ON A MEAN
BASIS, RANGES FROM 200 TO 500 GALLONS PER STATION. FOR INDUSTRIAL OILS.
THE PICKUP INTERVAL VARIES FROM LESS THAN A MONTH TO YEARLY. REPORTED
OPERATING COSTS FOR COLLECTING USED OIL FROM SERVICE STATIONS RANGE FROM
1 TO 5 CENTS PER GALLON WITH 3 CENTS PER GALLON AS THE AVERAGE.
OPERATING COSTS OF ABOUT 5 CENTS PER GALLON ARE REPORTED FOR COLLECTING
INDUSTRIAL OILS.
A DETAILED USED OIL COLL-CTION SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED UNDER EPA
SPONSORSHIP FOR THE STATE OF MARYLAND, USING COMPUTER MODELING OF
FEEDSTOCK SOURCE AND SEVERAL PROPOSED RE-REFINING PLANT LOCATIONS (REF.
7-11). MANY FACTORS ARE CONSIDERED IN THE STUDY, INCLUDING (1) DIRECT
HUALING FROM SOURCE TO PALNT, (2) USE OF INTERMEDIATESTORAGE AREAS, (3)
DIFFERENT PLANT PROCESSING CAPACITY, AND (4) SYSTEM OPERATING CONDITIONS
INVOLVING PARAMETES SUCH AS OVERHEAD RATES, EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION,
WAITING TIMES, AND AVERAGE DRIVING SPEEDS. OPTIMIZATIN OF OPERATIONS
SHOWS A WIDE SPREAD IN THE COST F COLELCTING USED OIL RANGING FROM 1.3
TO 7.5 CENTS PER GALLON REFLECTING THE ASSUMPTIONS IN SYSTEM OPERATING
CONDITIONS. COSTS ARE RELATIVELY INSENSITIVE TO THE VOLUME OF OIL
GENERATED OR TO THE REGION OF ORIGIN.
THE MARYLAND SYSTEM ENVISIONS COMPUTER CONTROL OF THE OPERATION,
TAKING OVERAFTER A USED OIL SOURCE PHONES IN AND REQUIRES A PICKUP. THE
COMPUTER DISPATCHES DRIVERS, PROVIDES FOR FEE PAYMENTS, AND MAINTAINS A
DATA BANK. IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT THE PROPOSED SYSTEM CAN
COLLCT ALL OF THE USED OIL GENERATED IN MARYLAND IWTH A FLEET OF 18 TO
22 TANK TRUCKS. THIS COMPARES TO 171 EXISTING COLLECTORS OPERATING IN
THE STATE OF MARYLAND AT THAT TIME (REF. 7-11).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
7.4 REFERENCES
7-1 M.J. WEINSTEIN, WASTE OIL RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL,
EPA-670/2-74-052, RECON SYSTEMS, INC., PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY (AUGUST
1974).
7-2 FINAL REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE ON USED OIL DISPOSAL, THE AMERICAN
PETROLEUM INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D.C. (MAY 1970).
7-3 S.P. MALTEZOU, WASTE OIL RECYCLING, THE NEW YORK METRO POLITAN
AREA CASE, COUNCIL ON THEENVIRONMENT OF NEW YORK CITY (MARCH 1975).
7-4 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: BE. WILLIAMS, MOTOR OILS REFINING
COMPANY, MCCOOK, ILLINOIS (12 NOVEMBER 1976).
7-5 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: B. MARSHALL, GLADIEUX OIL REFINERY, FT.
WAYNE, INDIANA (11 NOVEMBER 1976).
7-6 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: R. LEACH, LEACH OIL CORPORATION,
COMPTON, CALIFORNIA (5 OCTOBER 1976.)
7-7 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: L. CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAMS REFINING
COMAPNY, DENVER,COLORADO (12 OCTOBER 1976).
7-8 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: B. FABIAN, FABIAN OIL REFINING COMPANY,
OAKLAND, CALIFORNAI (29 SEPTEMBER 1976).
7-9 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: R. BANKS. BAYSIDE OIL CORPORATION, SAN
CARLOS, CALIFORNIA (28 SEPTEMBER 1976).
7-10 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: C. KARRAN, DOUBLE EAGLE REFINING
COMPANY, OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA(18 OCTOBER 1976).
7-11 E J. MARTIN, ET AL., "STATE OF MARYLAND WASTE OIL RECOVERY AND
REUSE PROGRAMS, "NTIS NO. PB-234-446, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SYSTEMS,
INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. (JANUARY 1974).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
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TRANSCRIPT
SECTION 8
8.1 INTRODUCTION
THE VAIBILTY OF THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY RESTS HEAVILY ON MARKET
DEMAND FOR RE-REFINED LUBE OILS. THEREFORE, THE FEASIBILITY OF
EXPANDING RE-REFINING OPERATIONS IS DEPENDENT ON THE A0ILITY TO MARKET
RE-REFINED PRODUCTS IN THE FUTURE. THE FOLLOWING SUBSECTION ADDRESS
THESE ISSUES AND EXAMINE THE MARKET FOR RE-REFINED OIL AND THE FACTORS
AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY.
THE LUBE OIL MARKET SHARE CAPTURED BY RE-REFINED PRODUCTS DEPENDS
PRIMARILY ON (1) THE AVAILABIITY AND PRICE OF VIRGIN LUBE OIL, PROVIDED
THATTHIS MARKET IS PERMITTED TO OPERATE BE ECONOMIC FORCES ALONE, AND
(2) THE QUALITY OF THE LUBE OIL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED FROM USED OIL. IN
CASE OF A VIRGIN LUBE OIL SHORTAGE, RE-REFINED PRODUCTS MUST BE USED TO
COVER THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND DIFFERENCE. THEREFORE, THE PREDICTION OF
RE-REFINED OIL SALES INVOLVES PROJECTINC TOTAL LUBE OIL DEMAND AND THE
ABILITY TO SATISFY THE DEMAND FROM VIRGIN CRUDE.
THE AVAILABILITY OF VIRGIN LUBE OIL IS DEPENDENT ON (1) THE
AVAILABILITY OF CRUDE OIL, (2) THE MAGNITUDE OF THELUBE OIL CUT
CONTAINED IN THE CRUDE, AND (3) THE A-AILABLE REFINING CAPACITY.
HOWEVE,RPREDICTIONS OF THE LONG RANGE AVAILABILITY OF CRUDE ARE CLOUDED
BY UNCERTAINTIES IN THE PROJECTIONS OF FUTURE CONSUMPTION. WITH REGARD
TO FUTURE REFINING CAPACITY, HISTORICAL DATA ARE AVAILABLE ON ACTUAL
CAPACITY WHICH CAN BE USED AS THE BASIS FOR NEARTO MID-TERM (1985 TO
2000) PROJECTIONS (REFS. 8-1 AND 8-2).
IF AN AMPLE SUPPLY OF VIRGIN LUBE OIL IS AVAILABLE RELATIVE TO
DEMAND, THE DOMINANT MARKET PENETRATION FACTOR FOR RE-REFINED PRODUCTS
WILL BE DETERMINED BY PRICE COMPETITION. AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IMPACTING
PRICE COMPETITION IS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF EQUIVALENCY TO VIRGIN PRODUCTS
BECAUSE PRICE DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN VIRGIN AND RE-REFINED PRODUCTS WOULD
THEN BE VIEWED AS TRUE SAVING AND NOT AS SAVINGS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
ACCEPTANCE OF LOWER QUALITY. OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING MARKET PENETRATION
ARE RELATED TO FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL GOVENRMENT LEGISLATION WHICH
PROVIDE A MARKET FOR RE-REFINEDOIL WITHOUT THE NEED FOR COMPETITION.
THESE FACTORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES FOR RE-REFINED
OIL HAVE BEEN EXAMINED IN THIS STUDY WITH REGARD TO TYPE OF OIL AND
GEOGRAPHICAL REGION.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
8.2 LUBE OIL DEMAND PROJECTIONS
FUTURE LUB E OIL DEMAND MAY BE PREDICTED BY PROJECTING HISTORICAL
DATA. OF COURSE, PREDICTIONS USING THIS TECHNIQUE ARE ONLY RELIABLE
WHEN THEINFLUENCING FACTORS IMPACTING THE HISORICAL DATA TRENDS REMAIN
IN FORCE. IN THE CASE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, SEVERE DISLOCATIONS WERE
RECENTLY EXPERIENCES AS A RESULT OF ARTIFICIALLY IMPOSED SUPPLY
RESTRICTIONS, PRICE INCREASES,AND A MULTITIERED STRUCTURE FOR FOREIGN
OIL, OLD DOMESTIC OIL, AND NEW DOMESTIC OIL. THESE FACTORS ARE EXPTECED
TO REMAIN EFFECTIVE IN THE FUTURE IWTH ADDITIONAL FACTORS TO BE ADDED
ASA RESULT OF FEDERAL POLICIES AND ACTIONS RELATIVE TO ENERGY
CONSERVATION. ANY FORECAST OF FUTURE LUBEOIL DEMAND, BASED ON
HISTORICAL DATA, MUST BE ADJUSTED TO REFLECT THESE EFFECTS.
8.3 MARKET ANALYSIS FOR RE-REFINED OILS POSTULATING A SHORTAGE OF
VIRGIN LUBE OILS
8.301 AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL DEMAND
IN THIS SCENARIO, THE POTENTIAL MARKET FOR RE-REFINED LUB EOILS IS
EXAMINED, ASSUMING A SHORTAGE OF VIRGIN LUBE OILS, WITH RE-REFINED OILS
SUPPLYING THE DEFICIT, INITIALLY, STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES WERE APPLIED IN
THIS STUDY TO PROJEC THE AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL LUBEOIL DMENDS TO
THEYEAR 2000. A FIRST-ORDER LEAST SQUARES FIT OF ACTUAL SALES DATE FOR
THE 1958 TO 1975 TIME FRAME AND A PROJECTION TO THE YEAR 2000 ARE SHOWN
IN FIGURE 8-1.
HISTORICAL AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL DEMAND PATTERNS ARE CURRENTLY CHANGING
BECUAE OF (1) NEW GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES AND ACTIONS, (2) CHANGING
ECONOMIC FORCES, (3) NEW TECHNOLGOICAL DEVELOPMENTS, AND (4) CHANGING
DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS. THESE FACTORS AFFECT LUBE OIL CONSUMPTION BECAUS
THEY INFLUENCE THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES MILES DRIVEN, THE NUMBEROF
VEHICLES IN USE, THE SIZE OF VEHICLES,D THE OIL CHANGE INTERVALS. THE
DIRECTION OF THESE CHANGES IS TOWAD LOWERING THE HISTORICAL LUBE OIL
GROWTH RATE. THEREFORE, ON THE BASIS OF A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF
THESE FACTORS, THE ANTICIPATED DEMAND SHOWN IN FIGURE 8-1 IS EXPECTED TO
FALL BETWEEN THE PROJECTED DEMAND LINE FOR COMPUNDED (EXTENSION OF THE
LEAST SQUARES FIT LINE) AND A LOWER LINE DRAWN THROUGH THE PROJECTIONS
MADEBY THE ATLANTC RICHFIELD COMPANY (ARCO FOR 1981. (REF. 8-3) AND BY
FROST AND SULLIVAN FOR 1985 (REF. 8-4). ALSO INCLUDED IN FIGURE 8-1 IS
THE PROJECTION MADE BY THE SUN OIL COMPANY FOR 1985 (REF. 8-5).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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PART 141 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
FIGURE 8-1. PROJECTED DEMAND FOR AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL
FIGURE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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THE SUN OIL PROJECTION IS NOT USED IN THIS ANALYSIS PRIMARILY BECAUSE
IT REPRESENTS A BASE OIL RATHER THAN A COMPOUNDED OIL. A DISCUSSION OF
THE TYPES OF OILS PROJECTED IS PROVIDED IN THEFOLLOWING PARAGRAPH.
ACTUAL LUBE OIL DEMAND DATA USED IN THIS ANALYSIS (SECTION 3), ARE
BASED ON BUREAU OF THE CENSUS (BOC) DATA. THESE DATE REPRESENT SALES OF
COMPOUNDED LUBE OILS, INCLUDING THOSE EXPORTED. COMPOUNDED LUBES ARE
IDENTIFIED BY THE BOC AS TO TYPE (AUTOMOTIVE AVIATION, ETC) AND
SEPARATED AS OLS AND GREASES. ARCO PROJECTIONS ARE ALOS BASED ON BOC
DATA. HOWEVER,THEY EXLUDE EXPORTS AND SALES TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT,
WHICH AMOUNTED TO ABOUT 4 PERCENT IN 1975 FOR AUTOMOTIVE OILS, AND
INCLUDE AVIATION LUBE OILS, WHICH AREDECLINING AND REPRESENTED LESS THAN
2 PERCENT OF AUTOMOTIVE OILS IN 1975.
CONVERSELY, THE SUN OIL COMPANY PROJECTIONS ARE BASED ON BUREAU OF
MINES (BOM) DATA, WHCH ONLY INCLUDE TOTAL DOMESTIC DEMAND OF LUBE OIL
BASE STOCK (NOT COMPOUNDED OILS). SUN OIL THEN CATEGORIZES THIS OIL AS
TO TYPE (AUTOMOTIVE, AVIATION, ETC.) BY USE OF PERCENTILES DERIVED FROM
BOC DATA BY ESTIMATING AND REMOVING QUANTITIES OF ADDITIVES AND AROMATIC
PROCESS OILS. THE INTENT IS TO ARRIVE AT THE DOMESTIC DEMAND FOR PURE
BASE OIL. ALSO, AS WAS DONE BY ARCO, AVIATION LUBES ARE INCLUDED WITH
AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OILS. AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE RELATIVE CHANGE BETWEEN
REPORTED COMPOUNDED OILS AND ESTIMATED BASE OILS IS SHOWN IN TABLE 8-1.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TABLE 8-1. COMPARISON OF COMPOUNDED LUBRICANTS TO BASE OIL FOR 1973
AND 1975
TABLE OMITTED
IN COMPARISON TO THE RATHER INVOLVED METHODOLOGY OF SUN OIL COMPANY,
FROST AND SULLIVAN MERELY PRESENTS AN ESTIMATE OF LUBE OIL DEMAND FOR
1985, WITH THE NOTATION THAT AVIATION OILS ARE INCLUDED WITH INDUSTRIAL
OILS. IT IS PRESUMED THAT THE FROST AND SULLIVAN ESTIMTE IS FOR
WHATISNORMALLY CONSIDERED LUBE OIL, THE COMPOUNDED PRODUCT.
8.3.2 INDUSTRIAL LUBE OIL DEMAND
INDUSTRIAL LUBE OIL DEMAND PROJECTIONS WERE MADE USING THE
METHODOLOGY PROVIOUSLY APPLIED TO AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OILS. ACTUAL DEMAND
DATA, LEAST SQUARES PROJECTIONS,AND ESTIMATES BY ARCO (REF. 8-3), SUN
OIL COMPANY (REF. 8-5), AND FROST AND SULLIVAN (REF. 8-4) ARE SHOWN IN
FIGURE 8-2.
HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL LUBE OIL DEMAND PATTERSNA RE CURRENTLY CHANGING
BECAUSE OF CHANGING ECONOMIC FORCES AND NE-W TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS.
THSE FACTORS INFLUENCE LUBE OIL CONSUMPTION BECAUSE OF CHANGES IN
MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS, CHANGES IN MATERIAL COMPOSITION, AND PRODUCT
DESIGN CHANGES. THE DIRECTION OF THE TOTAL EFFECT OF THESE CHANGES IS TO
REDUCE THE HISTORICAL GROWTH RATE. HOWEVE, THE TREND IS NOT THE SAME FOR
ALL INDUSTRIES OR TYPE OF OIL. FOR EXAMPLE, A SHIFT FROM METALS TO
PLASTICS REDUCES DEMAND FOR CUTTING OIL BUT INCREASES THE DEMAND FOR
PROCESS OILS. THE ANTICIPATED DEMAND, SHOWN IN FIGURE 8-2, IS ECPECTED
TO FALL BETWEEN THE EXTRAPOLATED HISTORICAL DEMANDFOR CUTTING OIL BUT
INCREASES THEDEMAND FOR PROCESS OILS. THE ANTICIPATD DEMAND, SHOWN IN
FIGURE 8-2, IS EXPECTED TO FALL BETWEEN THE EXTRAPOLATED HISTORICAL
DEMAND LIJE AND THE LINE DRAWN THROUGH THE PROJECTIONS OFARCO (REF. 8-3)
AND FROST AND SULLIVAN (REF. 8-4). THIS LINE SHOULD BE A CONSERVATIVE
LOWER LIMIT SINCE, UNLIKE AUTOMOTIVE LUBEOIL, EXPORTED INDUSTRIAL OILS,
WHICH ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE DATA, REPRESENT A SIGNFICANT PERCENTAGE OF
THE TOTAL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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FIGURE 8-2. PROJECTED DEMAND FOR INDUSTRIAL LUBE OIL IN 1975,
EXPORTS AND SALES TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT (WHICH ARE ALSO EXCLUDED BY
ARCO) AMOUNTED TO 16 PERCENT OF TOTAL PRODUCTION, DOWN FROM 21 PERCENT
IN 1973. ALTHOUGH NOT IDENTIFIED BY FROST AND SULLIVAN, IT APPEARS THAT
THEIR PROJECTION ALSO EXPORTS. THE SUN OIL PROJECTION IS NOT USED FOR
THE SAME REASONS STATED FOR AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OILS.
8.3.3 LUBE OIL SUPPLY ESTIMATES
THE SUPPLY OF VIRGIN LUBE OIL IS DEPENDANT UPON MANY FACTORS,
INCLUDING THE AVAILABILITY OF CRUDE PETROLEUM, THE AVAILABLE LUBE CUT
FROM THE CRUDE, AND THE AVAILABLE LUBE OIL REFINING CAPACITY. THESE
FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON VIRGIN LUBE OIL SUPPLIES ARE ADDRESSED IN
THE FOLLOWING SUBSECTIONS.
8.3.3.1 REFINING CAPACITY
USING THE 1976 REPORTED DOMESTIC CAPACITY AND ASSUMING AN OPERATING
UTILIZATION OF 92.5 PERCENT, THE PRESENT YEARLY TOTAL PRODUCTION
CAPABILITY IS ABOUT 3300 MILLION GALLONS OF LUBE OIL BASE STOCK, WHICH
IS USED BY PRODUCE BOTH OILS AND GREASES.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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SINCE GREAES AMOUNT TO ONLY ABOUT 5 PERCENT OF THE LUBRICANT DEMAND
AND OIL ADDITIVES ARE BECOMING AN INCREASINGLY GREATER PERCENTAGE OF
COMPOUNDED OILS, IT WAS ASSUMED THAT THESE TWO FACTORS ARE OFFSETTING.
THEREFORE, PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF BASE OIL MAY BE EQUATED TO DEMAND FOR
COMPOUNDED LUBEOIL.
AN ESTIMTE OF LUBE PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN THE YEAR 2000 BE OBTAINED
BY USING THE HISTORICAL LUBE PRODUCTION CAPACITY GROWTH TREND SHOWN IN
FIGURE 8-3. IN THE YEAR 2000, A GROWTH RATE OF 1.26 PERCENT PER YEAR
RELATIVE TO THE 1976 CAPACITY RESULTS IN AN ESTIMATED CAPACITY OF ABOUT
4300 MILLION GALLONS.
FIGURE 8-3. REFINING CAPACITY FOR VIRGIN LUBE OIL
FIGURE OMITTED
8.3.3.2 PETROLEUM AVAILABILITY
THE NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN PROJECTS A CRUDE OIL CONSUMPTION OF ABOUT 24
MILLION BARRELS PER DAY IN 1990 (REF. 8-7). EXTRAPOLATING THIS QUANTITY
OR BOUT 10.3 BILLIN BARRELS PER YEAR. THIS QUANTITY OF CRUDE PETROLEUM
PERMITS THE MANUFACTURE OF ABOUT 13 BILLION GALLONS OF LUBE OIL,
CONSIDERING AN AVERAGE LUBE CUT OF 3 PERCENT. AN ESTIMATED AVERAGE LUBE
CUT OF 1.7 PERCENT FOR UNITED STATES CRUDES (REF. 8-8) WOULD PERMIT THE
MANUFACTUREOF OVER 7 BILLION GALLONS OF LUBE OIL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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FROM THESE DATA, IT IS APPARENT THAT THE AVAILABLE LUBE OIL SUPPLY
EXCEEDS THE REFINING CAPACITY PROJECTED FROM HISTORICAL DATA BYL WIDE
MARGIN. HOWEVER,A S DISCUSSED IN SECTION 12 OF THIS REPOT, POTENTIAL
SHORTAGES OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF PETROLEUM, SUCH AS NAPHTHENIC CRUDE,
MIGHT OCCUR. AS A RESULT, VIRGIN LUBE OIL SHORTAGES MIGHTDEVELOP EVEN
THOUGH, ON AN OVERALL BASIS, SUFFICIENT QUANTITIES OF LUBEOIL PRODUCTS
COULD BE MADE AVAILABLE.
8.3.4 DEMAND AND SUPPLY COMPARISON
ASSHOWN IN FIGURE 8-1. A DEMAND IN THERANGE OF 1290 MILLION TO 1500
MILLION GALLONS IS PROJECTED FOR AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OILS IN THE YEAR 2000.
FOR THE SAME YEAR, FIGURE 8-2 SHOWS A PROJECTD DEMAND FOR ALL INDUSTRIAL
OILS IN THE RANGE OF 1570 MILLION TO 2920 MILLION GALLONS. THIS
REPRESENTS A TOTALCOMBINED LUBE OIL DEMAND OF 2860 MILLION TO 4420
MILLION GALLONS. THE UPPER LIMIT OF THIS DEMAND PROJECTION RESULTS IN A
LUBE OIL SHORTAGE OF 120 MILLION GALLONS WHEN COMPARED TO THE ESTIMATED
REFINERY CAPACITY OF 4300 MILLION GALLONS. THIS SHORTAGE WILL BE MET
EITHER THROUGH EXPANSION OF VIRGIN LUBE REFINING CAPACITY (AT GREATER
THEN HISTORICAL RATES), EXPANSION OF THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY, REDUCTION
OF EXPORTS, OR CURTAILMENT IN DEMAND. WHILE THIS POTENTIAL SHORTAGE
APPEARS TO REPRESENT AN ATTEACTIVE MARKET OPPORTUNITY FOR THERE-REFINING
IDNUSTRY, IT REPRESENTS LESS THAN 3 PERCENT OF THE PREDICTED MARKET, AND
AS SUCH MAY NEVER MATERIALIZE. A PROJECTED OVER-SUPPLY OF 1440 MILLION
GALLONS OR 33 PERCENT OF THE PREDICTED MAREKT IS CONSIDERED MORE
SIGNIFICANT.
IN LIGHT OF THESE DEMAND/SUPPLY PROJECTIONS, IT APPEARS THAT
RE-REFINERS SHOULD PLAN FUTUREPRODUCTION EXPANSION ON THE PREMISE
THATSUFFICIENT VIRGIN LUBE OIL QUANTITIES WILL BE AVAILABLE TO SATISFY
DEMANDS. RE-REFINERS SHOULD SEEEK MARKET OPPORTUNITIES BASED ON
THEECONOMICADVANTAGES OF USING RE-REFINED LUBE OLS IN LIEU OF VIRGIN
LUBE PRODUCTS.
8.4 MARKET ANALYSIS FOR RE-REFINED OIL POSTULATING AMPLE SUPPLY OF
VIRGIN LUBE OIL
THIS SCENARIO EXAMINES MARKET OPPORTUNTIES THATAY EXIST FOR
RE-REFINED OIL, ASSUMING AN AMPLE SUPPLY OF VIRGIN LUBE OILS. IN THIS
CASE, VIRGIN LUBES ARE REPLACED BY RE-REFINED OILS ONLY IT IS
ECONOMICALLY ADVANTAGEOUS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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8.4.1 AUTOMOBILE OIL DEMAND TREND AND RE-REFINING MARKET LOCATIONS
AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 8-1, THE TOTAL DEMAND FOR AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL IN
THE YEAR 2000 IS PROJECTED TO VARY BETWEEN 1290 MILLION AND 1500 MILLION
BARRELS. THE AMOUNT AVAILALBE FOR RE-REFINING HAS BEEN ESTIMATED BY
EXPERTS IN THE FIELD TO RANGE BETWEEN 40 AND 60 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL
LUBE OIL CONSUMPTION (REF. 8-9 AND 8-10).
HISTORICALLY, LUBE OIL COMSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES HAS SHOWN
LARGE REGIONAL VARIATIONS. AS ILLUSTRATED IN TABLE 8-2, THE EAST NORTH
CENTRAL AND PACIFIC REGIONS HAVE THE POTENTIAL OF BECOMING EXCELLENT
GROWTH AREAS FOR RE-REFINED AUTOMOBILE OIL. THE INCREASING USE OF LARGE
HIGHWAY DIESEL TRUCKS IN THESE AREAS (FIGURE 3-4), COMBINED WITH RISING
FUEL AND OIL PRICES, PROVIDE AN ATTRACTIVE INCENTIVE FOR MARKETING FOR
THIS SECTOR AT A PRICE BELOW THAT OF VIRGIN LUBE OIL. IN BOTH IN BOTH
RURAL AND CITY AREAS, THE CONTINUED GROWTH OF THE SCHOOL BUS SECTOR
SUGGESTS ANOTHR OPPORTUNITY FOR RE-REFINED OIL.
TABLE 8-2 ESTIMATED WASTE LUBRICATING OIL ANNUAL SUPPLY SELECTED
STATES AND REGIONS 1971 (DATA COMBINED FROM REFS. 8-10 AND 8-11)
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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FOR ECONOMIC REASONS, LOCAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ARE
EXPECTED TO SHOW INCREASING INTEREST IN RE-REFINEDOIL FOR USE IN THEIR
VEHICLES. DEVELOPMENTS OF THIS TYPE MAY LAY THE GROUNDWORK FOR
SUBSEQUENTWIDE SPRAD USE BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND BY PRIVATE CONSUMERS.
ALTHOUGH THE TOTAL OIL DEMAND IS NOT EXPECTED TO RISE SIGNIFIANTLY IN
THE 1980 TO 2000 TIME PERIOD, AN INCREASINGLY GREATER SHARE OF USED LUBE
OIL MAY BE RE-REFINED FOR USE IN VARIOUS TYPES OF FLEET APPLICATIONS SO
THAT A DEFINITE BUSINESS GROWTH OPPORTUNITY CAN BE PROJECTED FOR THE
RE-REFINING INDUSTRY. A PLAUSIBLE MARKET BY THE YEAR 2000 MIGHT BE 15 TO
20 PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES OR ABOUT 195 MILLION TO 300 MILLION GALLONS.
ALTHOUGH THIS WOULD REPRESENT A SIGNFICANT GROWTH IN THEUSE OF
RE-REFINED OIL, IT REPRESENTS ONLY ABOUT ONE QUARTER TO ONE HALF OF
WHATCOULD BE COLLECTED AND PROCEEDED.
IN ADDITION TO THE DOMESTIC MARKET, THERE IS A POSSIBLE INTERNATIONAL
MARKET FOR RE-REFINEDLUBE OILS. THE INTERNATIONL DEMAND FOR AUTOMOTIVE
LUBE OILS HAS BEEN GROWING AT A RATE IN EXCESS OF THAT IN THEUNITD
STATES. ALTHOUGH FOREIGN REFINERY CONSTRUCTION IS EXPANDING, A
POTENTIAL WORLD SHORTAGE OF LUBE OILS MAY OCCURE BEFORE 1990 (REF. 8-3),
WHICH WOULD PROVIDE INTERNATIONAL MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE
RE-REFINING INDUSTRY. MAJOR SOURCES OF ANTICIPATED INTERNATIONAL GROWTH
ARE SHOWN IN TABLE 8-3.
TABLE 8-3 EXPECTED FREE WORLD LUBE DEMAND BY AREA (MILLIONS OF
BARRELS) (REF. 10-3)
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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8.4.2 INDUSTRIAL OIL DEMAND TREND AND RE-REFINING MARKET LOCATIONS
THE GENERAL STATUS OF THE ECONOMY PLACES INCREASING NEAR-TERM COST
PRESSURE ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES SO THERE SHOULD BE IMMEDIATE
OPPORTUNITIES FOR RE-REFINING INDUSTRIAL OIL. MTAL-FORMING AND
AUTOMATIC HIGH-SPEED MACHINING OPERATORS ARE LAREGE USERS OF INDUSTRIAL
OILS AND MAY BE RECEPTIVE TO THE IDEA OF RE-REFINED OIL UTILIZATION.
WHILE THESE OPERATORS MAY DECIDE TO INSTALL THEIR OWN USED OIL
R-CLAIMING EQUIPMENT, RE-REFINING OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDEPENDENT
RE-REFINRES MAY BE FOUND IN SMALL TO MEDIUM SIZE INDUSTRIAL PLANTS.
THEREFORE, TO EXPLOIT THE INDUSTRIAL MAREKT, RE-REFINERS MUST MOVE
QUICKLY AND ENLARGE THEIR OPTIONS BEFORE COMPANY DECISIONS ARE
INFLEXIBLY DIRECTED TO IN-HOUSE REPROCESSING.
SIMILAR TO THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR, RE-REFINING OPPORTUNITIES FOR
INDUSTRIAL OILS ARE REGIONAL IN NATURE. THE EXPANSION OF THE COAL
INDUSTRY IN THE NORTH CENTRAL AND MOUNTAIN STATS REQUIRES APPROPRIATE
EARTH-MOVING AND CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. IDAHO, MONTANA, WYOMING, AND
UTAH ARE FOUR STATES WITH A HIGH POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT. RELATED TO
THE EXPECTED MASSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY IS THE
BUIDLUP IN RAAIL TRANSPORTATION NECESSARY TO MOVE THE COAL TO THE
CONSUMER. FINALLY, THE LARGE ANTICIPATED GROWTH OF THE ELECTRIC UTILITY
INDUSTRY SUGGESTS THAT RE-REFINED TRANSFORMER AND TURBINE OILS REPRESENT
A GROWING MARKET (REF. 8-10).
A MORE DETAILED ANALYSIS MIGHT DEVELOP SEPARATE TREND PROJECTIONS FOR
INDUSRIAL OILS. FOR NOW, IT CAN ONLY BE ESTAIMTED THATPROBABLY WITIN
THE NEXT 20 YEARS, DEMAND FOR PROCESSOIL.WILL EXCEED THAT FOR LUBE OIL.
THE LUBE OIL FRACTION OF INDUSTRIAL OIL IN THE YEAR 2000 IS ESTIMATED TO
BE 40 PERCENT OR ABOUT 630 MILLION TO 1170 MILLION GALLONS.
APPROXIMATELY 30 PERCENT OF THIS QUANTITY, WHICH AMOUNTS TO ABOUT 190
MILLION TO 350 MILLION GALLONS, IS EXPECTED TO BE AVAILABLE FOR
RE-REFINING (REF. 8-9).
8.5 FACTORS AFFECTING INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT
THE MARKET FOR RE-REFINED AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL LUBE OIL IS
ESTIMATED TO VARY BETWEEN 385 MILLION ADN 650 MILLION GALLONS PER YEAR.
THE ABILITY OF THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY TO MEET THIS DEMAND IS DEPENDENT
UPON FEEDSTOCK AVAILABILITY, AVAILABLE RE-REFINING CAPACITY, AND
AVAILABILITY OF CAPITAL. THESE FACTORS ARE BRIEFLY ADDRESSED IN THE
FOLLOWING SUBSECTIONS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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8.5.1 FEEDSTOCK AVAILABILTY
IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT , WITHIN THEUNITED STATES, A CONCERTED
EFFORT MIGHT RECOVER FOR REUSE APPROXIMATELY 55 PERCENT OF TH-AUTOMOTIVE
OIL ND 30 PERCENT OF THE LUBE OIL FRACTION OF INDUSTRIAL OILS (REFS. 8-9
AND 8-10). A SUMMARY OF LUBEOIL AVAILABILITY IN THE YEAR 2000 IS
PRESENTED IN TABLE 8-4, WHICH SHOWS THAT SUFFICIENT USEDOIL FEEDSTOCK IS
AVAILABLE TO SUPPLY THE POTENTIAL DEMAND.
TABLE 8-4 ESTIMATED POTENTIAL RE-REFINED LUBE OIL
AVAILABILITY IN THE U.S. IN THEYEAR 2000
(MILLIONS OF GALLONS)
TABLE OMITTED
8.5.2 AVAILABLE RE-REFINING CAPACITY
VARIOUS ESTIMATES HAVE BEEN MADE OF THE CAPACITY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
WITHIN THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY. WEINSTEIN HAS PUBLISHED AN ESTIMTE OF
RE-REFINING CAPACITY FOR 1973 (REF. 8-12). BY MODIFYING THESE DATA TO
ELIMINATE FUEL PROCESSORS AND THOSE WHO INDICATED THAT THEY WERE GOING
OUT OF BUSINESS, THE REFINING CAPACITY FOR 1974 WAS ESTIMATED AS SHOWN
IN TABLE 8-5. BOTH FROST AND SULLIVAN (REF. 8-4) AND SWAIN (REF. 8-11)
PROVIDED ESTIMATE FOR 1975) WHICH ARE ALOS LISTED IN TABLE 8-5.
THE CAPAICTY REQUIRED FOR RE-REFINING SUFFICIENT QUANTITIES OF USED
OIL TO SATISFY THE PROJECTED ANNUAL MARKET OF 385 MILLION TO 650 MILLION
GALLONS IN THE YEAR 2000 IS ABOUT 5 TO 9 TIMES THE CURRENT INDUSTRY
CAPACITY, ASSUMING A PROCESS YIELD OF 75 PERCENT. THIS INCREASE IN
NEEDED CAPACITY WOULD BE REDUCED BY ABOUT 30 PERCENT IF THE PLANTS COULD
BE OPERATED OVERTHE ENTIRE YEAR RATHER THAN ONLY FOR 250 DAYS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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TABLE 8-5. ESTIMATES OF RE-REFINING INDUSTRY LUBE OIL BASE STOCK
CAPACITY
TABLE OMMITTED
8.5.3 CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY TO ASSES THE
FUTURE CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE, A
PLANT AND EQUIPMENT (P&E) INVESTMENT OF $0.18 TO $0.32 PER GALLON
FEESTOCK WAS USED. BASED ON A 10 MILLION GALLON PER YEAR PLANT
OPERATING 250 DAYS PER YEAR, PROCESSING THE APPROXIMATELY 500 MILLION TO
870 MILLION GALLONS OF USED OIL FEEDSTOCK TO SATISFY ESTIMATED MARKET
DEMAND BY THE YEAR 2000 WOULD REQUIRE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS OF AT LEAST
$90 TO $280 MILLION (1977) DOLLARS. RAISING THE SUM MAY POSE SERIOUS
DIFFICULTIES FOR THERE-REFINING INDUSTRY.
8.6 REFERENCES
8-1 J.L. HELM, "THE OUTLOOK FOR LUBRICANTS," AM-75-25 PAPER PRESENTED
AT THE NATIONAL PETROLEUM REFINERS ASSOCIATION 73RD ANNUAL MEETING, SUN
OIL COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA (MARCH 1975).
8-2 A. CANTRELL, "ANNUAL REFINING SURVEY," OIL AND GAS JOURNAL, VOL.
75, NO. 13 (28 MARCH 1977).
8-3 E.M. LEE, "WORLD LUBRICANT SUPPLY/DEMAND -- ITS IMPACT ON THE
UNITED STATES," AM-76-15, PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 1976 NATIONAL PETROLEUM
REFINRES ASSOCIATIN ANNUAL MEETING, ATLANTIC RICHFIELD COMPANY, LOS
ANGELES, (1976).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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8-4 WASTE LUBRICATING OIL RE-REFINING,FROST AND SULLIVAN INC., NEW
YORK, (1975).
8-5 J.L. HELM, "DOMESTIC LUBE OIL OUTLOOK" AM-77-16 PAPER PRESENTED
AT THE 1977 NATIONAL PETROLEUM REFINERS ASSOCIATION ANNUAL MEETING, SUN
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA (1977).
8-6 "SALES OF LUBRICATING AND INDUSTRIAL OILS AND GREASES" CURRENT
INDUSTRIAL REPORTS, MA-290(75)-1, BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, WASHINGTON, D.C.
(SEPTEMBER 1976).
8-7 THE NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN, EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT,
ENERGY POLICY AND PLANNING, WASHINGTON, D.C. (29 APRIL 1977).
8-8 P.M. CUKOR, ET AL., A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDY OF WASTE OIL
RECOVERY PART III, TEKNEKRON, INC., BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA (OCTOBER 1973).
8-9 WASTE OIL RECOVERY PRACTICES -- STATE OF THE ART (1972), U.S.
ENVIROHNMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, NTIS NO. PB-229601 (DECEMBER 1972;
PREPARED BY ENVIRONMENTALQUALITY SYSTEMS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C.
8-10 S. CHANSKY, ET AL., WASTE AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OIL RE-USE AS A
FUEL, EPA-600/5-74-032, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
WASHINGTON, D.C. (SEPTEMBER 1974).
8-11 J.W. SWAIN, JR., ASSESSMENTOF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES -- PETROLEUM RE-REFINING INDUSTRY, U.S.
ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, D.C. (JANUARY 1977).
8-12 N.J. WEINSTEIN, WASTE OIL RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL
EPA-670/2-74-052, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C.
(AUGUST 1974).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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SECTION 9
INSTITUTIONAL IMPACTS ON RE-REFINING
9.1 QUALITY
THIS SECTION FOCUSES ON THE QUALITY OF LUBE OILS USED IN INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES, WHICH ARE THE LARGEST USERS OF LUBE OIL. IN
SERVICE, CRANKCASE OILS ARE EXPOSED TO HARSH CONDITIONS CAUSED BY MANY
FACTORS, INCLUDING OPERATION OF THE ENGINE AT HIGH SPEEDS AND HIGH
PRESSURES AND, MOST IMPORTANTLY, BY THE CONTAMINATING EFFECTS OF FUEL
AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS. IN ADDITION, THE ENGINE DUTY CYCLE VARIES FROM
STOP-AND-GO TRAFFIC ENCOUNTERED BY PASSENGER CARS IN THE SUBZERO WINTER
WEATHER OF THE NORTHERN STATES TO HAULING HEAVY LOADS THROUGH THE
DESERTS OF THE SOUTHWEST DURING SUMMERTIME. IF THE QUALITY OF
RE-REFINED LUBE OIL CAN BE ESTABLISHED AS EQUIVALENT TO VIRGIN LUBE OIL
IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS, THE EXISTING BARRIERS FOR ITS USE IN OTHER
APPLICATIONS WOULD BE ELIMINATED. QUALITY IS ALSO OF INTEREST TO USERS
OF INDUSTRIAL OILS. SINCE THE SEVERITY OF THE OPERATING CONDITIONS
ENCOUNTERED IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS IS LESS THAN AN INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES, OIL SPECIFICATIONS AND OIL QUALITY TESTS ARE EASIER
TO DEFINE. THEREFORE, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OIL SOURCE, EITHER VIRGIN
CRUDE OR USED OIL, IS DIMINISHED. THIS IS EVIDENCED BY A GENERAL
ACCEPTANCE OF RE-REFINED MACHINE COOL HYDRAULIC OIL BUT NOT OF
RE-REFINED ENGINE CRANKCASE OIL. WHILE THE USE OF RE-REFINED OIL
CURRENTLY HAS LIMITED ACCEPANCE IN THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR, IT IS WIDELY
USED IN RAILROAD DIESEL ENGINES. IN THIS CAE, ADEQUATE LUBE OIL QUALITY
IS MAINTAINED AND CONTROLLED BY THE RAILROAD OPERATORS THROUGH TIGHT
CONTROL OF THE RECYCLING PROCESS AND THE PRACTICE OF FREQUENT LABORATORY
ANALYSIS OF LUBE OIL CONDITIONS IN ENGINE SERVICE.
9.1.1 API SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS
9.1.1 BACKGROUND
THE FIRST ATTEMPT OF CLASSIFYING CRANKCASE LUBE OILS TO SERVE AS A
GUIDE FOR SELECTION OF A PROPER OIL WAS MADE IN 1911 WITH THE ADOPTION
OF THE SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS (SAE) CRANKCASE OIL VISCOSITH
CALSSIFICATION SYSTEM. IN 1947, THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API)
ESTABLISHED A SYSTEM WHICH ADDRESSED THE PERFORMANCE (QUALITY)
CAPABILITY OF LUBE OIL. THIS SYSTEM IS SHOWN IN TABLE 9-1.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TABLE 9-1. ORIGINAL API LUBE OIL RATING SYSTEM (1947)
TABLE OMITTED
IN 1950, TH E API DEVELOPED ANOTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (DESIGNATED
"OLD"), WHICH CONSIDERS DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES
AND WHICH DESCRIBES IN GENERAL TERMS THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH ENGINES
ARE OPERATED. EACH OIL CLASSIFICATIONS ARE DESCRIBED IN TABLE 9-3.
TABLE 9-2. OLD API LUBE OIL CLASSIFICATIONS SYSTEM (1950)
TABLE OMITTED
TO IMPLEMENT THE NEW ENGINE SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS, API CONSULTED
THE UNITED STATES PASSENGER CAR MANUFACTURERS REGARDING THE DEFINITION
OF LABORATORY ENGINE TESTS WHICH WOULD BE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MOST
SEVERE ENGINE OPERATING CONDITIONS ENCOUNTERED IN SERVICE. THESE TEST
SPECIFICATIONS THEN FORMED THE BASIS FOR THE MS CLASSIFICATION. THE ML
AND MM CLASSIFICATIONS ARE ANOLOGOUS TO THE OLD REGULAR AND PREMIUM
CLASSIFICATIONS. THE MS TEST SEQUENCES ARE PRESENTED IN TABLE 9-4. THE
CORRESPONDING TEST PROCEDURES WERE PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM) AS PUBLICATION NO. 3151.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TABLE 9-3. OLD API ENGINE SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS
TABLE OMITTED
TABLE 9-4. MS TEST SEQUENCE
TABLE OMITTED
NO NEW TEST PROCEDURES WERE DEVELOPED BY API FOR THE DS
CLASSIFICATION (REF. 9-2). IN THE 1930S, THE CATEPILLAR TRACTOR COMPANY
DEVELOPED LUBE OIL TEST PROCEDURES FOR ITS DIESEL ENGINRD (REF. 9-3).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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USING THESE PROCEDURES, CATEPILLAR CONDUCTED TESTS OF COMMERCIALLY
AVAILABLE LUBE OILS AND SPECIFIED LUBE OILS FOR ITS ENGINES BY BRAND
NAME. THESE TEST PROCEDURES AND THOSE DEVELOPED LATEF BY THE MACK TRUCK
CORPORATION WERE EVENTUALLY INCORPORATED INTO TEST PROCEDURES MEETING
THE API DIESEL ENGINE SERVICE CLASSIFICATION.
9.1.2 CURRENT SYSTEM
THE ORIGINAL API CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM WAS FOUND TO BE INDEQUATE TO
SATISFY CHANGING LUBRICATION AND WARRANTY SERVICE REQUIREMENTS
ESTABLISHED BY THE ENGINE MANUFACTURERS. THEREFORE, A COOPERATIVE
EFFORT WAS INITIATED BY THE API, ASTM, AND SAE TO DEVELOP A NEW
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. THE NEW SYSTEM IS OPEN-ENDED, AND NEW
CLASSIFICATIONS CAN BE ADDED AS REAUIRED. ENGINE OIL PERFORMANCE AND
SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS ARE PUBLISHED AS SAE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE J 183
A. A DESCRIPTION OF THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IS PROVIDED IN TABLE 9-5.
THE NEW CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IS ESSENTIALLY AN EXTENDED VERSION OF
THE OLD SYSTEM. THE NUMBER AND TYPE OF TESTS SPECIFIED HAVE BEEN
CHANGED TO REFLECT NEW AND MORE SEVERE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS. A
COMPLETE SET OF ENGINE TEST SPECIFICATIONS, RELATING THE TWO SYSTEMS, IS
SHOWN IN TABLE 9-6. THIS TABLE ALSO SHOWS TEST REQUIREMENTS FOR
MILITARY SPECIFICATION QUALIFICATION, WHICH IS ADDRESSED IN SECTION
9.1.3.
9.1.1.3 USAGE
USE OF THE API OIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IS NOT MANDATORY AND IS LEFT
TO THE DISCRETION OF THE LUBE OIL PRODUCER AND ENGINE MANUFACTURER. THE
OIL PRODUCER ESTABLISHES THE SUITABILITY OF THE LUBE OIL FOR EACH
DESIGNATED CLASS OF SERVICE, WHILE THE ENGINE MANUFACTURER RECOMMENDS
THE APPROPRIATE SERVICE CLASSIFICATION FOR USE IN ITS ENGINES. NEITHER
THE API NOR ANY REGULATORY AGENCY HAS AN INTEREST IN LUBE OIL QUALITY
AND LABELING PRACTICES. THERE IS NO ASSURANCE THAT AN OIL IS CAPABLE OF
MEETING THE DESIGNATED SERVICE REQUIREMENTS, EXCEPT FOR TRUST IN THE
INTEGRITY OF THE PRODUCER, AS THERE ARE NO FORMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
DESIGNATING THE SERVICE CLASSIFICATION OF LUBE OILS.
9.1.2 ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS
9.1.2.1 BACKGROUND
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TABLE 9-5. API ENGINE SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS
TABLE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TABLE 9-6. U.S. ENGINE TEST SPECIFICATIONS FOR CRANKCASE OILS (REF.
9-4)
TABLE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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THE INTENT OF THE ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS IS TO SIMULATE ACTUAL FIELD
OPERATING CONDITIONS IN THE LABORATORY ON AN ACCELERATED TIME SCALE.
SEQUENCE TESTS ARE ESTABLISHED BY THE ENGINE MANUFACTURERS FOR USE IN
SPECIFIC PRODUCTION ENGINES TO RESOLVE LUBE OIL RELATED PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH THESE ENGINES. MUCH EFFORT GOES INTO DEVISING THESE
TEST PROCEDURES TO MAKE THEM RELEVANT TO FIELD SERVICE AND TO MAKE THE
RESULTS REPRODUCIBLE FROM TEST TO TEST AND FROM LABORATORY TO
LABORATORY. FOR EXAMPLE, GENERAL MOTORS (GM) HAS INVESTIGATED 810
SEPARATE TESTS OVER THE PAST 10-1/2 YEARS. THE SEQUENCE TESTS ARE USED
BY GM AS A MEANS FOR SCREENING LUBE OILS FOR ACCEPTABILITY. HOWEVER, GM
RECOMMENDS REAL FIELD TESTS TO CONCLUSIVELY DETERMINE LUBE OIL QUALITY
(REF. 9-3).
9.1.2.2 TEST DESCRIPTIONS
AS SHOWN IN TABLE 9-6, LUBRICANTS MAY BE QUALIFIED TO THE SE SERVICE
CLASSIFICATION (HIGHEST GRADE FOR GASOLINE ENGINE SERVICE) BY COMPLETION
OF FOUR ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS, IIC, IIIC, VC, AND COORDINATING RESEARCH
COUNCIL (CRC) OF THE SAE TEST L-38. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THESE TESTS,
AS DEFINED IN REFS. 9-2, 9-6, AND 9-7, FOLLOWS.
OLDSMOBILE SEQUENCE TEST IIC
PURPOSE: TO EVALUATE RUSTING CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR OILS. THIS
TEST RELATES TO SHORT TRIP SERVICE UNDER TYPICAL WINTER CONDITIONS IN
THE UPPER MIDWESTERN U.S.
EQUIPMENT: A 1967 OLDSMOBILE 425 CID V-8 ENGINE, WITH A 10.25:1
COMPRESSION RATIO AND EQUIPPED WITH A 2-BARREL CARBURETOR AND WATER
COOLED ROCKER ARM COVERS.
TEST CONDITIONS:
PART 1: SPEED . . . 1,500 RPM LOAD . . . 25 HP OIL TEMPERATURE . . .
120 DEGREES F ENGINE COOLANT TEMPERATURE, INLET . . . 105 DEGREES F
ROCKER ARM COOLANT TEMPERATURE, OUTLET . . . 60 DEGREES F TEST DURATION
. . . 28 HR
PART 2: SPEED . . . 1500 RPM LOAD . . . 25 HP OIL TEMPERATURE . . .
120 DEGREES F ENGINE COOLANT TEMPERATURE, INLET . . . 115 DEGREES F
ROCKER ARM COOLANT TEMPERATURE, OUTLET . . . 60 DEGREES F TEST DURATION
. . . 2 HR
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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PART 3: SPEED . . . 3600 RPM LOAD . . . 100 HP OIL TEMPERATURE,
INLET . . . 260 DEGREES F ENGINE COOLANT TEMPERATURE, INLET . . . 190
DEGREES F ROCKER ARM COOLANT TEMPERATIRE, OUTLET . . . 198 DEGREES F
TEST DURATION . . . 2 H R
INSPECTIONS:
RUST: USING CRC MANUAL NO. 7, AVERAGERUST RATINGS ARE MADE OF THE
FIVE PARTS LISTED BELOW. AN AVERAGE RATING OF 8.4 OR BETTER (SCALE OF 0
TO 10 WHERE 10 IS "CLEAN") MEETS THE REQUIREMENTS FOR SE
CLASSIFICATIONS. 1. VALVE LIFTER BODIES 2. VALVE LIFTER PLUNGERS 3.
VALVE LIFTER BALLS 4. OIL PUMP RELIEF VALVE 5. PUSHRODS
OTHER: STICKING OF THE OIL PUMP RELIEF VALVE AND OF VALVE LIFTERS IS
NOTED.
OLDSMOBILE SEQUENCE TEST IIIC
PURPOSE: TO EVALUATE HIGH TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE OF MOTOR OILS.
THIS TEST RELATES TO HIGH-SPEED TURNPIKE OPERATION UNDER HIGH AMBIENT
TEMPERATURES TYPICAL OF THE SOUTHWESTERN PARTS OF THE U.S.
EQUIPMENT: SAME AS SEQUENCE TEST IIC.
TEST CONDITIONS:
CYCLE 1:
PART 1: SPEED . . . 3000 RPM LOAD . . . 100 HP OIL TEMPERATURE,
INLET . . . 300 DEGREES F ENGINE COOLANT TEMPERATURE, OUTLET . . . 235
DEGREES F ROCKER ARM COOLANT TEMPERATURE, OUTLET . . . 240 DEGREES F
TEST DURATION . . . 8 HR
PART 2: SHUTDOWN FOR 15-30 MINUTES TO MEASURE OIL VISCOSITY AND
REPLENISH OIL TO PROPER LEVEL.
CYCLE 2 THROUGH CYCLE 8: REPEAT CYCLE 1 SO AS TO ACCUMULATE 64 HR
TOTAL RUNNING TIME.
INSPECTIONS:
SLUDGE: USING CRC MANUAL NO. 10, AVERAGE SLUDGE RATINGS OF THE THREE
PARTS LISTED BELOW ARE MADE. AN AVERAGE RATING OF 9.0 OR BETTER MEETS
REQUIREMENTS FOR AN SE OIL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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VARNISH: USING CRC MANUAL NO. 9, AVERAGE VARNISH RATINGS ARE MADE OF
ALL EIGHT PISTONS. AN AVERAGE RATING OF 9.3 MEETS REQUIREMENTS FOR AN
SE OIL.
STICKING: NOTE AND REPORT NUMBER OF STUCK RINGS AND LIFTERS. NO
STICKING IS ALLOWED FOR AN SE OIL RATING.
SCUFFING: NOTE AND REPORT NUMBER AND CONDITION OF THE FOLLOWING FIVE
PARTS. NO SCUFFING IS PERMITTED FOR AN SE QUALITY OIL. 1. VALVE
LIFTERS 2. CAM LOBES 3. VALVE STEMTIPS 4. ROCKER ARM PADS 5. ROCKER
PIVOTS
WEAR: DETERMINE WEAR BY BEFORE AND AFTER MEASREMENTS OF THE
FOLLOWING TWO PARTS. AN AVERAGE WEAR (CAM LOBE PLUS LIFTER BODY) OF
UNDER 0.0010 INCHES, WITH A MAXIMUM INDIVIDUAL VALUE OF 0.0020 INCHES,
MEETS THE REQUIREMENTS OF AN SE OIL. 1. CAM LOBES . . . 2. LIFTERS
VISCOSITY INCREASE: ENGINE OIL VISCOSITY INCREASE (VISCOSITY
MEASURED AT 100 DEGREES F) AT THE END OF 40 HOURS OPERATION MUST BE LESS
THAN 40 PERCENT TO MEET SE OIL REQUIREMENTS.
OIL CONSUMPTION: MUST BE LESS THAN 20 OUNCES AT THE END OF ANY 8
HOUR TEST CYCLE. OTHERWISE, THE TEST IS CONCLUDED.
FORD SEQUENCE TEST VC
PURPOSE: TO EVALUATE SLUDGE AND VARNISH FORMING TENDENCIES UNDEF
AVERAGE DRIVING CONDITIONS. THIS TEST RELATES TO LOW SPEED, LOW
TEMPERATURE, STOP-AND-GO CITY DRIVING COMBINED WITH MODERATE TURNPIKE
OPERATION.
EQUIPMENT: A 302 CLD V-8 FORD ENGINE (PART NO. 302-GP-6003-A
S06000-A) EQUIPPED WITH A TWO BARREL CARBURETOR.
TEST CONDITIONS:
CYCLE 1:
PART 1: SPEED . . . 2500 RPM LOAD . . . 87 HP OIL TEMPERATURE,
GALLERY . . . 177 DEGREES F ENGINE COOLANT TEMPERATURE, OUTLET . . . 135
DEGREES F TEST DURATION . . . 2 HR
PART 2: SPEED . . . 2500 RPM LOAD . . . 87 HP OIL TEMPERATURE,
GALLERY . . . 200 DEGREES F ENGINE COOLANT TEMPERATURE, OUTLET . . . 170
DEGREES F TEST DURATION . . . 1.25 HR
PART 3: SPEED . . . 500 RPM LOAD . . . 2 HP OIL TEMPERATURE, GALLERY
. . . 120 DEGREES F ENGINE COOLANT TEMPERATURE, OUTLET . . . 115 DEGREES
F TEST DUREATION . . . 0.75 HR
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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/1/ EXCEPT FOR SAE 10 OIL, THEN USE 275 DEGREES F.
CYCLY 2 TO CYCLE 48: REPEAT CYCLE 1 FOUR TIMES IN ONE DAY, FOLLOWED
BY AN 8-HOUR SOAK PERIOD. THE DAILY CYCLE IS REPEATED FOR 12 DAYS SO AS
TO ACCUMULATE A TOTAL OF 192 HR RUNNING TIME. OIL ADDITIONS OF UP TO 16
OUNCES ARE PERMITTED AFTER THE FIRST 16 HR OF RUNNING TIME AND 12 OUNCES
FOR EACH SUCCEEDING 16 HR. FAILURE TO RESTORE TO THE FULL MARK RESULTS
IN TEST TERMINATION.
INSPECTIONS:
SLUDGE: USING CRC MANUAL NO. 10, AVERAGE SLUDGE RATINGS OF THE SIX
PARTS LISTED BELOW ARE MADE. AN AVERAGE RATING OF 8.5 MEETS
REQUIREMENTS FOR AN SE OIL. 1. ROCKER ARM COVERS 2. INTAKE ANIFOLD 3.
OIL PAN 4. VALVE DECK AREAS 5. PUSH ROD CHAMBER 6. TIMING GEAR COVER
VARNISH: USING CRC MANUAL NO. 9, AVERAGE VARNISH RATINGS ARE MADE
FRO THE FIVE PARTS LISTED BELOW. AN AVERAGE RATING OF 8.0 MEETS
REQUIREMENTS FOR AN SE OIL. 1. PISTON SKIRTS 2. ROCKER ARM COVERS 3.
VALVE LIFTERS 4. CYLINDER WALLS 5. OIL PAN
CLOGGING: THE PERCENT CLOGGING OF THE OIL RINGS (AVERAGE) AND OIL
SCREEN ARE MEASURED. A RATING OF LESS THAN 5 PERCENT FOR EACH ITEM
MEETS REQUIREMENTS FOR AN SE OIL.
STICKING: THE NUMBER OF STUCK COMPRESSION RINCS ARE NOTED. NO STUCK
RINGS ARE PERMITTED FOR AN SE OIL RATING.
CRC TEST L-38
PURPOSE: TO EVALUATE BEARING CORROSION CHARACTERISTICS OF LUBE OILS.
EQUIPMENT: A SINGLE CYLINDER 42.5 CLD ENGINE DEVELOPED BY THE
COMMITTEE ON LUBRICANT RESEARCH (CLR) AND MANUFACTURED BY THE LABORATORY
EQUIPMENT COMPANY (LEC).
TEST CONDITIONS: SPEED . . . 3150 RPM FUEL FLOW . . . 475 LB/HR
AIR-FUEL RATIO . . . 14.0: 1 OIL TEMPERATURE . . . 290 DEGREES F /1/
COOLANT TEMPERATURE . . . 200 DEGREES F TEST DURATION . . . 40 HR
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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INSPECTIONS:
WEAR: CONNECTING ROD BEARING WEIGHT IS MEASURED BEFORE AND AFTER
COMPLETING THE TEST. A WEIGHT LOSS OF LESS THAN 40 MG MEETS THE
REQUIREMENTS OF AN SE OIL.
9.1.2.3 TEST COSTS
COST OF COMPLETING THESE SEQUENCE TESTS ARE ILLUSTRATED BY THE
FOLLOWING: AS CHARGED BY SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SRI) (REF. 9-5).
SEQUENCE TEST IIC . . . $2570
SEQUENCE TEST IIIC . . 3995
SEQUENCE TEST V C . . . 4300
CRC TEST L-35 . . . . . 1195
TOTAL . . . . . . . . .$12060
9.1.2.4 TEST ENGINE REUSE
GENERALLY, THE ENGINES USED FOR SEQUENCE TESTS ARE REUSED. AFTER
INSPECTION, THEY ARE CLEANED AND REBUILT IN ACCORDANCE WITH DETAILED
REQUIREMENTS CONTAINED IN THE TEST SPECIFICATION (REF. 9-6). IN
GENERAL, PARTS MEETING NEW ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS ARE REUSED. SPECIFIC
INSTRUCTIONS ARE PROVIDED FOR THE VARIOUS PARTS. FOR EXAMPLE IN THE
IIIC TEST, CONNECTING ROD BEARINGS MAY BE REUSED, WHILE CAMSHAFT
BEARINGS ARE REPLACED AFTER EACH TEST; THE CAMSHAFT SPROCKET AND TIMING
CHAIN ARE REPLACED AFTER EVERY SECOND TEST.
THE TOTAL LIFE OF AN ENGINE USED IN SEQUENCE TESTING IS HIGHLY
VARIABLE, DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC TESTS CONDUCTED AND THE QUALITY OF
THE OIL TESTED. MINIMUM LIFE IS LESS THAN ONE TEST IF A CATASTROPHIC
FAILURE OCCURS, SUCH AS A THROWN ROD, WHILE MAXIMU, LIFE IS REACHED WHEN
CYLINDER WEAR IS OUTSIDE SPECIFICATIONS AND THE BLOCK MUST BE REPLACED,
AS THE ENGINE BLOCK IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO REPRESENT THE ENGINE AND
NOT JUST A REPLACEABLE COMPONENT OF THE ENGINE.
9.1.2.5 TEST FACILITIES.
MAJOR INDEPENDENT LABORATORIES PERFORMING ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTING ARE
SRI AND AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES (ARA), BOTH LOCATED IN SAN
ANTONIC, TEXAS. THESE TWO FACILITIES ARE APPROVED FOR ALL TESTING
REQUIRED FOR MILITARY SPECIFICATION APPROVAL. A THIRD INDEPENDENT
LABORATORY IS THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH LABORATORIES (ARL) OF CHICAGO,
ILLINOIS. ARL IS ONLY APPROVED FOR A PORTION OF THE REQUIRED MILITARY
SPECIFICATION (MIL-SPEC) TESTS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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OTHER FACILITIES APPROVED FOR MIL-SPEC TESTING (ALL OR PART)
ARE LUBRIZOL AND EDWIN COOPER COMPANY, AS WELL AS AMOCO, SHELL,
SUN OIL, AND TEXACO. OTHER MAJOR LUBE OIL COMPANIES, SUCH AS
CHEVRON AND EXXON, HAVE IN-HOUSE ENGINE TEST FACILITIES WHICH ARE
USED FOR DEVELOPMENT WORK AND ARE ACCEPTABLE FOR LUBE OIL
QUALIFICATION TESTS.
9.1.2.6 PASS/FAIL FREQUENCY
LUBE OILS SUBMITTED BY PRODUCERS TO INDEPENDENT LABORATORIES FOR
MILITARY QUALIFICATION, OR FOR OTHER PURPOSES, ARE GENERALLY GHOROUGHLY
PRE-SCREENED IN-HOUSE. THEREFORE, THE EXPECTED PASS/FAIL RATIO OF
TESTED OILS SHOULD BE FAIRLY HIGH. ACCORDING TO EXXON (REF. 9-8), OF
ABOUT 100 TESTS PERFORMED IN THE 1975 TO 1976 TIME FRAME, ONLY THREE
FAILURES OCCURRED. HOWEVER, ACCORDING TO THE ASTM ENGINE TEST
MONITORING CENTER, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA (REF. 9-9), A HIGH FAILURE
RATE WAS EXPERIENCED IN THE EARLY 1970S. AT THAT TIME, EVEN REFERENCE
OILS WERE FAILING. A QUALIFIED LABORATORY IS GENERALLY REQUIRED TO
PERFORM REFERENCE OIL TESTS EVERY 15 TESTS OR 60 DAYS, WHICHEVER OCCURS
FIRST, TO MAINTAIN ITS QUALIFIED STATUS. WHEN REFERENCE OILS FAIL, THE
CRITERION FOR QUALIFICATION OF A CANDIDATE OIL IS THE DEGREE OF FAILURE
OF THE OIL RELATIVE TO THE REFERENCE OIL (REF. 9-9). FOR EXAMPLE, IF
THE REFERENCE OIL SCORED 9.0, INSTEAD OF 9.3 AS REQUIRED FOR A PASS, ANY
CANDIDATE OIL WITH A SCORE OF 9.0 OR BETTER WOULD BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE
PASSED.
ONCE AN OIL HAS SUCCESSFULLY PASSED A SERIES OF QUALIFICATION TESTS,
IT BECOMES QUALIFIED. THERE ARE NO RESTRICTIONS ON THE NUMBER OF
ATTEMPTS REQUIRED FOR QUALIFICATION. FOR COST REASONS, SOME OILS ARE
SPECIFICALLY BLENDED WITH A LOW AMOUNT OF ADDITIVES TO OBTAIN A MINIMUM
PASS SCORE. SHOULD FAILURE OCCUR, REFORMULATION IS IMPLEMENTED, AND THE
TESTS ARE THEN RERUN. FOR A SMALL MANUFACTURER, WHO WOULD HAVE
DIFFICULTY PAYING FOR SUCCESSIVE TESTS, AN ADDITIVE OVERDOSE MAY BE USED
TO OBTAIN A PASSING SCORE ON THE FIRST TRY.
THE SYSTEM OF SEQUENCE TEST QUALIFICATION IS PREMISED ON THE BELIEF
THAT IF THE OIL BASE STOCK, THE REFINING PROCESS, AND THE ADDITIVE
PACKAGE REMAIN UNCHANGED, THE OIL PRODUCED BY THIS PROCEDURE IS OF
EQUIVALENT QUALITY TO THE SAMPLE OF OIL ORIGINALLY QUALIFIED. NO
SPECIFIC CRITERIA FOR MEASURING THE CONSTANCY OF OIL PRODUCTION
PARAMETERS WERE FOUND IN THE COURSE OF THE STUDY. HOWEVER, CHEVRON
STATED THAT IN-HOUSE ENGINE TESTS ARE PERFORMED CONTINUOUSLY TO ASSURE
PRODUCT QUALITY.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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PART 165 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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9.1.3 MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS
9.1.3.1 BACKGROUND
THE UNITED STATES ARMY HAS, THROUGH ITS FUELS AND LUBRICANTS
LABORATORY AT FT. BELVOIR, VIRGINIA, RESPONSIBILITY WITHIN THE
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (DOD) FOR SETTING SPECIFICATIONS FOR LUBRICANTS
USED BY ALL GROUND VEHICLES. TWO LUBE OIL SPECIFICATIONS ARE OF
CONCERN: (1) MIL-L-46152, WHICH IS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE VEHICLES
TYPIFIED BY COMMERCIAL TYPES OF GASOLINE AND DIESEL POWERED VEHICLES;
AND (2) MIL-L-2104C, WHICH IS FOR TACTICAL VH VEHICLES TYPIFIED BY
HIGH-SPEED, HIGH-OUTPUT ENGINES, BOTH GASOLINE AND DIESEL. BOTH
SPECIFICATIONS REQUIRE ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTING.
THE FUELS AND LUBRICANTS LABORATORY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SPECIFICATION
CONTENT AND PRODUCT QUALIFICATION. ASSISTANCE IS PROVIDED BY THE ARMY
REVIEW BOARD (ARB), WHICH CONSISTS OF AN ENGINE OIL REVIEW COMMITTEE AND
A GEAR OIL REVIEW COMMITTEE. THE ENGINE OIL REVIEW COMMITTEE IS CHAIRED
BY THE LABORATORY AND CONSISTS OF REPRESENTATIVES FROM G, FORD,
CHRYSLER, CATERPILLAR TRACTOR, AND INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER (REF. 9-11).
THE ARB, IN COOPERATION WITH INDUSTRY, DEFINES QUALIFICATION TESTS
FOR MIL-SPEC'S AND REVIEWS OIL QUALIFICATION TEST DATA FOR THE PURPOSE
OF RECOMMENDING ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION. IT HAS CONSIDERABLE DISCRETION
IN SPECIFYING TESTS FOR THE QUALIFICATION OR REQUALIFICATION OF LUBE
OIL. THIS IS PARTICULARLY TRUE FOR REQUALIFICATION, WHICH MUST BE DONE
EVERY FOUR YEARS OR WHEN A CHANGE IN BASE STOCK, PROCESS, OR ADDITIVE IS
MADE. THE AMOUNT OF TESTING TO BE DONE FOR REQUALIFICATION DEPENDS ON
THE TYPES OF CHANGES, BOTH TO THE OIL AND TO THE SPECIFICATIONS. FOR
INSTANCE, IF THE SPECIFICATION WAS MODIFIED TO REQUIRE SEQUENCE TEST IIC
IN PLACE OF IIB, A LUBE OIL PREVIOUSLY QUALIFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH IIB
WOULD NOW ONLY HAVE TO PASS THE IIC TEST TO REMAIN QUALIFIED. A CHANGE
TO THE OIL MAKEUP, SUCH AS THE ANTIOXIDENT ADDITIVES, MAY IN THE
JUDGMENT OF THE ARB ONLY REQUIRE PASSAGE OF THE IIIC TEST.
9.1.3.2 OIL QUALIFICATION.
LUBE OIL IS PURCHASED BY THE MILITARY FOR ITS OWN USE AND FOR MOST
OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES ON A BID BASIS. ALL BIDS SUBMITTED ARE LIMITED
TO THOSE PRODUCTS INCLUDED IN THE APPLICABLE QUALIFIED PRODUCTS LIST
(QPL). IN CONTRAST TO THE API SERVICE DESIGNATIONS COVERING COMMERCIAL
USES, INCLUSION IN THIS LIST REQUIRES PASSAGE OF APPROPRIATE ENGINE
SEQUENCE AND OTHER TESTS. APPROVAL REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR FOUR YEARS,
PROVIDED NO CHANGES ARE MADE TO THE BASE STOCK, PROCESS, OR ADDITIVES.
THERE ARE ABOUT 600 TO 700 APPROVED OILS OF VARIOUS TYPES ON THIS LIST.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
WHEN AN APPROVED OIL IS PURCHASED BY THE MILITARY, A QUALITY
ASSURANCE (QA) TEST IS PERFORMED ON EACH LOT TO DETERMINE SUCH
PROPERTIES AS VISCOSITY, FLASH POINT, FOAMING, AND ORGANO-METALLIC
COMPONENT CONTENT. ALL PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS WHICH REQUIRE ENGINE
SEQUENCE TESTING ARE SPECIFICALLY EXCLUDED FROM THE QA TESTS.
9.1.3.3 THE MILITARY AND THE RE-REFINERS
CURRENTLY, REREFINERS ARE NOT PERMITTED TO SELL THEIR LUBE OIL
PRODUCTS TO THE MILITARY. IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE MIL-SPEC (SECTION 3.2,
MATERIALS), NO RE-REFINED CONSTITUENT MATERIALS SHALL BE USED. EVEN
REMOVAL OF THIS RESTRICTION MAY NOT OPEN THIS MARKET TO RE-REFINERS.
THE MIL-SPEC ALSO STATES: "WHENEVER THERE IS A CHANGE IN THE BASE
STOCK, . . . REQUALIFICATION WILL BE REQUIRED." CURRENTLY, THE FUELS AND
LUBRICANTS LABORATORY CONSIDERS RE-REFINED OIL AS A PRODUCT FROM A
VARIABLE BASE STOCK. THEREFORE, EACH BATCH PROCESSED WOULD HAVE TO
UNDERGO SEPARATE QUALIFICATION TESTING.
THE OBJECTION OF THE MILITARY TO RE-REFINED OIL DATES BACK TO THE
1950'S AND ENGINE PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED BY THE UNITED STATES ARMY WHILE
RUNNING FIELD TESTS WITH RE-REFINED OIL. MORE RECENTLY, TESTS WERE
CONDUCTED WITH TWO RE-REFINED OIL SAMPLES (REF. 9-11). ONE OIL
STENCILED WITH THE APPROPRIATE MIL-SPEC NUMBER WAS PURCHASED OFF THE
SHELF, AND THE OTHER OIL WAS PROVIDED BY A RE-REFINER. BASED ON BENCH
TESTS, IT APPEARED THAT BOTH OILS WERE COMPOUNDED (REF. 9-3). BOTH OILS
FILED IN SUBSEQUENT ENGINE TESTS. UNFORTUNATELY, NO DOCUMENTATION IS
AVAILABLE FROM THESE TESTS.
INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED WITH MILITARY OIL SPECIFICATIONS ARE GENUINELY
CONCERNED OVER LUBE OIL QUALITY AND THE POTENTIAL FOR ENGINE DAMAGE.
THE MILITARY IS DEALING WITH EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT, AND IN THE CASE OF
ACTUAL TACTICAL USAGE ENGINE FAILURE MAY RESULT IN THE LOSS OF MORE THAN
THE VALUE OF THE EQUIPMENT. THERE IS NO SO-CALLED PLOT TO RESERVE THE
LUBE LIL MARKET FOR THE VIRGIN LUBE OIL PRODUCERS.
9.1.4 NBS QUALITY TESTS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (NBS) HAS BEEN GIVEN A CHARTER
(PUBLIC LAW 94-163) TO DEVISE TESTS TO DETERMINE THE SUBSTANTIAL
EQUIVALENCY OF RE-REFINED OILS TO THAT OF VIRGIN LUBE OIL PRODUCTS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 167 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
NBS WILL INITIALLY ADDRESS FUEL OIL TESTS AND PROGRESSIVELY WORK UP
TO CRANKCASE LUBE OIL TESTS (REF. 9-12). NEWLY DEVELOPED TEST
PROCEDURES WILL BE PUBLISHED BY NBS AS THEY ARE FORMULATED.
AS PART OF THE NBS EFFORT ON DEVELOPING THESE TESTS, A WORKSHOP ON
MEASUREMENTS AND STANDARDS FOR RECYCLED OILS WAS HELD AT GAITHERSBURG,
MARYLAND IN NOVEMBER 1976. ATTENDEES WERE INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED WITH
LUBRICATING OIL: VIRGIN OIL PRODUCERS, RE-REFINERS, ENGINE
MANUFACTURERS, AND OTHERS, THE PURPOSE OF THE MEETING WAS TO ENABLE THE
NBS TO OBTAIN INPUTS RELATIVE TO RECYCLING USED OIL. THE BASIC NBS
PROGRAM PLAN INVOLVES (1) IDENTIFICATION OF OIL TEST PROCEDURES, (2)
ACQUISITION OF TEST PROCEDURE DATA THROUGH A NONLABORATORY PROGRAM, (3)
DEVELOPMENT OF A LABORATORY PROGRAM TO VERIFY APPLICABILITY OF TEST
PROCEDURES, AND (4) ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ADEQUACY OF THE ENTIRE TEST
PROCEDURE PACKAGE.
THE FINAL SESSION OF THE WORKSHOP, ENTITLED "PROBLEMS AND NEEDS IN
ESTABLISHING QUALITY FOR RECYCLED OIL PRODUCTS," FOCUSED PRIMARILY ON
THE API SERVICE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM, PARTICULARLY THAT FOR SE SERVICE.
IN THESE DISCUSSIONS, THE NEED TO PERFORM ACTUAL ENGINE TESTING FOR THE
PURPOSE OF EVALUATING OIL QUALITY WAS STRONGLY ADVOCATED BY ATTENDEES
REPRESENTING LUBE OIL, LUBE OIL ADDITIVE, AND ENGINE MANUFACTURERS.
BENCH TESTS OR OTHER SIMPLE TESTS ARE NOT CAPABLE OF DUPLICATING THE
ENVIRONMENT WITHIN THE ENGINE, PARTICULARLY THE EFFECTS OF FUEL AND
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT ENGINE TESTING IN THE
LABORATORY, WITHOUT SUPPORTING FIELD TESTS, WAS INSUFFICIENT TO
DETERMINE LUBE OIL QUALITY. THERE ARE NO PUBLISHED FIELD TEST
SPECIFICATIONS ANALOGOUS TO ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS, AND THERE IS NO
FORMAL SE APPROVAL SYSTEM THAT EXAMINES AN OIL AND APPROVES OF A RATING.
WHILE IT MAY NOT BE "CORRECT" TO DO SO, ANY COM0ANY CAN LEGALLY PLACE
AN SE LABEL ON ITS PRODUCT. THE COMPANY THUS ASSUMES WARRANTY FOR THE
PRODUCTS PERFORMANCE IN SERVICE. IT IS PERFORMANCE IN SERVICE THAT THE
API SYSTEM IS AIMED AT BY SPECIFYING A LEVEL OF SERVICE RATHER THAN A
SET OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEASURING THE PROPERTIES OF A LUBRICANT. THE
LUBE OIL AND ENGINE MANUFACTURERS MAINTAIN CLOSE WORKING RELATIONSHIPS
THROUGH COMMITTEES OF THE ASTM, SAE, AND ASLE, WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF
DEVELOPING LUBRICANTS THAT WILL PROVIDE SATISFACTORY SERVICE. LUBE OIL
RE-REFINERS WERE ENCOURAGED BY THESE COMMITTEES TO PARTICIPATE AND TO
WORK TOGETHER IN THE AREAS OF RESE ARCH AND TESTING OF LUBE OILS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 168 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102761
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
9.1.5 EPA/DOD LU E OIL TESTS
THE DOD, THROUGH USE OF ENVORONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)
FUNDING, IS INVOLVED IN A PROGRAM TO DETERMINE IF RE-REFINED OIL CAN
MEET SE QUALITY REAUIREMENTS. WHILE THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS
EFFORT IS DIRECTED TO SE QUALITY, MEETING THE MORE STRINGENT MIL-C-46152
REQUIREMENTS IS ALSO BEING EVALUATED.
AS PART OF THIS PROGRAM, SAMPLES OF RE-REFINED BASE STOCK OBTAINED
FROM VARIOUS RE-REFINERS WERE SENT TO THE ARMY FUELS AND LUBRICANTS
LABORATORY. EACH OIL WILL BE CATEGORIZED BY USE OF STANDARD ASTM TESTS
FOR VISCOSITY, FLASH POINT, CARBON RESIDUE, ANALINE POINT, AND OTHER
PROPERTIES. THE OILS WILL THEN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO QUALITY INTO
FOUR GROUPS, WITH THE WORST GROUP TO BE ELIMINATED FROM FURTHER TESTING
(REF. 9-11).
ADDITIVE PACKAGES WILL THEN BE DEVELOPED FOR THESE OILS. THE
PREFERRED APPROACH IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ADDITIVE PACKAGE FOR EACH
GROUP. AN ALTERNATE APPROACH IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PACKAGE FOR THE
LOWEST QUALITY OIL WHICH WOULD THEN ALSO BE USED FOR ALL OTHER OILS.
ADDITIVE PACKAGE DEVELOPMENT WILL BE BASED ON RECOMMENDATIONS OF
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURERS.
9.1.6 ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS OF BERC PROCESSED OIL
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DOE) BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER
(BERC) HAS BEEN WORKING SINCE 1971 ON A BROAD PROGRAM RELATED TO
RECLAMATION OF USED OIL. CURRENTLY, AN IN-HOUSE DEVELOPED PROCESS IS
USED WHICH APPEARS TO PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY LUBE OIL ON THE BASIS OF
BENCH TESTS. SUBSEQUENTLY, ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO
ESTABLISH THE ACTUAL QUALITY OF THE OIL. TWO SAMPLES OF BERC PROCESSED
RE-REFINED OIL, AND A THIRD SAMPLE OBTAINED FROM A COMMERCIAL
RE-REFINER, WERE SEQUENCE-TESTED AT SRI TO DETERMINE SE SERVICE
REQUIREMENTS (REF. 9-13). THE OILS TESTED WERE AS FOLLOWS:
OIL A: BERC SAE 10W30 OIL FORMULATED FROM 165 SUS (SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL
SECONDS AT 100 DEGREES F) HYDROFINISHED BASE STOCK.
OIL B: BERC SAE 10W30 OIL FORMULATED FROM 1 180 SUS CLAY TREATED
BASE STOCK.
OIL C: MOTOR OILS EXPRESS EXTRA, SAE 20 OIL RATED FOR API SERVICE
SE/CC.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 169 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102762
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
RESULTS OF THE ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS AND THE L-38 BEARING TEST ARE
SHOWN IN TABLE 9-7. INITIALLY, BOTH OIL A AND OIL B FAILED THE RUST
TEST.
TABLE 9-7. ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS OF BERC RE-REFINED OILS (REF.
9-13)
TABLE OMITTED
HOWEVER, AFTER ADDING AN ADDITIONAL 1 PERCENT OF CORROSION INHIBITOR,
THE OIL B PASSED THE TEST. OIL B ALSO FAILED PART OF THE VC TEST,
WHEREAS OIL A ONLY FAILED THE IIC RUST TEST. HOWEVER, THERE WAS
INSUFFICIENT OIL AVAILABLE TO REFORMULATE AND RETEST OIL A. THE
BERC-FORMULATED OILS WERE NOT SUBMITTED TO A BENCH TEST DESIGNED TO
SIMULATE THE L-38 TEST AND PASSED EASILY. OIL C, PROVIDED BY MOTOR OIL
REFINING, PASSED ALL ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS FOR AN SE QUALITY OIL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 170 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102763
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
IT IS BELIEVED THAT THIS IS THE FIRST TIME THAT A RE-REFINED OIL HAS
BEEN DEMONSTRATED AS BEING CAPABLE OF PASSING ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS.
9.1.7 MANUFACTURER WARRANTY REQUIREMENTS
ENGINE MANUFACTURERS HAVE A NATURAL DESIRE TO SEE THAT THEIR
EQUIPMENT PERFORMS SATISFACTORILY IN SERVICE. THIS IS 1 GOOD BUSINESS
PRACTICE AS IT LEADS TO CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND REPEAT SALES AND
REDUCES WARRANTY CLAIMS. THEREFORE, MANUFACTURERS RECOMMEND THE USE OF
HIGH-GRADE LUBRICANTS COMBINED WITH SPECIFIC MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES. A
REVIEW OF THE OWNER MANUALS ISSUED BY GM, FORD, AND CHRYSLER FOR MODEL
YEAR 1977 SHOWS THAT THE USE OF AN SE OIL IS RECOMMENDED. THERE ARE NO
SPECIFICATIONS AS TO WHETHER THE OIL MUST BE VIRGIN OR THAT RE-REFINED
PRODUCTS ARE EXCLUDED.
WARRANTEES GENERALLY CALL FOR THE REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT OF PARTS
FOUND TO BE DEFECTIVE IN MATERIALS OR WORKMANSHIP WITHIN A SPECIFIED
TIME AND MILEAGE. TYPICALLY, THEY APPLY FOR 12 MONTHS OR 12,000 MILES,
EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS ARE AN EXCEPTION AND MUST BE, DUE TO FEDERAL
LAW, WARRANTED FOR 5 YEARS OR 50,000 MILES.
MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP ARE FIXED PARAMETERS WHEN THE ENGINE LEAVES
THE FACTORY SUBSEQUENT USE, ABUSE, CARE, OR NEGLECT WILL NOT ALTER THESE
QUALITIES. AS STATED IN A FORD OWNER MANUAL, "CLAIMS . . . WILL NOT BE
DENIED SOLELY BECAUSE THE VEHICLE OR ENGINE WAS NOT PROPERLY MAINTAINED
AND USED." THIS POINT WAS EMPHASIZED AT THE NBS WORKSHOP (REF. 9-3) WHEN
ONE OF THE ENGINE MANUFACTURERS STATED THAT IF AN IN-WARRANTY ENGINE
FAILED BECAUSE OF LUBRICATION, THE LUBRICANT MANUFACTURER WOULD HAVE TO
BE CONTACTED FOR REPAIRS AND NOT THE ENGINE MANUFACTURER. IRRESPECTIVE
OF THE ENGINE WARRANTY STATUS, THERE IS AN IMPLIED WARRANTY BETWEEN THE
OIL PRODUCER AND THE USER. EQUIPMENT FAILURE DUE TO THE PERFORMANCE OF
THE LUBRICANT WILL BE RECTIFIED BY THE OIL PRODUCER. CONVERSELY, IT WAS
IMPLIED BY A NUMBER OF ATTENDEES AT THE NBS WORKSHOP (REF. 9-3) THAT
RE-REFINERS, BECAUSE OF THEIR SMALL SIZE MAY NOT STAND BEHIND THEIR
PRODUCT.
9.2 LEGISLATION
GOVERNMENTAL ACTION, THROUGH DIRECT LEGISLATION AND THE RESULTING
INTERPRETATION OF THESE LAWS, HAS AFFECTED THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF THE
RE-REFINING INDUSTRY. THE EARLY HISTORY OF LEGISLATION RELATIVE TO
RE-REFINING WAS INDIRECT AND RELATED TO REVENUE-RAISING CODES. THE MORE
RECENT LEGISLATION REFLECTS CURRENT AWARENESS OF THE NEED FOR
CONSERVATION AND ATTEMPTS TO STIMULATE THE RECYCLING OF LUBE OILS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 171 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102764
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
OTHER GOVERNMENTAL ACTION WHICH HAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE
RE-REFINING INDUSTRY OCCURRED UNDER THE POWER OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
LAWS INCLUDING THE LAGELING REQUIREMENTS PROMULGATED BY THE FEDERAL
TRADE COMMISSION (FTC) FOR APPLICATION TO CONTAINERS OF RE-REFINED OIL.
9.2.1 LABELING REQUIREMENTS
LABELING REQUIREMENTS ON RE-REFINED OILS ARE, AND HAVE BEEN, A
MIXTURE OF STATE LAWS AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS. AN APPARENT REASON FOR
THESE REQUIREMENTS IS AN UNDERLYING FEELING THAT RE-REFINED OIL IS OF
INFERIOR QUALITY RELATIVE TO VIRGIN LUBE OIL.
STATE LABELING LAWS PRECEDED FEDERAL REGULATIONS IN THIS FIELD, WITH
LAWS BEING ENACTED AS EARLY AS THE 1920'S. ABOUT 20 STATES HAVE
LABELING LAWS, OF WHICH 17 HAVE GENERALLY SIMILAR PROVISIONS RELATIVE TO
DECEPTION. THESE TEND TO BE PREDICATED ON TWO BASIC PREMISES. ONE
STATES THAT THE PUBLIC SHOULD NOT BE DECEIVED AS TO THE QUALITY OF THE
PRODUCT. HOWEVER, THE MECHANISM AS TO HOW THE PUBLIC IS TO BE PROTECTED
IS NOT SPELLED OUT IN THE LAW. THE OTHER SPECIFICALLY STATES THAT
RE-REFINED OIL MUST BE LABELED AS TO ITS PREVIOUS USE. BOTH PREMISES
EFFECTIVELY REQUIRE LABELING SINCE, IT IS ARGUED, IN THE ABSENCE OF A
PREVIOUS USE DISCLOSURE LABEL, THE CUSTOMER MIGHT THINK HE WAS BUYING
VIRGIN LUBE OIL AND HENCE BE DECEIVED ABOUT THE QUALITY OF THE PURCHASE.
THE COUNTER ARGUMENT, WHICH HAS NOT PREVAILED, IS THAT LUBE OIL
FEEDSTOCK ORIGIN, WHETHER IT BE USED OIL OR A CRUDE OF DIVERSE ORIGINS,
IS NOT NECESSARILY RELATED TO THE QUALITY OF THE FINAL PRODUCT.
SPECIFIC LABELING REQUIREMENTS EXIST IN ABOUT 20 STATES. IN CONTRAST
TO THE RELATIVELY SIMILAR GENERAL DECEPTION STATUTES THAT NECESSITATE
THESE LABELS, LABELING REQUIREMENTS; I.E., FORMAT, WORDS, AND LETTER
SIZE, ARE DIVERSE. IN SOME STATES, THESE REQUIREMENTS ARE PART OF THE
GENERAL MIS-BRANDING PROVISIONS. IN OTHERS, THEY APPLY SPECIFICALLY TO
RE-REFINED LUBE OIL. THE DIVERSITY IN THE LABELING FORMATS IMPOSES A
DIFFICULTY ON RE-REFINERS WHO MARKET IN MORE THAN ONE STATE.
FEDERAL ACTIVITIES, RELATIVE TO LABELING, BEGAN IN THE 1940'S THROUGH
THE FTC, COVERING CASES OF AFFIRMATIVE MISREPRESENTATION, SUCH AS
MISLABELING RE-REFINED OILS WITH LABELS STATING "100% PENNSYLVANIA."
FROM THIS BEGINNING, THE FTC PROGRESSED TO NONDISCLOSURE CASES.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 172 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102765
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
THE BASIC ARGUMENT OF THE FTC WAS THAT THE CONSUMER HAS A PREFERENCE
FOR VIRGIN LUBE OIL AND WOULD ASSUME THAT HE WAS GETTING IT IF NO
INDICATION TO THE CONTRARY WAS PROVIDED.
A NUMBER OF COURT CASES AND APPEALS WERE BROUGHT RELATIVE TO THE RTC
RULINGS. THESE SUITS COVERED A NUMBER OF ITEMS, STARTING WITH THE
FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT FOR A LABEL TO THE SPECIFIC WORDS ("RE-PROCESSED
OIL" WAS NOT A STRONG ENOUGH WARNING THAT THE OIL HAD BEEN PREVIOUSLY
USED) AND WHERE THE WORDS SHOULD BE DISPLAYED (FRONT PANEL OR SIDE
PANEL). ALL RULINGS WERE IN FAVOR OF LABELING REGULATIONS.
THE NET EFFECT OF REQUIRING RE-REFINED OIL TO BE PROMINENTLY LABELED
AS COMING FROM USED OIL WAS TO DENOTE -NFERIOR QUALITY. THIS IMAGE THEN
REQUIRED THE PRODUCT TO COMPETE IN THE MARKETPLACE ON THE BASIS OF
PRICE. AS SUCH, RE-REFINED OILS TENDED TO COMPETE AGAINST LOW QUALITY
VIRGIN LUBE OILS, WHICH COULD BE PRODUCED AT A SOMEWHAT LOWER COST THAN
A QUALITY RE-REFINED OIL. THIS MARKETING SITUATION TENDED TO HURT THE
RE-REFINERS ECONOMICALLY, BY REDUCING THEIR PROFIT MARGIN IN ORDER TO
REMAIN PRICE-COMPETITIVE WITH LOW QUALITY OILS. IN SOME INSTANCES,
QUALITY WAS SACRIFICED FOR PRICE, WHICH TENDED TO REINFORCE THE POOR
QUALITY IMAGE OF RE-REFINED OIL.
9.2.2 TAX STRUCTURES.
FEDERAL TAXATION OF LUBE OIL STARTED IN 1932 AT A LEVEL OF 4 CENTS
PER GALLON AND WAS TO BE PAID BY THE MANUFACTURER. ALL FUNDS RAISED
WENT INTO THE GENERAL REVENUE FUNDS. TO RAISE ADDITIONAL REVENUE, THE
TAX WAS INCREASED AN ADDITIONAL 2 CENTS PER GALLON DURING WORLD WAR II.
ALL LUBRICATING OILS WERE TAXED, EVEN THOUGH THE INTENT WAS TO TAX ONLY
THOSE VISCOSITIES USABLE IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. CONGRESS
DECIDED, WHEN DRAFTING THE LEGISLATION, THAT SOMEONE COULD BLEND
NONTAXED LIGHT AND NONTAXED HEAVY OIL AND PRODUCE A NONTAXED MOTOR OIL.
THE ONLY PROBLEM WITH THE LEGISLATION WAS THAT THE DEFINITION OF A
MANUFACTURER WAS NOT PROVIDED. THE BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE MADE ITS
OWN DECISION AS TO WHETHER RE-REFINERS WERE MANUFACTURERS. ITS DECISION
WAS THAT A RE-REFINER PRODUCING AN OIL SUBSTANTIALLY EQUIVALENT TO HOW
OIL WOULD BE CONSIDERED A MANUFACTURER AND BE TAXED. RE-REFINERS COULD
APPLY FOR EXEMPTIONS AND RECEIVE THEM ON A CASE-BY-CASE DETERMINATION.
BY 1938, ALL WHO APPLIED WERE GIVEN EXEMPTIONS. AN INTERNAL REVENUE
SERVICE (IRS) RULING IN 1954 FORMALLY EXEMPTED RE-REFINERS FROM BEING
MANUFACTURERS WITHOUT THE NEED OF APPLYING FOR AN EXEMPTION.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 173 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102766
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
THE EXCISE TAX REDUCTION ACT OF 1965 MAINTAINED THE PREVIOUSLY
ESTABLISHED TAX LEVEL OF 6 CENTS PER GALLON ON LUBE OIL, WITH THE
REVENUE OBTAINED GOING INTO THE HIGHWAY TRUST FUND. NOW, ONLY LUBE OIL
USED IN HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND PRODUCED FROM VIRGIN SOURCES IS TAXED,
WHILE ALL NON-AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL AND ALL RE-REFINED OIL IS TAX-FREE.
VIRGIN LUBE OIL USED IN NONHIGHWAY VEHICLES CAN BE SOLD WITHOUT TAX,
PROVIDED THE MANUFACTURER OBTAINS AN EXEMPTION CERTIFICATE.
ALTERNATIVELY, THE TAX CAN BE PAID BY THE MANUFACTURER, PASSED ON TO THE
PURCHASER (IN THE FORM OF INCREASED PRICE), AND THE PURCHASER CAN OBTAIN
A TAX REFUND THROUGH A REBATE OR CREDIT AGAINST INCOME TAX. NONHIGHWAY
USERS OF AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL, WHICH ARE EXEMPT FROM THIS TAX, RELY ON
THE REFUND SYSTEM SINCE AN AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL MANUFACTURER DOES NOT
KNOW A PFIORI WHETHER ITS LUBE OIL WILL BE USED IN HIGHWAY OR NONHIGHWAY
EQUIPMENT AND, HENCE, GENERALLY PAYS THE TAX. SIMILARLY, VIRGIN OILS
PURCHASED BY RE-REFINERS FOR BLENDING ARE PURCHASED AT A PRICE THAT
INCLUDES PAYMENT OF THE TAX BY THE MANUFACTURER, AND THE RE-REFINER HAS
TO OBTAIN A REFUND THROUGH THE REBATE SYSTEM.
THE TAX ADVANTAGE OF RE-REFINED OIL WAS ELIMINATED IN 1968 BY THE IRS
RULING 68-108, WHICH STATES THAT VIRGIN LUBE OILS PURCHASED BY
RE-REFINERS ARE NO LONGER ELIGIBLE FOR REBATES. FURTHER, THE NONHIGHWAY
USER OF A RE-REFINED OIL CANNOT GET A REBATE ON THE TAXED VIRGIN OIL
PORTION BLENDED WITH THE RE-REFINED OIL IN THAT RE-REFINED OIL IS
TAX-FREE. THUS, FOR A 50/50 BLEND OF VIRGIN AND RE-REFINED OIL, THE
RE-REFINER'S TAX ADVANTAGE OVER VIRGIN OIL IN THE HIGHWAY FIELD IS
REDUCED FROM 6 CENTS PER GALLON TO 3 CENTS PER GALLON. IN THE
NINHIGHWAY USE FIELD, RE-REFINED OIL NOW HAS A 3 CENTS PER GALLON
DISADVANTAGE. THIS SHIFT IN PROFITABILITY OF 3 CENTS PER GALLON MAY
SEEM SMALL. HOWEVER, PRIOR TO THE 1973 OIL PRICE INCREASE AND INCREASED
PROFITABILITY IN RE-REFINING, IT REPRESENTED A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF
THE PROFIT MARGIN IN RE-REFINING.
THIS IRS RULING APPEARS TO BE IN OPPOSITION TO THE INTENT OF
CONGRESS, WHICH WAS TO PROMOTE HIGHWAY BUILDING THROUGH FUNDS RAISED
FROM HIGHWAY USERS. NONHIGHWAY USERS OF RE-REFINED LUBE OILS BLENDED
WITH VIRGIN LUBE WOULD BE CONTRIBUTING TO THE HIGHWAY FUND.
9.2.3 EFFECT OF PUBLIC LAWS 94-163 AND 95-580
9.2.3.1 PUBLIC LAW 94-163
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 174 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102767
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
PUBLIC LAW 94-163 WAS PASSED ON 22 DECEMBER 1975 AND IS ENTITLED
"ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT." THIS RATHER BROAD ACT, WHICH
GRANTS THE PRESIDENT STANDBY RATIONING POWERS, PROVIDES FOR A STRATEGIC
PETROLEUM RESERVE, AND PROVIDES FOR INCREASED EFFICIENCY OF MOTOR
VEHICLES, ALSO INCLUDES A SECTION FOR FEDERAL ACGIONS WITH RESPECT TO
RECYCLED OIL.
SECTION 383 OF THE ACT ADDRESSES TWO OF THE PROBLEMS THAT HAVE
ECONOMICALLY HINDERED THE RE-REFINING OF USED OIL: THE QUESTION OF
QUALITY AND LABELING REQUIREMENTS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS SECTION OF THE
ACT IS TO ENCOURAGE THE RECYCLING OF USED OIL AND THE SUBSEQUENT USE OF
THIS RECYCLED OIL, WHICH IN TURN REDUCES THE COMSUMPTION OF NEW OIL AND
HELPS PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT FROM INDISCRIMINATE DISPOSAL OF USED OIL.
THE TERM USED OIL IS DEFINED AS ANY OIL THAT HAS BEEN REFINED FROM
CRUDE OIL AND AS A RESULT OF ITS USAGE HAS BECOME CONTAMINATED WITH
PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL IMPURITIES. THE TERM RECYCLED OIL IS ALSO DEFINED
AS A USED OIL WITH THE CONTAMINANTS REMOVED BY RE-REFINING OR OTHER
PROCESSES AND IS SUBSTANTIALLY EQUIVALENT TO VIRGIN OIL. THIS RECYCLED
OIL MAY BE EITHER WHOLLY RE-REFINED OIL, A BLEND WITH VIRGIN LUBE OIL,
OR COMPOUNDED WITH ADDITIVES. THE ACT STATES THAT IF IT IS THE
MANUFACTURER WHO DETERMINES THAT THE OIL IS SUBSTANTIALLY EQUIVALENT TO
A NEW OIL FOR A PARTICULAR END USE. THEREFORE, THE MANUFACTURER, WHO IN
THIS CASE IS THE RE-REFINER, HAS BEEN GIVEN THE AUTHORITY TO CERTIFY
THAT HIS PRODUCT IS EQUIVALENT TO NEW OIL. MOST RE-REFINERS CONTACTED
DURING THE COURSE OF THIS STUDY CLAIM THAT THEIR OIL IS AS GOOD AS OR
BETTER THAN VIRGIN LUBE OIL. THE CLAIMS ARE BASED ON EXPERIENCE WITH
CUSTOMERS WHO ARE ACTUALLY USING THE RE-REFINED OIL AND NOT FROM
RIGOROUS ENGINE TESTING PROGRAMS.
PART C OF SECTION 383 DEALS WITH THE QUESTION OF HOW SUBSTANTIAL
EQUIVALENCY IS TO BE DETERMINED. THE NBS IS GIVEN THE CHARTER TO
DETERMINE TEST PROCEDURES THAT WILL ESTABLISH SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCY OF
RECYCLED OIL TO NEW OIL FOR A GIVEN END USE. IT SHOULD BE POINTED OUT
THAT THE END USE OF A RECYCLED OIL MAY BE ANY END USE, INCLUDING USE AS
A FUEL. THE ACT IS NOT NECESSARILY INTENDED TO ENCOURAGE THE RECYCLING
OF HIGH QUALITY AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE LUBE OIL BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL USE.
IT IS EQUALLY SATISF-CTORH, IF THE USED LUBE OIL IS RECYCLED BACK TO
REPLACE VIRGIN RESIDUAL FUEL OIL.
THE NBS PROGRAM TO DEVELOP TESTS IS CURRENTLY UNDER WAY. THE TASK IS
DIFFICULT. AMONTH MANY PROBLEMS IS THE QUESTION OF EQUIVALENCY SINCE
MANY OIL PRODUCTS LACK A STANDARD DEFINITION O SPECIFICATION.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 175 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102768
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
FOR EXAMPLE, NO. 6 FUEL OIL IS COMPOSED OF RESIDUALS FROM THE
1ISTILLATION OF CRUDE AND HAS, ACCORDING TO ASTM D 396, NO
SPECIFICATIONS EXCEPT FOR FLASH POINT, WATER CONTENT, SEDIMENT, AND
SEDIMENT, AND VISCOSITY. SULFUR LIMIT IS USUALLY DETERMINED BY MUTUAL
CONSENT BETWEEN BUYER AND SELLER, BUT IS NOT A SPECIFICATION. THE SAME
IS TRUE FOR AN SA QUALITY MOTOR OIL. THIS API SERVICE CLASSIFICATION IS
FOR A STRAIGHT MINERAL OIL, HAS NO PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS TO MEET,
AND IS MARKETED ACCORDING TO VISCOSITY RATING ONLY. IN OTHER AREAS,
WHERE SPECIFICATIONS EXIST, THE SPECIFICATIONS MAY NOT BE ADEQUATE FOR
RECYCLED USED OIL. FOR EXAMPLE, NO 4 FUEL OIL HAS A MAZIMUM ASH
SPECIFICATION OF 0.10 PERCENT, BUT THE TYPE OF ASH IS NOT SPECIFIED.
THE SPECIFICATIONS WERE WRITTEN FOR FUELS OBTAINED FROM CRUDE AND NOT
FROM CRANKCASE DRAININGS. VIRGIN CRUDE CONTAINS VERY LITTLE LEAD,
WHEREAS LARGE AMOUNTS OF LEAD ARE FOUND IN USED CRANKCASE OIL.
UPON COMPLETION, THE NBS TEST PROCEDURES WILL BE TURNED OVER TO THE
FTC. THE FTC WILL THEN PRESCRIBE TEST PROCEDURES TO DETERMINE
SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCY FOR A GIVEN END USE AND LABELING REQUIREMENTS
FOR RECYCLED OIL. THE NEW LABELING REQUIREMENTS SHALL SPECIFY THE END
USE FOR WHICH THE RECYCLED OIL IS THE EQUIVALENT OF A NEW OIL. THE
LABEL MUST NOT BEAR ANY CONNOTATION THAT THE RECYCLED OIL IS NOT
SUBSTANTIALLY EQUIVALENT TO A NEW OIL.
THE FINAL PART OF SECTION 383 IS TO ENCOURAGE THE USE OF RECYCLED
OIL. THIS PART REQUIRES ALL FEDERAL OFFICIALS TO ACT WITHIN THEIR
AUTHORITY TO REVISE PROCUREMENT POLICIES TO ENCOURAGE USE OF RECYCLED
OILS AND TO EDUCATE FEDERAL, STATE AND PRIVATE SECTION EMPLOYEES OF GHE
ECONOMY IN THE MERITS OF R ECYCLED OIL.
THIS ACT IS OF EXTREME IMPORTANCE TO MARKETING RE-REFINED OILS, THERE
HAS BEEN GREAT RELUCTANCE ON THE PART OF MANY PEOPLE TO USE RECYCLED
OILS IN A DEMANDING LUBRICATING ENVIRONMENT. IF RE-REFINED OILS CAN BE
TESTED AND SHOWN TO BE EQUIVALENT TO A QUALITY VIRGIN MOTOR OIL, WITH AN
SE SERVICE CLASSIFICATION, THE QUESTION OF QUALITY WILL DISAPPEAR AS A
BARRIER TO MARKETING THE PRODUCT.
A WORD OF CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISED. IF THE NBS TEST PROCEDURES
FOR EQUIVALENCY TO MOTOR OILS WITH API SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS ARE
LENGTHY AND EXPENSIVE, REQUIRING ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTING, THESE TEST
PROCEDURES MAY BECOME A BARRIER TO MARKETING RECYCLED OILS FOR THIS
APPLICATION.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 176 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102769
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
TYPICALLY, A RE-REFINER MAY NOT BE ABLE TO AFFORD TO HAVE THESE TESTS
PERFORMED. PRESUMABLY, HE WOULD BE PROHIBITED FROM MARKETING HIS
PRODUCT FOR THIS END USE EVEN THOUGH HIS PRODUCT MIGHT BE CAPABLE OF
PASSING THE TESTS.
9.2.3.2 PUBLIC LAW 94-580
PUBLIC LAW 94-580 WAS PASSED ON 21 OCTOBER 1976 AND IS ENTITLED THE
"RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT OF 1976" (REF. 9-I7). THE
P-RPOSE OF THIS ACT IS TO PROVIDE TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR
DEVELOPING PLANS AND FACILITIES TO RECOVER ENERGY AND RESOURCES FROM
DISCARDED MATERIALS AND TO REGULATE THE MANAGEMENT AND SAFE DISPO-AL OF
HAZARDOUS WASTES. THIS ACT, WHICH AMENDS THE SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ACT,
IS RELATED TO SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL AND, IN PARTICULAR, HAZARDOUS SOLID
WASTE DISPOSAL. NO SPECIFIC WORDS RELATE TO USED OIL. IT IS NOTED THAT
THE DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE WITHIN THE ACT IS BROAD ENOUGH TO COVER
LIQUIDS AND CONTAINED GASES.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC LAW 94-580 IS THAT IT WILL SET UP MANAGEMENT
PROCEDURES FOR THE SAFE DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTES, WITH EMPHASIS ON
THE RECOVERY OF RECYCLABLE MATERIALS. FOR THIS ACT TO BE APPLICABLE TO
REUSED OIL INDUSTRY, USED OIL MUST FIRST BE CLASSIFIED AS A HAZARDOUS
WASTE. THE EPA, WHICH IS CHARGED WITH ADMINISTERING THIS ACT, IS
REQUIRED TO, WITHIN 18 MONTHS, DEVELOP CRITERIA FOR CHARACTERIZING
HAZARDOUS WASTES AND TO DEVELOP A LIST OF SUCH ITEMS. IT IS UNDERSTOOD,
BASED ON PAST WORK THE EPA HAS PERFORMED ON USED OILS, PARTICULARLY IN
REGARD TO CRANKCASE DRAININGS, THAT USED OIL WILL BE LISTED AS A
HAZARDOUS WASTE. ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THIS WILL INDEED OCCUR, THE
EFFECTS OF THE ACT ON THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY ARE EXAMINED IN THE
FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS.
SECTION 3002 OF THE ACT REQUIRES THE EPA TO GENERATE STANDARDS
APPLICABLE TO GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES SUCH AS USED OIL. THESE
STANDARDS REQUIRE RECORD-KEEPING OF THE AMOUNTS GENERATED AND THE USE OF
PRESCRIBED STORAGE CONTAINERS, AS WELL AS THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS FOR
HANDLING THE STORAGE, SHIPPING, AND DISPOSAL OF THE WASTE MATERIAL.
THIS PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE AMOUNT AND THE AVAILABILITY OF USED
OIL, DATA WHICH ARE ESSENTIALLY UNAVAILABLE TODAY.
THE NEXT SECTION OF THE ACG ADDRESSES STANDARDS FOR THE
TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES. HAZARDOUS WASTE MAY BE TRANSPORTED
ONLY TO AN APPROVED TREATMENT, STORAGE AND/OR DISPOSAL SITE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 177 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102770
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
ACTIVITIES AT THE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SITE MUST FOLLOW METHODS
ACCEPTABLE TO THE EPA. IN SUBTITLE D OF THE ACT, WHICH IS RELATED TO
SETTING UP SOLID WASTE PLANS WITH STATES AND REGIONS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF
DISPOSAL METHODS THAT MAXIMIZE THE UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION OF
RESOURCES IS ENCOURAGED.
THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THIS ACT, DEPENDING ON EPA ACTION, WOULD BE
TO MAKE AVAILABLE USED OIL FEEDSTOCK WHICH COULD BE FUNNELED TO
RE-REFINERS. HOWEVER, IF OTHER USES OF UNTREATED USED OIL ARE
CONSIDERED TO BE ACCEPTABLE, INCLUDING ROAD OILING AND ASPHALT
MANUFACTURE, THEN THE ACT WILL PROVIDE NO HELP TO THE RE-REFINERS.
CONVERSELY, AS THE CURRENT UTILIZATION OPTIONS FOR USED OIL ARE
DISALLOWED, THE AVAILABILITY OF FEEDSTOCK TO THE RE-REFINER WILL
INCREASE, RESULTING IN A PRICE REDUCTION OF USED OIL.
OTHER PARTS OF THE ACT AFFECTING RE-REFINING OF USED OIL ATTEMPT TO
ENCOURAGE THE USE OF MATERIALS RECOVERED FROM THE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
OF HAZARDOUS WASTES. THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, THROUGH THE NBS, IS
REQUIRED TO DEVELOP PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RECOVERED
MATERIALS WITH REGARD TO THEIR USE IN REPLACING VIRGIN MATERIALS. IN
THE CASE OF RECYCLED OIL, THIS WORK WAS AUTHORIZED BY PUBLIC LAW 94-163
AND IS ALREADY UNDER WAY AT THE NBS. THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE IS ALSO
REQUIRED BY THE ACT TO ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MARKETS.
SECTION 6002 OF THE ACT REQUIRES FEDERAL AGENCIES TO PROCURE PRODUCTS
CONTAINING THE HIGHEST PRACTICAL PERCENTAGE OF RECYCLED MATERIALS UNLESS
THEY FAIL TO MEET PERFORMANCE STANDARDS OR ARE UNREASONABLY PRICED. THE
RECYCLED PRODUCT NEED NOT EVEN BE PRICED COMPETITIVELY TO VIRGIN
MATERIALS IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A PROCUREMENT CONTRACT. THIS IS
SIGNIFICANT SINCE, AT EQUIVALENT QUALITY LEVELS, A RE-REFINED MOTOR OIL
MAY EXCEED THE COST OF VIRGIN LUBE OIL.
TO FURTHER ENCOURAGE THE USE OF RECOVERED PRODUCTS, CERTAIN FEDERAL
SPECIFICATIONS MUST BE MODIFIED TO ELIMINATE EXCLUSION OF RECYCLED
MATERIALS; THOSE REQUIRING MANUFACTURE FROM VIRGIN SOURCES MUST BE
RE-WRITTEN TO ENCOURAGE THE MAXIMUM USE OF RECYCLED MATERIALS. FEDERAL
UTILIZATION OF RECYCLED OIL WOULD DO MUCH TO STIMULATE ITS MARKET. THIS
STIMULUS WOULD GO BEYOND FEDERAL PURCHASES IF A RECYCLED OIL COULD BE
QUALIFIED AS A MIL-SPEC SINCE MANY AGENCIES, STATE AND LOCAL, AS WELL AS
PRIVATE SECTOR, MAKE USE OF MIL-SPEC'S WHEN PURCHASING MATERIALS. THIS
TENDENCY IS SOMEWHAT NATURAL IN THAT THE PROCURING OFFICE IS TAKING
LITTLE PERSONAL RISK OF OBTAINING AN UNSATISFACTORY PRODUCT.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 178 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102771
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
IN SUMMATION, THE TWO ACTS SHOULD SERVE TO REMOVE CURRENT
INSTITUTIONAL AND ECONOMIC BARRIERS TO MARKETING RE-REFINED OIL. THE
PRINCIPAL STEPS TO BE TAKEN ARE AS FOLLOWS:
A. SETTLE THE QUALITY ISSUE OF RE-REFINED LUBE OIL VERSUS VIRGIN
OIL.
B. REMOVE LABELING REQUIREMENTS THAT CONNOTATE AN INFERIOR PRODUCT'
C. MAKE FEEDSTOCK AVAILABLE AND AT A LOWER COST.
D. PROVIDE A CAPTIVE MARKET IN TERMS OF FEDERAL AGENCIES.
9.3 REFERENCES
9-1 ENGINE SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS AND GUIDE TO CRANKCASE OIL
SELECTION, SIXTH EDITION, PUBLICATION 1509, AMERICAN PETROLEUM
INSTITUTE, WASHING, D.C. (SEPTEMBER 1974).
9-2 SMALHEER AND SMITH, LUBRICANT ADDITIVES, LEXIUS-HILES COMPANY,
CLEVELAND, OHIO (1967).
9-3 WORKSHOP ON MEASUREMENTS AND STANDARDS FOR RECYCLED OIL, NATIONAL
BUREAU OF STANDARDS, GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND (22-23 NOVEMBER 1976).
9-4 FUEL AND LUBRICANT TEST CAPABILITIES, LUBRIZOL CORPORATION,
CLEVELAND, OHIO (1974).
9-5 SCHEDULE OF ENGINE EVALUATION FEES, 1977, SOUTHWEST: RESEARCH
INSTITUTE, DIVISION OF ENGINES, FUELS AND LUBRICANTS, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
(1977).
9-6 MULTICYCLINDER TEST SEQUENCES FOR EVALUATING AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE
OILS, ASTM 315F, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS,
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA (JANUARY 1973).
9-7 AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE OILS: WHAT THEY ARE AND HOW THEY WORK,
MARKETING SERVICES DIVISION, CHEVRON RESEARCH CORPORATION, RICHMOND,
CALIFORNIA (1974).
9-8 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: DR. E. W. NOMMENSEN, EXXON OIL COMPANY,
HOUSTON, TEXAS (30 NOVEMBER 1976).
9-9 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: P. BENNETT, ASTM ENGINE TEST MONITORING
CENTER, PITTSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA (10 JANUARY 2977).
9-10 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: F. SAM, CHEVRON RESEARCH COMPANY,
RICHMOND, CALIFORNIA (21 OCTOBER 1976).
9-11 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: T. BOWEN, U.S. ARMY FUELS AND
LUBRICANTS LABORATORY, FT. BELVOIR, VIRGINAI (9 NOVEMBER 1976).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 179 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102772
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
9-12 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: D BECKER, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS,
GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND (9 NOVEMBER 1976).
9-13 J. REYNOLDS, M. WHISMAN, AND C. THOMPSON, ENGINE SEQUENCE
TESTING OF RE-REFINED LUBRICATING OILS, PREPRINT BERC/OP-76/ 29
BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER, BARLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA, (8 OCTOBER
1976).
9-14 "WASTE OIL STUDY," REPORT TO CONGRESS, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, D.C. (APRIL 1974).
9-15 USED OIL LAW IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE, "PB-239449,
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C. (JULY 1974).
9-16 PUBLIC LAW 94-163, "ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT," (22
DECEMBER 1975).
9-17 PUBLIC LAW 94-580, "RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT OF
1976" (21 OCTOBER 1976).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 180 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102773
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
SECTION 10
COMBUSTION OF USED OIL
10.1 COMBUSTION OPTIONS
THE HEAT CONTENT OF USED OIL CAN BE RECOVERED BY USING IT AS A FUEL.
SEVERAL COMBUSTION OPTIONS ARE AVAILABLE, SUCH AS BLENDING WITH A FUEL
OIL AND MIXING WITH COAL. USED OIL AND VIRGIN FUEL CAN BE BURNED
SEPARATELY IN THE SAME FURNACE, USING SEPARATE BURNERS". AS ANOTHER
OPTION IS THE BURNING OF USED OIL WITHOUT DILUTION BY A VIRGIN FUEL.
THE LATER OPTION IS USUALLY NOT EXERCIZED BECAUSE SUFFICIENT QUANTITIES
OF USED OIL ARE GENERALLY NOT AVAILABLE TO ALLOW ITS USE AS A PRIMARY
FUEL. HOWEVER, SMALL HEATING INSTALLATIONS WHICH HAVE A READY SUPPLY OF
USED OIL, SUCH AS TRUCK SERVICE CENTERS, HAVE BEEN OPERATED ON USED OIL
ONLY.
WHEN USED AS A SUPPLEMENT TO VIRGIN FUEL OIL, THE TWO FUELS ARE
GENERALLY BLENDED TOGETHER PRIOR TO BURNING. BLEND RATIOS ARE DEPENDENT
ON A NUMBER OF FACTORS: (1) THE AVAILABLE SUPPLY OF USED OIL, (2) THE
ABILITY OF THE EQUIPMENT TO HANDLE A FUEL MIXTURE WITH CHARACTERISTICS
DIFFERENT FROM THOSE FOR WHICH IT WAS ORIGINALLY DESIGNED, (3) THE
TENDENCY TOWARD BUILDUP OF DEPOSITS, AND (4) THE LOCAL EMISSION
REGULATIONS.
IN THE CASE OF COAL COMBUSTION, USED OIL IS SOMETIMES APPLIED WITH
THE INTENT OF REDUCING DUST PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH COAL HANDLING.
HOWEVER, THE MORE COMMON METHOD OF BURNING USED OIL IN A FURNACE
INVOLVES MISTING OF THE OIL OVER THE BURNING COAL.
SOME INSTALLATIONS ARE SET UP TO BURN USED OIL AND VIRGIN FUEL OIL
SEPARATELY. THESE INSTALLATIONS MAKE USE OF TWO BURNERS; ONE FOR THE
USED OIL AND ONE FOR THE VIRGIN FUEL OIL. REFERENCE 10-1 DESCRIBES AN
INSTALLATION USING A LOW-PRESSURE BURNER FOR THE USED OIL AND A
HIGH-PRESSURE BURNER FOR NO. 2 FUEL OIL. THIS TYPE OF ARRANGEMENT
ILLUSTRATES THE ATTEMPT TO USE EQUIPMENT BEST SUITED TO THE INDIVIDUAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH FUEL.
10.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUELS
10.2.1 FUEL OIL
FUEL OILS RANGE FROM LIGHT DISTILLATES TO HEAVY RESIDUALS AND ARE
GENERALLY LIQUID AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES, WHILE HEAVY RESIDUAL OILS CAN
BE ALMOST SOLID, REQUIRING PREHEATING BEFORE BURNING. THE AMERICAN
SOCIETY OF TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM) HAS DEVELOPED STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS FOR FUEL OILS. OF ALL THE FUEL OIL TYPES, NO. 2 AND NO.
6 OIL ARE THE MOST WIDELY USED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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HEAT CONTENT AVAILABLE FROM FUEL OIL IS RELATED TO ITS DENSITY, WHICH
IS USUALLY MEASURED IN AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API) DEGREES. THE
API DEGREE IS INVERSE TO SPECIFIC GRAVITY. A LOW API GRAVITY NUMBER
INDICATES AN OIL WITH A HIGH SPECIFIC GRAVITY. TABEL 10-1 SHOWS FUEL
OIL HEAT CONTENT AS A FUNCTION OF GRAVITY. AS INDICATED, THE HEAT
CONTENT PER POUND OF FUEL INCREASES WITH INCREASING API GRAVITY NUMGER.
ON A GALLON CASIS, THE HEAT CONTENT DECREASES. A GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENSITY AND HEAT CONTENT IS SHOWN IN FIGURE
10-1 (REF. 10-3).
FIGURE 10-1. CHART SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEVERAL
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID FUELS (REF. 10-3)
FIGURE OMITTED
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NO. 2 AND NO. 6 FUEL OILS ARE SHOWN IN TABLE
10-2. THESE DATA SHW A RANGE OF VALUES FOR EACH PROPERTY AND ARE
INTENDED TO REFLECT THE ACTUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUELS PRODUCED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TABLE 10-1. GRAVITIES, DENSITIES AND HEATS OF COMBUSTION OF FUEL OILS
(REF. 10-2
TABLE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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10.2.2 USED OILS
USED OILS ARE A HETROGENEOUS GROUP: CRANKCASE OIL, HYDRAULIC OIL,
CUTTING OIL, AND OTHERS. THE MOST READILY AVAILABLE USED OIL IS
CRANKCASE OIL, WHICH IS ALSO THE MOST LIKELY TYPE TO BE USED AS A FUEL.
PROPERTIES OF USED CRANKCASE OIL ARE SHOWN IN TABLE 10-2.
TABLE 10-2. PROPERTIES OF VIRGIN FUEL OIL NO. 2 DISTILLATE AND NO. 6
RESIDUAL AND USED OIL (AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE DRAININGS) (REF. 10-4).
TABLE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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10.2.3 COAL
PROPERTIES FOR BITUMINOUS, SUBBITUMINOUS, AND LIGNITE COALS ARE
PRESENTED IN TABLE 10-3. AS SHOWN, COAL CONTAINS CONSIDERABLY HIGHER
AMOUNTS OF CERTAIN TRACE METALS THAN RESIDUAL AND USED OILS DO. THE
PRINCIPAL TRACE METALS IN COAL ARE ALUMINUM, BERYLIUM, BORON, CALCIUM,
IRON, MAGNESIUM, MANGANESE, MOLYBDENIUM, NICKEL, SILICON, SILVER,
SODIUM, SULFUR, STRONTIUM, TITANIUM, AND VANADRUM. EXCEPT FOR LEAD AND
PHOSPHROUS, SUBSTITUTING WASTE OIL FOR A PORTION OF THE COAL REDUCES
TRACE METAL EMISSIONS. HOWEVER, THE LEAD EMISSIONS ARE OF CONSIDERABLE
CONCERN AS A HAZARDOUS POLLUTANT.
TABLE 10-3. PROPERTIES OF VIRGIN COAL, BITUMINOUS, SUB-BITUMINOUS,
AND LIGNITE (REF. 10-4).
TABLE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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MANY COAL-BURNING FACILITIES ARE REQUIRED TO UTILIZE EMISSION CONTROL
DEVICES, SUCH AS ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS. A PROPERLY DESIGNED AND
MAINTAINED PRECIPITATOR IS CAPABLE OF AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE REDUCTION IN
THE EMISSION OF SUBMICRON PARTICLES. THESE DEVICES SHOULD BE CAPABLE OF
ENTRAPPING LEAD AS WELL. BASED ON THIS BRIEF REVIEW OF USED OIL
COMBUSTION WITH COAL, IT APPEARS THAT THIS OPTION MAY BE THE BEST FUEL
UTILIZATION FOR USED OIL. HOWEVER, FEW DATA ARE AVAILABLE RELATIVE TO
THE COMBUSTION OF USED OIL WITH COAL. A 6-DAY TEST PERFORMED BY
NORTHERN STATES POWER COMPANY IN 1973, USING 6 PERCENT OF THE BRITISH
THERMAL UNIT (BTU) INPUT IN THE FORM OF CRANKCASEDRAININGS INDICATES
THAT CRANKCASE OIL COULD BE BURNED WITH NO DETECTABLE INCREASE IN STACK
LEAD EMISSIONS (A PRECIPITATOR WAS USED IN THESE TESTS).
PROPERTIES OF BLENDS OF USED OIL AND FUEL OILS VARY AS A FUNCTION OF
THE BLEND RATIO. ALL PROPERTIES EXCEPT VICSOCITY MAY BE CONSIDERED A
LINEAR FUNCTION OF THE TWO CONSTITUENTS. VISCOSITY MAY BE DETERMINED
FROM THE CHART SHOWN IN FIGURE 10-2.
THE HEATING VALUE OF THE USED OIL AND FEED OIL BLEN FOR EITHER NO. 2
OR NO. 6 FUEL OIL -ECLINES AS THE USED OIL FRACTION INCREASES. ON
AVERAGE, THE HEAT CONTENT OF US-D OIL IS LOWER THAN FOR VIRGIN FUEL OILS
BECAUSE OF THE HIGHER WATER CONTENT OF USED OIL.
10.3 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
10.3.1 STORAGE AND BLENDING
THE BASIC EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR STORAGE AND BLENDING OF USED OIL
WITH VIRGIN FUEL OIL ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE FOR STORING RESIDUAL FUELS.
DEPENDING ON SIZE, STORAGE TANKS MAY BE OUTDOORS AND ABOVE OR BELOW
GROUND. EXAMPLES OF THESE TANKS ARE SHOWN IN FIGURE 10-3.
TWO APPROACHES MAY BE TAKEN FOR BLENDING THESE OILS. ONE APPROACH IS
BASED ON THE USE OF TANKS FOR EACH OIL. BLENDING OCCURS ON A CONTINUOUS
BASIS, AS THE FUELS ARE BEING CONSUMED, BY USE OF A PROPORTIONING VALVE
IN THE LINES THAT CONNECT EACH TANK TO THE BURNER. THE OTHER APPROACH
IS TO MIX THE OILS IN THE SAME TANK. BEST MIXING OCCURS WHEN BOTH OILS
ARE LOADED INTO THE TANK SIMULTANEOUSLY. HEATING COILS ARE DESIRABLE TO
PROVIDE CONVECTIVE CURRENT MIXING AND PREVENT SEPARATION.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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FIGURE 10-2. VISCOSITY CHART FOR OIL BLENDS (REF. 10-2)
FIGURE OMITTED
10.3.2 BURNERS
A VARIETY OF BURNER TYPES ARE CURRENTLY IN USE, INCLUDING GUN BURNERS
(HIGH-AND LOW-PRESSURE DESIGNS), ROTARY BURNERS, AND BURNERS USING
EITHER HIGH-PRESSURE MECHANICAL ATOMIZATION OR STEAM ATOMIZERS. THE
CAPACITY OF THESE BURNERS RANGES FROM 3 TO 1000 GALLONS PER HOUR.
IN A GUN BURNER, A ROTARY FUEL PUMP DELIVERS PRESSURIZED FUEL TO A
FIXED OFFICE NOZZLE, WHICH PRODUCES A WHIRLING CONICAL SPRAY.
LOW-PRESSURE AIR, SUPPLIED BY A SQUIRREL CAGE BLOWER IS SWIRLED
CONCENTRICALLY WITH THE FUEL SPRAY TO PROVIDE GOOD COMBUSTION. IGNITION
IS PROVIDED BY HIGH-TENSION ELECTRICITY AND A SPARK GAP LOCATED JUST
OUTSIDE THE FUEL SPRAY. GUN BURNERS GENERALLY OPERATE AT A FIXED FIRING
RATE. HEAT DEMAND IS SATISFIED BY AN ON-OFF OPERATION. A TYPICAL GUN
BURNER IS SHOWN IN FIGURE 10-4.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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FIGURE 10-3. OIL STORAGE TANKS (REF. 10-2)
FIGURE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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ROTARY BURNERS CRCUP BURNERS ARE SIMILAR TO GUN BURNERS IN SEVERAL
WAYS. THE MAIN DIFFERENCE IS THAT THE FUEL SPRAY IS PRODUCED BY A
ROTATING CONICAL CUP, WHICH SLINGS THE FUEL OUTWARD. AN ELECTRICALLY
IGNITED GAS FLAME IS USUALLY USED TO PROVIDE IGNITION. ROTARY BURNERS
ARE AMENABLE TO CONTROLABLE FIRING RATES BY SIMPLE REGULATION OF THE
FUEL FLOW RATE INTO THE ROTATING CUP. THE ATOMIZING MECHANISM OF THESE
BURNERS IS ONLY DEPENDENT ON THE ROTARY SPEED OF THE CUP. A TYPICAL
ROTARY BURNER IS SHOWN IN FIGURE 10-4.
HIGH PRESSURE MECHANICAL AND STEAM ATOMIZERS ARE COMPONENTS OF BURNER
SYSTEMS USED IN LARGER INSTALLATION. THESE ATOMIZERS ARE LOCATED IN A
WIND BOX REGISTER, WHICHPROVIDES THE NECESSARY AIR FOR IGNITION. THESE
ATOMIZERS RELY ON HIGH PRESSURES, ABOUT 150 PSI FOR THE STEAM TYPE AND
300 PSI FOR THE MECHANICAL TYPE, AND SUITABLY DESIGNED NOZZLES TO
PROVIDE THE DESIRED ATOMIZATION AND SPRAY PATTERSN. TO ASSIST THE
NOZZLE IN THE ATOMIZATION PROCESS, THE STEAM ATOMIZER USES A SEPARATE
STREAM OF STEAM, WHICH MEETS THE FUEL OIL JUST PRIOR TO ENTERING THE
NOZZLE. MECHANICAL ATOMIZERS OF THE RETURN FLOW TYPE ARE CAPABLE OF
VARIABLE FIRING RATES. CONTROL OF FUEL SUPPLY BACKPRESSURE REGULATES
THE AMOUNT OF FUEL PROVIDED BY THE PRIMARY PRESSURE. FIRING RATE
VARIATIONS OF 5 TO 1 ARE OBTAINABLE. TYPICAL ATOMIZERS ARE SHOWN IN
FIGURE 10-5.
GUN BURNERS WHICH ARE USED IN SMALLER INSTALLATIONS CAN HANDLE FUEL
OILS WITH A VISCOSITY AS HIGH AS A NO. 4 FUEL OIL, WHEREAS ROTARY
BURNERS ARE COMPATIBLE WITH HEAVY FUELS, UP TO NO. 6 FUEL OIL. HOWEVER,
SINCE THE SPRAY PATTERN DETERIORATES WITH INCREASING VISCOSITY, SOME
MANUFACTURERS RECOMMEND AN UPPER LIMIT OF FUEL VISCOSITY FOR THEIR
BURNERS. THE HIGH-PRESSURE ATOMIZERS ARE GENERALLY USED FOR HEAVY FUEL
OILS. STEAM ATOMIZERS ARE EVEN CAPABLE OF BURNING REFINERY ACID SLUDGE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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FIGURE 10-4. FUEL OIL BURNER TYPES (REF. 10-2)
FIGURE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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FIGURE 10-5. ATOMIZER TYPES (REF. 10-2)
FIGURE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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NO SPECIFIC BURNER MODIFICATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR THE COMBUSTION OF
USED AND VIRGIN OIL BLENDS, PROVIDED THE VISCOSITY OF THE BLEND IS
WITHIN THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE BURNER. BLENDING OF USED OILS WITH HEAVY
FUEL OILS GENERALLY RESULTS IN A LOWER VISCOSITY RATING. FOR REDUCED
VISCOSITY, HEAVY FUEL OILS ARE USUALLY PREHEATED BEFORE COMBUSTION.
RECOMMENDED OPERATING VISCOSITY RANGES FOR THE DIFFERENT BURNER TYPES
ARE SHOWN IN TABLE 10-4, AND THE EFFECT OF PRE-HEATING ON OIL VISCOSITY
IS PRESENTED IN TABLE 10-5.
TABLE 10-4. RECOMMENDED FUEL VISCOSITIES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF
BURNERS
TABLE OMITTED
TABLE 10-5, EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON OIL VISCOSITY (HEAVY NO. 6)
TABLE OMITTED
FOR HEAVIER FUELS, BLENDING WITH USED OIL IMPOSES NO VISCOSITY
PROBLEM AND GENERALLY RESULTS IN LOWER PREHEATING REQUIREMENTS. FOR THE
LIGHT FUELS, TYPICALLY USED BY SMALL NONCOMMERCIAL INSTALLATIONS, THE
MOST COMMONLY USED BURNER IS THE GUN TYPE WITH PREHEATING PROVISIONS.
FOR THESE UNITS, THE USED OIL TO NO. 2 FUEL OIL RATIO SHOULD BE LESS
THAN 0.25 TO MAINTAIN A SUFFICIENTLY LOW BLEND VISCOSITY. IN THIS CASE,
A LOW-PRESSURE BURNER, WHICH REQUIRES A LARGER NOZZLE ORIFICE SIZE, IS
MORE DESIRABLE THAN THE HIGH-PRESSURE TYPE BECAUSE PARTICULATES AND
SLUDGE WHICH MIGHT BE CONTAINED IN THE USED OIL ARE MORE READILY PASSED
WITHOUT CAUSING NOZZLE FOULING. TO PREVENT CLOGGING OF FUEL LINES AND
BURNERS, USED OIL SHOULD NOT BE BURNED IN SMALL UNITS; E.E., OF LESS
THAN ABOUT 3 GALLONS PER HOUR THROUGHPUT.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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10.3.3 FURNACES
NO SPECIFIC FURNACE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED RELATIVE
TO BURNING USED OIL. THE FEASIBILITY OF COMBUSTING USED OIL IN A GIVEN
FURNACE IS GENERALLY ESTABLISHED IN ACTUAL TRIAL RUNS. WHILE SPECIFIC
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS HAVE NOT BEEN IDENTIFIED, FURNACE CONFIGURATION
REPRESENTS A MAIN FACTOR IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF ASH
EMITTED FROM THE STACK AS COMPARED TO THE AMOUNT DEPOSITED WITHIN. IN
COMBUSTION TESTS PERFORMED BY EXXON (REF. 10-5), A FOUR-PASS FIRE TUBE
BOILER WAS USED, WHICH PROVED TO BE SUSCEPTIBLE TO FOULING. THE LARGE
NUMBER OF HEAT EXCHANGER TUBES CONTAINED IN LARGE STEAM GENERATING
BOILERS CAUSES CONCERN REGARDING POSSIBLE CORROSION AND FOULING AS A
RESULT OF USED OIL UTILIZATION.
10.4 COMBUSTION PROBLEMS
10.4.1 EXPLOSION
THE MOST SERIOUS PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH BURNING USED OIL IS RELATED
TO THE POTENTIAL OCCURENCE OF COMBUSTION INSTABILITY AND THE ASSOCIATED
DANGER OF AN EXPLOSION. WHILE THE PROBABILITY OF OCCURENCE IS BELIEVED
TO BE LOW, AN EXPLOSION ATTRIBUTED TO BURNING USED OIL WITH A LOW FLASH
POINT OCCURRED IN 1958 IN A MEAT PACKING PLANT IN NEBRASKA.
SUBSEQUENTLY, THE NEBRASKA STATE LEGISLATURE PASSED A LAW REQUIRING THE
FLASH POINT OF USED OIL BURNED IN FURNACES TO BE GREATER THAN 60 DEGREES
F. THIS LAW ALSO SPECIFIES A MAZIMUM COMBINED WATER AND SOLIDS CONTENT
OF 1 PERCENT.
10.4.2 FOULING AND CORROSION
DURING COMBUSTION, USED OIL ASH CONSTITUENTS FORM VARIOUS METAL
OXIDES, WHICH MAY BE EMITTED FROM THE STACK AS PARTICULATES OR FROM
CORROSIVE DEPOSITS ON FURNACE WALLS AND HEAT TRANSFER SURFACES. THIS
RESULTS IN A DEGRADATION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER (HERMAL) EFFICIENCY,
CAUSING INCREASED STACK FLUE GAS TEMPERATURES AND LOWER HEAT TRANSFER
SURFACE TEMPERATURES. MOREOVER, FLUE GASES PASSING THROUGH THE PROOUS
ASH SURFACE MAY BE SUBCOOLED, DROPPING BELOW THE DEW POINT TEMPERATURE
AND HENCE, ENCOURAGING CORROSION.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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IN UTILITY BOILERS, THE ASH DEPOSITS ARE PERIODICALLY REMOVED TO
MAINTAIN BOILER EFFICIENCY AND INHIBIT CORROSION. A BURNING TEST
PERFORMED BY AMERICAN OIL COMPANY SHOWED FURNACE DEPOSITS EQUAL TO 6
MONTHS OF NORMAL OPERATION, AFTER 1 WEEK OF BURNING A 40/60 USED AND
RESIDUAL OIL BLEND. COMBUSTION TESTS WITH USED AND VIRGIN OIL FUEL
BLENDS PERFORMED BY EXXON INDICATED CONSIDERABLE BOILER FOULING AFTER
ONLY 2 HOURS OF OPERATION (REF. 10-6). CONVERSELY, UTILIZATION OF USED
OIL OVER THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS (CONCENTRATIONS UP TO 7 PERCENT) IN A
55-MEGAWATT POWER PLANT SHOWED NO BOILER DETERIORATION OR UNUSUAL
MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS (REF. 10-7).
10.4.3 EROSION AND OTHER COMBUSTION PROBLEMS
THE SEDIMENTARY MATERIAL IN WASTE OIL IS CHARACTERISTICALLY ABRASIVE,
LEADING TO BURNER NOZZLE TIP EROSION AND DAMAGE OF PUMP SEALS.
GENERALLY, RE-RELINERS HAVE EXPERIENCED LOW DURABILITY OF THE PUMPS USED
TO TRANSPORT USED OIL IN THE PLANT. NORMALLY, A PUMP LIFE OF 6 MONTHS
IS OBTAINED, COMPARED TO 5 YEARS FOR PUMPS IN OTHER APPLICATIONS.
BURNER NOZZLE TIP LIFE HAS BEEN ESTIMATED TO BE 6 MONTHS WHEN SPRAYING
USED OIL BLENDS, COMPARED TO A NORMAL SERVICE LIFE OF 3 YEAR (REF.
10-4). WITH USED OIL BLENDS, LARGE AMOUNTS OF SEDIMENTARY MATERIAL IS
DEPOSITED IN FILTERS AND STRAINERS - REQUIRING A SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN
THE FREQUENCY OF CLEANING THESE COMPONENTS. WHILE THIS PROCEDURE
PROLONGS EQUIPMENT LIFE, IT INCREASES MAINTENANCE COSTS (REF. 10-4).
ANOTHER POTENTIAL PROBLEM RELATED TO COMBUSTION OF USED OIL IS THE
HIGH WATER CONTENT OF UNTREATED USED OIL, WHICH CAN RESULT IN A NUMBER
OF UNDESIRABLE CONDITIONS, INCLUDING FUEL LINE FREEZING IN COLD WEATHER
OPERATION, AGGRAVATED HEAT RELEASE RATE FLUCTUATIONS, AND FLAME-OUT,
PARTICULARLY IN SMALLER UNITS.
10-5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
10.5.1 PARTICULATES
PARTICULATE SIZE IS DETERMINED BY REACTIONS OF THE USED OIL ASH
CONSTITUENTS DURING COMBUSTION AND SUBSEQUENT SECONDARY REACTIONS
BETWEEN THE ASH PARTICLES FORMED AND THE GAS STREAM. AT THE HIGH
TEMPERATURES EXISTING IN THE FLAME ZONE, LEAD, ZINC, AND OTHER TRACE
METALS UNDERGO SECONDARY REACTIONS FORMING VOLATILE SPECIES, WHICH
SUBSEQUENTLY CONDENSE AND APPEAR IN THE FLUE GAS AS SUBMICRON PARTICLES.
OTHER SPECIES SUCH AS CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS MAY MELT AND FUSE WITHIN
THE OIL DROPLETS DURING COMBUSTION. AFTER THE HYDROCARBONS CONTAINED IN
THE DROPLETS ARE COMPLETELY CONSUMED, ASH SKELETONS REMAIN.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS FOR THE SIX PREDOMINANT PARTICULATES
EMITTED DURING THE COMBUSTION OF USED OIL ARE LISTED IN TABLE 10-6. IT
IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THE PREDOMINANCE OF SUBMICRON-SIZE LEAD PARTICLES
(REF. 10-6).
TABLE 10-6. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD AND OTHER MAJOR
CONTAMINANTS IN EMISSIONS FROM WASTE OIL COMBUSTION (REF. 10-6)
TABLE OMITTED
THE PARTICULATES FORMED IN THE COMBUSION PROCESS ARE EITHER EMITTED
FROM THE STACK OR RETAINED WITHIN THE BOILER. REFERENCE 10-6 POSTULATES
THERMAL DIFFUSION AS THE MECHANISM FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF THESE
PARTICULATES, WITH THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE GAS STREAM AND
HEAT EXCHANGER SURFACES PROVIDING THE DRIVING FORCE. MAXIMUM
PARTICULATE DEPOSITS OCCUR AT THE LOCATIONS OF MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN THE BOILER SURFACE AND THE FLUE GAS.
10.5.2 TOXIC TRACE METAL EMISSIONS
OF ALL THE TRACE METAL PARTICULATES EMITTED, LEAD IS OF PRINCIPAL
CONCERN WITH REGARD TO HEALTH EFFECTS. THE DETERMINATION OF THE ACTUAL
AMOUNT OF LEAD EMITTED FROM COMBUSTION OF U-ED OIL HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT
OF A NUMBER OF TESTS. IN GENERAL, IT APPEARS THAT LESS THAN 50 PERCENT
OF THE LEAD CONTENT EXITS THE STACK. THIS ESTIMATE IS FOR FLUE GAS
TRANSPORT WITHOUT A DOWNSTREAM COLLECTION OR CONTROL SYSTEM. OF COURSE,
TRACE METAL EMISSIONS WOULD BE REDUCED IF USED OIL WERE BURNED ONLY IN
PLANTS CONTAINING CONTROL EQUIPMENT.
AMBIENT AIR LEAD CONCENTRATIONS HAVE BEEN ESTIMATED IN THE VICINITY
OF 11 COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS WHICH, IT HAD BEEN ASSUMED, WERE CONVERTED
TO BURN 100 PERCENT USED OIL, WITH ALL OF THE PARTICULATES EMITTED FROM
THE STACK (REF. 10-8). AS SHOWN IN TABLE 10-7, EVEN IN THIS MOST
EXTREME CASE, MOST PLANTS WERE ABLE TO MEET A PROPOSED EPA LEAD EMISSION
STANDARD OF 5 MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER. SOME PLANTS CAN EVEN MEET THE
CALIFORNIA STANDARD OF 1.5 MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TABLE 10-7. ESTIMATED AMBIENT AIR LEAD CONCENTRATIONS NEAR WASTE-OIL
BURNING POWER PLANTS (REF. 10-8).
TABLE OMITTED
AMBIENT AIR LEAD CONCENTRATIONS, SHOWN IN TABLE 10-8 FOR A NUMBER OF
BURNING TESTS, INDICATE SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER LEAD EMISSIONS THAN THE
ABOVE WORST-CASE ESTIMATES. ALL BUT ONE OF THESE FACILITIES MEET THE
CALIFORNIA LEAD EMISSION STANDARD.
ON A NATIONAL BASIS, IF ALL AVAILABLE CRANKCASE OIL (625 X 10 6)
GALLONS IN 1975) WERE BURNED, A TOTAL OF 9800 TONS OF LEAD WOULD BE
EMITTED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE PER YEAR, COMPARED TO ABOUT 180,000 TONS
EMITTED FROM AUTOMOBILES (REF. 10-9). WHILE THIS COMPARISON DOES NOT
IMPLY THAT LEAD EMISSIONS FROM BURNING USED OIL ARE SATISFACTORILY LOW,
IT PROVIDES A PERSPECTIVE AS TO THE RELATIVE MAGNITUDE OF LEAD EMISSIONS
FROM BURNING USED OIL. FOR TOXICITY REASONS, OTHER TRACE ELEMENTS
EMITTED IN LARGE QUANTITIES, INCLUDING PHOSPHORUS AND ZINC, ARE ALSO OF
CONCERN.
10.5.3 OTHER EMISSIONS
IN ADDITION TO PARTICULATES AND TRACE METAL EMISSIONS, THERE IS
CONCERN RELATIVE TO THE EMISSION OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS (PNA), A KNOW
CARCINOGEN. TESTS CONDUCTED AT THE BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER
INDICATE THAT COMBUSTION OF RE-REFINED USED OIL RESULTS IN HIGHER PNA
FORMATION THAN VIRGIN OIL. WHILE THIS EFFECT IS BELIEVED TO BE RELATED
TO INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION PHENOMENA, MUCH WORK REMAINS TO BE PERFORMED TO
RESOLVE THIS ISSUE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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TABLE 10-8. AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD NEAR VARIOUS
FACILITIES BURNING WASTE OIL AS FUEL (REF. 10.8)
TABLE OMITTED
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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10.6 POTENTIAL DEMAND FOR USED OIL FUELS
THE LARGEST ANNUAL CONSUMERS OF ENERGY IN THE UNITED STATES ARE THE
INDUSTRIAL AND ELECTRICAL GENERATION SECTIONS. IN 1975 THESE TWO
SECTORS CONSUMED 29.1 AND 28.7 PERCENT, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE NATION'S
ENERGY INPUT (REF. 10-10). INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS OBTAINED 18.6
PERCENT OF THEIR ENERGY REQUIREMENT FROM COAL, 27.0 PERCENT FROM
PETROLEUM, AND THE REMAINDER FROM NATURAL GAS, DISTRIBUTED ELECTRICITY,
AND HYDRO POWER. ALTHOUGH PRIVATE INDUSTRIAL FIRMS ARE HETEROGENOUS IN
CHARACTER, REQUIRING LATITUDE IN FUEL LOGISTICS AND UTILIZATION
CONSIDERATIONS, THE OPTION EXISTS FOR ANY ONE INDUSTRIAL LOCATION TO
SUPPLEMENT ITS COAL AND OIL DERIVED ENERGY REQUIREMENTS WITH USED OIL.
ELECTRIC GENERATION FACILITIES OBTAINED 43.3 PERCENT OF THEIR INPUT
ENERGY FROM COAL 16.0 PERCENT FROM PETROLEUM, AND THE REMAINDER FROM
NATURAL GAS, NUCLEAR POWER, AND HYDRO POWER. THE TREND IN RECENT YEARS
WITH REGARD TO FUELS CONSUMED BY ELECTRIC UTILITIES HAS BEEN INFLUENCED
BY ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS, SHIFTS IN FUEL AVAILABILITY AND PRICE,
AND LEGISLATED REQUIREMENTS SUCH AS THE ENERGY SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL ACT OF 1974 (ESECA). THIS TREND DEMONSTRATES THE FLEXIBILITY OF
ELECTRIC UTILITIES RELATIVE TO FUEL SWITCHING, INDICATING THAT USED OIL
MIGHT POTENTIALLY BE USED BY THIS INDUSTRY.
GENERALLY, LARGE ELECTRICAL POWER PLANTS ARE LOCATED IN THE VICINITY
OF MAJOR METROPOLITAN REGIONS WHERE SUPPLIES OF USED OIL ARE AMPLE,
(REF. 10-4). A GEGIONAL BREAKDOWN OF TOTAL COAL AND PETROLEUM
CONSUMPTION, AND THE AMOUNT OF USED OIL GENERATED, IS SHOWN IN TABLE
10-9. ALTHOUGH THIS BREAKDOWN REPRESENTS THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION,
INCLUDING ELECTRICAL POWER PLANTS, AN APPROXIMATION OF THE AMOUNT
UTILIZED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER TENERATION SECTOR MAY BE OBTAINED BASED
ON THE STATISTIC THAT ELECTRIC GENERATION ACCOUNTS FOR 68.3 PERCENT OF
TOTAL COAL USAGE AND 9.9 PERCENT OF TOTAL PETROLEUM USAGE (REF. 10-10).
THE ENERGY AVAILABLE FROM USED OIL, AS SHOWN IN TABLE 10-9, IS A
RELATIVELY SMALL AND NEARLY CONSTANT FRACTION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY
OBTAINED FROM COAL AND PETROLEUM SOURCES.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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TABLE 10-9. COMPARISON BY REGION OF ENERGY AVAILABLE FROM USED OIL
TO TOTAL OIL AND COAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 1971 (REF. 10-4)
TABLE OMITTED
THIS DISTRIBUTION INDICATES THAT SUPPLIES OF USED OIL ARE REGIONALLY
AVAILABLE FOR POTENTIAL USERS. ALTHOUGH THE AVAILABLE ENERGY FROM USED
OIL IS ONLY ABOUT 0.3 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION, IT
ACOUNTS TO ABOUT 1.1 PERCENT OF THE ENERGY OBTAINED FROM COAL, AND TO
ABOUT 1.6 PERCENT OF THE COAL USED BY ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANTS, WHICH
IS NOT AN EXCESSIVE AMOUNT TO BLEND SAFELY AS A SUPPLEMENTAL FUEL.
SECTION 2 OF THE ENERGY SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ACT OF 1974
PROVIDES, THROUGH THE FEDERAL ENERGY ADMINISTRATION (NOW DOE) FOR A COAL
CONVERSION PROGRAM TO CONVERT ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS AND MAJOR FUEL
BURNING INSTALLATIONS (MFBI) FROM OIL OR NATURAL GAS TO COAL (REF.
10-11). THIS PROGRAM IS EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO PROPOSED AS WELL AS
EXISTING POWER PLANTS. AS OF 30 JUNE 1977, THE FEA HAS ISSUED, OR HAS
PENDING, CONVERSION ORDERS COVERING 322 UNITS AT 179 SITES FOR
UTILITIES, AND 200 UNITS AT 90 SITES FOR MFBI'S. THIS CONVERSION
PROGRAM REDUCES THE NUMBER OF FUEL USERS THAT CAN MOST EASILY UTILIZE
USED OIL, BUT ADDS THOSE PLANTS CURRENTLY USING NATURAL GAS TO THE LIST
OF POTENTIAL USERS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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CURRENTLY, ALLIED CHEMICAL COMPANY, AT ITS SOLVAY, NEW YORK, PLANT
CONSUMES OVER 1 MILLION GALLONS OF USED OIL BY MIXING IT WITH PULVERIZED
COAL PRIOR TO BURNING, AND BY SPRAYING IT ON COAL PILES TO ALLEVIATE THE
DUST PROBLEM (REF 10-4). IT APPEARS THAT THE COAL CONVERSION PROGRAM
WILL NOT IMPEDE THE UTILIZATION OF USED OIL AS A FUEL, AND MAY EVEN
ENHANCE ITS USE AS DEMAND FOR LOW COST DUST PALLATIVES INCREASES.
THE CURRENT TREND OF CONVERTING POWER PLANTS TO NON-PETROLEUM FUELS
IS STIMULATED BY THE FACT THAT PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HAVE MORE VALUABLE
APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS CHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK. THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR
RELIES ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY ON THE USE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, WHEREAS HOME
HEATING RELIES HEAVILY ON NATURAL GAS. FOR REASONS OF ECONOMICS AND
CONVENIENCE, AND THE CURRENT ABSENCE OF ALTERNATIVE LIQUID AND GASEOUS
FUELS, THESE SECTORS WILL CONTINE TO USE PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN
THE NEAR TO MIDTERM. THE PREFERRED FEEDSTOCK IN THE
PETROCHEMICALINDUSTRY IS NATURAL GAS. HOWEVER, THE DETERIORATING
NATURAL GAS SITUATION IN THE UNITED STATES IS FORCING THE INDUSTRY TO
TURN TO HEAVY FEEDSTOCKS DERIVED FROM CRUDE, NAPHTHA AND GAS OIL (REF.
10-12). IT IS EXPECTED THAT GAS-BASED PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK WILL
DECLINE TO 19 PERCENT BY 1990. CONVERSION OF PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK TO
HEAVIER HYDROCARBONS IMPLIES THAT USED OIL MAY BE MORE READILY
ACCEPTABLE FOR THIS APPLICATION IN THE FUTURE. ALTHOUGH CHEMICAL
FEEDSTOCK IS A SMALL PART OF THE UNITED STATES ENERGY PICTURE (ABOUT 17
BILLION GALLONS PETROLEUM EQUIVALENT PER YEAR IN 1973), FEEDSTOCK
DERIVED FROM WASTE OIL (WHICH AMOUNTED TO ABOUT 1.4 BILLION GALLONS IN
1974), COULD BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE. HOWEVER, AS POINTED OUT IN
SECTION 11, THE SUITABILITY OF USED OIL AS CHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK IS
QUESTIONABLE DUE TO ASH FORMING CONSTITUENTS. ALSO, IT IS NOT KNOWN IF
A SOURCE OF FEEDSTOCK THAT ONLY COMPRISES ABOUT 8 PERCENT OF DEMAND
WOULD BE OF SUFFICIENT INTEREST TO THE INDUSTRY TO WARRANT DEVELOPMENT
OF TECHNIQUES FOR ITS UTILIZATION.
10.7 REFERENCES
10-1 FINAL REPORT, TASK FORCE ON USED OIL DISPOSAL, AMERICAN
PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON, D.C. (MAY 1970).
10-2 MOBILE TECHNICAL BULLETIN HEATING WITH WASTE OILS, JGW 0-93-007,
MOBILE OIL CORPORATION, NEW YORK (1970).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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10-3 O. DE LORENZI, EDITOR, COMBUSTION ENGINEERING, COMBUSTION
ENGINEERING INC., WINDSOR LOCKS, CONNECTICUT (1953).
10-4 S. CHANSKY, ET AL., WASTE AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATING OIL REUSE AS A
FUEL, EPA-600/5-74-032, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
WASHINGTON, D.C. (SEPTEMBER 1974).
10-5 WASTE OIL ROUNDUP . . . NO. 3, PUB. NO. 1587, COMMITTEE ON
DISPOSAL OF WASTE PRODUCTS, AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE, WASHINGTON,
D.C. (SEPTEMBER 1974).
10-6 G. CHAPPELL, WASTE OIL REPROCESSING, 6722-41-100-4-73-CR, EXXON
RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY, LONDEN, NEW JERSEY (JANUARY 1973).
10-7 ENERGY FROM USED LUBRICATING OILS, 1588, TASK FORCE ON
UTILIZATION OF WASTE LUBRICATING OILS, AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE,
WASHINGTON, D.C. (OCTOBER 1975).
10-8 J. GORDON, ET AL., LEAD EMISSIONS FROM THE BURNING OF WASTE
AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE OIL, WP-11834, THE MITRE CORPORATION, WASHINGTON,
D.C. (OCTOBER 1976).
10-9 J.H. PRESCOTT, "U.S. OIL REFINERS GIRD FOR LEAD-IN-GASOLINE
CUTS," CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (31 JANUARY 1977).
10-10 D.B. SHONKA, ET AL., TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION DATA
BOOK: EDITION 2, OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE
(OCTOBER 1977).
10-11 COAL CONVERSION PROGRAM: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT,
DES-77-3, U.S. FEDERAL ENERGY ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, D.C.
(FEBRUARY 1977).
10-12 "LIGHT FEEDSTOCKS DECLINING SOURCE FOR CHEMICALS, "CHEMISTRY
AND ENGINEERING NEWS (7 FEBRUARY 1977).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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SECTION 11
ALTERNATIVES TO BURNING OR RE-REFINING
11.1 CURRENT PRACTICES
11.1.1 ROAD OILING
SECOND TO BURNING, THE PRIMARY APPLICATIONS OF USED OIL ARE ROAD
OILING AND DUST CONTROL IN RURAL AREAS. CURRENTLY, APPROXIMATELY 10
PERCENT OF THE TOTAL USED OIL SUPPLY IS UTILIZED FOR THIS PURPOSE. THIS
APPLICATION HAS EVOLVED IN THE PAST BECAUSE USED OIL WAS READILY
AVAILABLE AT LITTLE OR NO COST, AND RE-REFINERS OR OTHER USERS WERE
OFTEN NOT READILY ACCESSIBLE.
THE USEFUL LIFE OF USED OIL IN ROAD APPLICATIONS IS RELATIVELY
SHORT IN THAT USED LUBE OILS ARE LOW IN ASPHALTICS AND, HENCE,
FORM A POOR BOND WITH THE TREATED SURFACE. AS A RESULT, THE OIL,
ALONG WITH THE METALLIC CONTAMINANTS, TENDS TO WASH AWAY CREATING
AN ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD.
11.1.2 ASPHALT MANUFACTURE
THE MANUFACTURE OF ASPHALTS REPRESENTS ANOTHER APPLICATION FOR USED
OIL. ASPHALT IS MANUFACTURED FROM RESIDUAL ASPHALTIC OR BITUMEN DERIVED
FROM CRUDE OIL REFINING. THIS RESIDUE IS PARTIALLY OXIDIZED TO
DEHYDROGENATE AND POLYMERIZE THE MOLECULES. FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS,
SUCH AS PREPARING MACADAMIZED PAVEMENT, ASPHALT IS MIXED WITH CRUSHED
GRAVEL AND A CUTTING STOCK (WHICH CAN BE USED OIL) TO PROVIDE THE
CORRECT MIXING AND HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS (REF. 11-1). IT IS
GENERALLY BELIEVED THAT THE METALLIC CONTAMINANTS WITHIN THE USED OIL
ARE SUFFICIENTLY COATED WITH ASPHALTIC MATERIALS TO RESIST LEACHING INTO
THE ENVIRONMENT (REF. 11-2). CURRENTLY, APPROXIMATELY 8 PERCENT OF THE
AVAILABLE USED OIL IS UTILIZED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ASPHALT.
11.1.3 MISCELLANEOUS USES
GENERALLY, OIL IS APPLIED TO WOODEN FORMS USED IN CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION WORK, TO SERVE AS A PARTING AGENT. OTHER USES ARE
SECONDARY LUBRICATING APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS THE CUTTING CHAINS ON CHAIN
SAWS (REF. 11-3) OR POWER CHAINS ON FARM MACHINERY. OCCASIONALLY, USED
OIL IS BLENDED WITH DIESEL FUEL FOR USE IN DIESEL ENGINES. AS REPORTED
IN REF. 11-4, BLENDS OF UP TO 15 PERCENT WERE EVALUATED. IN GENERAL, A
5 PERCENT BLEND PROVIDED THE BEST RESULTS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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IN THESE TESTS, A HIGHER THAN NORMAL DEPOSIT FORMATION WAS NOTED,
WHICH POSES A POTENTIAL PROBLEM AREZ. THE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION
REDUCTION WAS LESS THAN THE INCREASE IN THE HEATING VALUE OF THE FUEL
RESULTING FROM THE ADDITION OF THE LUB OIL, INDICATING A LOSS IN
COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY.
FLEET TEST DATA FOR A 3 PERCENT LUBE OIL AND DIESEL FUEL BLEND ARE
PRESENTED IN REF. 11-5, INDICATING A 30 TO 40 PERCENT REDUCTION IN
SMOKE, ACCOMPANIED BY STABLE HC AND NO X EMISSION LEVELS. SUBSEQUENTLY,
THE ENGINE MANUFACTURER APPROVED THE USE OF FILTERED DIESEL ENGINE LUBE
DRAININGS BLENDED WITH DIESEL FUEL. CURRENTLY, A ONE PERCENT BLEND IS
USED IN THE COORS TRUCK FLEET, WHICH REPRESENTS THE TOTAL IN-HOUSE
SUPPLY OF AVAILABLE USED CRANKCASE OIL (REF. 11-5).
11.2 POTENTIAL USES
11.2.1 PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCK
USED OIL, CONTAINING PARAFFINIC COMPOUNDS REPRESENTS A POTENTIALLY
VALUABLE FEESTOCK FOR THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY. IN THE PRODUCTION OF
ETHYLENE, PROPYLENE, BUTENE, AND BUTADIENE, WHICH ARE IMPORTANT
COMPOUNDS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PLASTICS, PARAFFINIC MOLECULES ARE
STEAM-CRACKED AND REACTED TO FORM POLYMERS SUCH AS POLYETHYLENE AND
POLYPROPYLENE (REF. 11-2).
THE ABILITY TO PROCESS USED OILS WITHOUT PRETREATMENT IN CONVENTIONAL
STEAM CRACKING TUBULAR FURNACES IS QUESTIONED BECAUSE OF THE PRESENCE OF
ASH FORMING MATERIALS. PHASING DOWN THE LEAD POOL IN GASOLINE LOWERS
THE ASH CONTENT OF USED OIL BUT HAS NOT EFFECT ON THE OTHER ASH-FORMING
CONSTITUENTS DERIVED FROM OIL ADDITIVES. AN ALTERNATIVE PROCESS BASED
ON HIGH-TEMPERATURE FLUIDIZED BED COKING HAS BEEN PROPOSED FOR CRACKING
UNTREATED USED OIL. WHILE THESE PROCESS HAS BEEN USED TO CRACK HEAVY
CRUDES DOWN TO ETHYLENE AND OTHER MONOMERS (REF. 11-2), NO INFORMATION
IS AVAILABLE REGARDING THE USE OF THIS TECHNIQUE IN CONJUNCTION WITH
USED OIL.
11.2.2 SYNTHESIS GAS
USED OIL MAY BE PARTIALLY OXIDIZED TO CARBON MONOXIDE AND HYDROGEN,
FORMING SYNTHESIS GAS, WHICH IS WIDELY USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF MANY
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS, SUCH AS AMMONIA AND METHANOL. INDUSTRIAL
INSTALLATIONS PRODUCING SYNTNESIS GAS ARE EQUIPPED WITH SCRUBBING
SYSTEMS FOR THE REMOVAL OF FINE CARBON PARTICLES NORMALLY FORMED DURING
PARTIAL OXIDATION OF THE HYDRO CARBON SPECIES (REF. 11-2).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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PRESUMABLY, THIS SYSTEM COULD ALSO REMOVE THE METALLIC ASHES FORMED
FROM THE USED OIL CONTAMINANTS. THE EFFECTS OF THESE ASH PARTICULATES
ON THE HOT REFRACTORY WALLS OF THE REACTOR ARE UNKNOWN.
11.2.3 REFINERY FEEDSTOCK
USED OIL MAY BE UTILIZED AS A REFINERY FEEDSTOCK, GOING EITHER TO
CRACKING UNITS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LIGHT FUELS OR TO LUBE OIL
FEEDSTOCK. THE LATTER USE IS MORE NATURAL AS THE MATERIAL IS ALREADY
LUBE OIL. TO PREVENT CATALYST POISONING BY THE METALLIC CONTAMINANTS OF
USED OIK, SOME DEGREE OF PRETREATMENT OF THE OIL MIGHT BE REQUIRED.
CURRENTLY, THERE ARE NO KNOWN REFINERIES WHICH PROCESS USED OIL. IN
ADDITION TO THE POTENTIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CATALYST POISONING,
THE AVAILABLE AMOUNT OF USED OIL IS PROBABLY INSUFFICIENT TO BE OF
INTEREST TO THE REFINERY INDUSTRY.
11.3 ENERGY SAVINGS FOR ALTERNATE USES
THE ENERGY SAVINGS POTENTIAL FOR THE PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED ALTERNATIVE
APPLICATIONS CURRENTLY IN PRACTICE IS ESSENTIALLY IDENTICAL TO BURNING
USED OIL. IN ALL CASES, THE USED OIL REPLACES A VIRGIN OIL PRODUCT AND
IS CONSUMED IN USE. DIFFERENCES RELATIVE TO RE-REFINING OR BURNING ARE
DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN THE HEAT CONTENT OF THE USED OIL AND THE VIRGIN
MATERIAL IT REPLACES.
THE NET ENERGY SAVINGS FOR THE POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVE APPLICATIONS OF
USED OIL TEND TO BE SIMILAR TO RE-REFINING OR BURNING, ALTHOUGH THE
QUESTION OF PRETREATMENT MUST BE RESOLVED BEFORE FINAL CONCLUSIONS CAN
BE REACHED. THE NET ENERGY SAVINGS ARE EQUAL TO THE CASE OF BURNING,
ALTHOUGH POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES DO EXIST. FOR EXAMPLE, CHARGING USED OIL
TO A CRACKING REACTOR PRODUCING MONOMERS OR SYNTHESIS GAS OR TO A LUBE
OIL REFINERY AS PART OF THE FEEDSTOCK MAY ALTER THE PROCESS ENERGY
REQUIREMENT AND YIELD, BOTH OF WHICH AFFECT THE NET ENERGY BALANCE.
PROCESS ENERGY FOR A LUBE OIL REFINERY IS SENSITIVE TO YIELD AND NET
ENERCY SAVINGS ARE SENSITIVE TO PROCESS ENERGY. NO DATA ARE AVAILABLE
FROM WHICH THE CHANGES IN PROCESS YIELD OR ENERGY REQUIREMENT COULD BE
DETERMINED, WHEN USED LUBE OIL IS PART OF THE FEEDSTOCK OF A
PETROCHEMICAL PLANT OR REFINERY.
11.4 REFERENCES
11-1 W. NELSON, PETROLEUM REFINERY ENGINEERING, MCGRAW-HILL BOOK
COM0ANY, NEW YORK, NY.Y. (1958).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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11-2 N. WEINSTEIN, WASTE OIL RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL, EPA-670/
2-74-052, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, D.C.
(AUGUST 1974), PREPARED BY RECON SYSTEMS.
11-3 J. GORDON AND J. CIOFFI, LEAD EMISSIONS FROM THE BURNING OF
WASTE AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE OIL, WP-11634, THE MITRE CORPORATION (OCTOBER
1976).
11-4 R. BECHTOLD AND S. LEATZ, COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL
FUEL BLENDS CONTAINING USED LUBRICATING OIL, SAE PAPER 760132,
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY (FEBRUARY 1976).
11-5 "COORS, A FLEET BREWED TO PERFECTION, COMMERCIAL CAR JOURNAL,
VOL. 129, NO. 6 (AUGUST 1975).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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TRANSCRIPT
SECTION 12
RESOURCE CONSERVATION
12.1 INTRODUCTION
EVEN IF THE IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND THE ENERGY
CONSERVATION ASPECTS OF WASTE OIL RECOVERY ARE DISCOUNTED, TWO IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATIONS REMAIN. FIRST, THE OIL EMBARGO OF 1973 CLEARLY
DEMONSTRATED THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF OIL AND ELUCIDATED THE VALUE OF
RE-REFINED OIL AS A STRATEGIC LUBE OIL RESERVE. THIS IS PARTICULARLY
TRUE SINCE SEVERAL STUDIES (REFS. 12-1 THROUGH 12-5) HAVE PROJECTED AN
INCREASING FUTURE RELIANCE ON FOREIGN OIL. THE SECOND CONSIDERATION HAS
BOTH LONGER-TERM AND BROADER INDUSTRIAL IMPLICATIONS. INDEPENDENT OF
ARTIFICIAL (EMBARGO) RESTRICTIONS OR WARTIME SEIZURE OF SOURCES,
DEPLETION OF WORLD CRUDE RESOURCES COULD BE CATASTROPHIC TO MANY
INDUSTRIES INCLUDING LUBE OIL.
12.2 STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY
EMPHASIS ON THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF OIL IS NOT NEW (REFS. 12-6
AND 12-7), AND CURRENT ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A NATIONAL EMERGENCY OIL
STORAGE RESERVE UNDER PUBLIC LAW 94-163 UNDERSCORE THOSE OBSERVATIONS.
AT LEAST TWO SITUATIONS CAN BE ENVISIONED IN WHICH THE RE-REFINING
INDUSTRY WOULD BE A VALUABLE NATIONAL ASSET: IN AN OUTRIGHT
INTERRUPTION OF INTERNATIONAL OIL SUPPLIES OR IN A TRANSIENT BUT RAPID
ESCALATION OF LUBE OIL DEMAND RESULTING FROM MILITARY ACTION.
THE MARKET SUPPLY OF LUBE OIL IS BALANCED AGAINST DEMAND BY
INCREASING OR DECREASING PRODUCTION AND THROUGH INVENTORY CHANGES.
HISTORICALLY, THE OIL INDUSTRY HAS DONE AN EXCELLENT JOB OF BALANCING
THESE VARIABLES. FOR MANY YEARS, CAPACITY HAS EXCEEDED PRODUCTION AND
HAS PROVIDED AN EXTRA MARGIN OF SAFETY. HOWEVER, RECENT PREDICTIONS
INDICATE THAT BETWEEN 1978 AND 1981 WORLDWIDE LUBE OIL DEMANDS MIGHT
BEGIN TO OVERTAX THE CAPABILITY OF FREE-WORLD LUBE PRODUCTION (REF.
12-8). AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 12-1, WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION DEMAND HAS
INCREASED AT A MUCH FASTER RATE THAN THAT OF THE DOMESTIC MARKET. WORLD
CAPACITY DOES NOT SEEM TO BE INCREASING AT A RATE ADEQUATE TO MEET
DEMAND; THEREFORE, EXCESS UNITED STATES CAPACITY COULD GRADUALLY BE
ELIMINATED. UNDER SUCH CONDITIONS, A SUDDEN SURGE IN DOMESTIC DEMAND,
AS FOR MILITARY ACTION, WOULD BE DIFFICULT TO ACCOMMODATE WITHOUT THE
EXTRA CAPACITY OF A RE-REFINING INDUSTRY TO SUPPLY THE SHORT FALL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
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TRANSCRIPT
FIGURE 12-1. TOTAL FREE WORLD AND UNITED STATES BASE OIL LUBRICANT
DEMAND (REF. 12-8)
FIGURE OMITTED
A SIMILAR BUT MORE DRASTIC SITUATION WOULD BE A REPETITION OF THE
PREVIOUS INTERRUPTION OF FOREIGN OIL SUPPLIES, PERHAPS EVEN FOR A LONGER
PERIOD. IN THAT EVENT, THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY COULD PLAY A MAJOR ROLE
IN THE PRODUCTION OF LUBE OILS FOR TRANSPORTATION AND INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS.
IT HAS BEEN VARIOUSLY ESTIMATED THAT HALF OF THE CRANKCASE LUBE OIL
SOLD COULD BE RECOVERED, RE-REFINED, AND REUSED. BASED ON THE CURRENTLY
PREDOMINANT ACID-CLAY PROCESS, THIS TRANSLATES INTO A POTENTIAL
ONE-THIRD INCREASE IN LUBE PRODUCTION CAPACITY THAT COULD BE COMMITTED
TO EMERGENCY USE. WHILE AN ADEQUATE COLLECTION SYSTEM WOULD BE REQUIRED
TO SUPPORT THAT CAPABILITY, THE CRITICAL ELEMENT IS THE RE-REFINING
INDUSTRY ITSELF SINCE, EVEN IF TEH OIL WERE COLLECTED, IT COULD NOT BE
PROCESSED BY CRUDE OIL REFINERIES WITHOUT MAJOR DISLOCATIONS IN
OPERATION. EXCEPT FOR THE COLLECTION PROBLEM, THE SAME SITUATION EXISTS
FOR INDUSTRIAL OIL.
IN ITS PRESENT CONDITION, THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY IS POORLY EQUIPPED
TO RESPOND TO A CALL FOR EMERGENCY SUPPORT. MOST OF ITS FACILITIES ARE
OVERAGED, AND THERE ARE NO LARGE-SCALE ACCUMULATION AND COLLECTION
PROCEDURES. IN THE CASE OF CRANKCASE OIL, IT IS ESPECIALLY DOUBTFUL
THAT A CONSISTENT SUPPLY OF FEEDSTOCK COULD BE PROVIDED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
IF THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY IS TO BE UTILIZED AS A STRATEGIC
RESOURCE, THEN POSITIVE FEDERAL ACTIONS ARE NECESSARY TO (1) MODERNIZE
AND EXPAND RE-REFINERY FACILITIES, (2) DEVELOP A DEPENDABLE SYSTEM OF
USED OIL COLLECTION, AND (3) DEFINE LUBE OIL BASE STOCK QUALITY (NET
PERFORMANCE) BY OIL COMPOSITION INDEPENDENT OF SOURCE.
SUCH A SUPPORTING STRUCTURE OF ADVANCE ACTIVITIES WOULD FACILITATE
FLEXIBLE, RAPID RESPONSE TO NATIONAL EMERGENCIES AND PROMOTE UNINHIBITED
INTERCHANGEABILITY WITH VIRGIN LUBE OIL. THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY IS
EXPERIENCED AND ESTABLISHED, IT IS WIDELY DISPERSED GEOGRAPHICALLY,
WHICH MINIMIZES OUTPUT DISTRIBUTION PROBLEMS DURING EMERGENCIES.
FURTHER, IT COULD HAVE, AT ITS PRESENT CAPACITY LEVEL, PROVIDED THE
ENTIRE LUBE OIL PURCHASES OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT FOR THE YEAR
1976. DURING NON-EMERGENCY PERIODS, IT COULD REDUCE MILITARY LUBE
EXPENDITURES ON AN ONGOING BASIS AND PERFORM ANCILLARY PUBLIC SERVICE BY
REMOVING A LARGE AND GROWING SOURCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION WHILE
SIMULTANEOUSLY CONSERVING A VALUABLE NATURAL RESOURCE.
12.3 WORLD LUBRICATING OIL SUPPLIES
VARIOUS ESTIMATES OF WORLD CRUDE OIL RESERVES HAVE BEEN MADE,
INDICATING PROVED RESERVES OF THE ORDER OF 600 BILLION BARRELS (REFS.
12-9 AND 12-10). PETROLEUM RESERVES ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE
DEGREE OF ASSURANCE OF THEIR EXISTENCE USING THE CATEGORIES "MEASURED,
INDICATED, AND INFERRED," WITH "MEASURED" BEING THE MOST CERTAIN.
"PROVED" RESERVES ARE THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ESTIMATES OF
"MEASURED" RESERVES.
WORLD PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION IN 1973 WAS 20.7 BILLION BARRELS.
WITH NO GROWTH, THAT AVERAGE CONSUMPTION IMPLIES DEPLETION OF
RESERVES IN ABOUT 30 YEARS. HOWEVER, GROWTH IS PROBABLE. THE
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (DOI) ESTIMATES ANNUAL WORLD DEMAND FOR
PETROLEUM TO BE 29.2 BILLION BARRELS FOR 1990. AT THIS COMPOUNDED
GROWTH RATE OF 2.0 PERCENT, DEPLETION OF CURRENT WORLD RESERVES
WOULD BE EXPECTED IN 20 YEARS OR BY 1997.
THE DEMAND FOR LUBE FEEDSTOCK MAY BE CONSIDERED APPROXIMATELY
EQUIVALENT TO 10 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL DEMAND FOR CRUDE OIL. ALTHOUGH
RELATED TO TOTAL CRUDE SUPPLIES, THE POTENTIAL FOR DEPLETION OF LUBE
CRUDE IS UNIQUELY DIFFERENT. IMPORTANTLY, ONLY CERTAIN CRUDES ARE BOTH
CHEMICALLY SUITABLE AS LUBE FEEDSTOCK AND ALSO GIVE ACCEPTABLE PRODUCT
YIELDS. TWO BASIC TYPES OF CRUDES ARE USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF
LUBRICATING OILS: PARAFFINIC AND NAPHTHENIC. UNDER CURRENT CONDITIONS,
PREFERENCE IS GIVEN TO WHAT ARE TERMED SELECTED AND PREMIUM GRADES.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
CURRENTLY, IT IS CONSIDERED ONLY MARGINALLY PROFITABLE TO PROCESS A
LUBE CRUDE WITH LESS THAN 10 PERCENT YIELD, AND 15 TO 20 PERCENT IS
DESIRABLE. TO COMPOUND THE PROBLEM, PARAFFINIC AND NAPHTHENIC CRUDES
ARE NOT EQUALLY PLENTIFUL.
APPROPRIATE CRUDE OIL STOCKS FROM ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD ARE
MADE INTO WHAT IS COMMONLY KNOWN AS LUBRICATING OIL BASE STOCKS BY
VARIOUS REFINING METHODS. THESE BASE STOCKS, BOTH PARAFFINIC
AND NAPHTHENIC, PERMIT THE PRODUCTION OF LUBRICANTS POSSESSING A
RANGE OF VISCOSITIES BY MEANS OF BLENDING DIFFERENT OILS TOCETHER.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME BETTER KNOWN BASE OILS ARE SHOWN IN
TABLE 12-1. BY TRADITION, THE VARIOUS PARAFFINIC OILS ARE KNOWN
BY NAMES SUCH AS SOLVENT NEUTRAL, SOLVENT, AND SOLVENT BRIGHT
STOCK. BRIGHT STOCK IS A PARTICULARLY VISCOUS MATERIAL AS MAY BE
SEEN FROM THE TABULATED VISCOSITY. THESE MATERIALS, TOGETHER WITH
VARIOUS ADDITIVES, ARE USED TO COMPOUND MODERN LUBRICANTS.
TABLE 12-1. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NAPHTHENIC AND
PARAFFINIC BASE OILS (MODIFIED FROM REF. 12-13)
TABLE OMITTED
WHEN ESTIMATES OF CRUDE OIL SUPPLIES AND CONSUMPTION ARE WEIGHED, THE
EVIDENCE STRONGLY INDICATES THAT A POLICY OF CONSERVATION, AT THE
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL, IS REQUIRED (REFS. 12-8, 12-10, 12-11, AND 12-12).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
THE SITUATION WITH RESPECT TO LUBE OIL IS EVEN MORE CONCLUSIVE.
IMPROVEMENTS IN REFINERY PROCESSES AND RECOVERY WILL EXTEND THE
RESOURCES AT THE EXPENSE OF RISING PRICES. THEREFORE, AN IMPORTANT PART
OF ANY CONSERVATION PLAN SHOULD BE THE RECOVERY AND REUSE OF OIL
WHEREVER POSSIBLE. THIS SUGGESTS THAT THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY CAN ALSO
PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN OVERALL CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES. THROUGHOUT
THE USER MARKET, ACCOMODATIONS TO THE SUPPLY SHORTAGES ARE ALREADY
OCCURRING, AND MORE WILL BE REQUIRED WITHIN THE NEXT 5 YEARS. THE
RELATIVE STATUS OF PARAFFINIC AND NAPHTHENIC CRUDES IS DISCUSSED BELOW.
12.3.1 STATUS OF PARAFFINIC CRUDE OILS
PARAFFINIC-TYPE CRUDES ARE USED TO MANUFACTURE HIGH-VISCOSITY INDEX
(HVI) OILS. THESE OILS ARE USED FOR MOTOR AND BEARING-TYPE LUBRICATION.
THE BEST DOMESTIC UNITED STATES TYPES ARE EAST TEXAS, WEST TEXAS
INTERMEDIATE AND PENNSYLVANIA. TEXAS SUPPLIES, HOWEVER, ARE RAPIDLY
DECLINING (REF. 12-14). OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES, SUITABLE PERSIAN
GULF CRUDES COME FROM SAUDI ARABIA, IRAQ, QATAR, IRAN, LIBYA, AND
ALGERIA. THE SUITABILITY OF NEWER DISCOVERIES, SUCH AS THOSE IN
NIGERIA, INDONESIA, AND ALASKA, FOR LUBE PROCESSING IS DEBATABLE (REFS.
12-8, 12-12, AND 12.14). THE ESTIMATED PRODUCTION CAPACITY FOR FINISHED
SOLVENT NEUTRAL OILS IN THE UNITED STATES IS 137,000 BARRELS PER
CALENDAR DAY, BASED ON THE ACTUAL CRUDE RUNS FOR 1976.
THE VISCOSITY INDEX (VI), WHICH IS A MEASURE OF THE CHANGE IN
VISCOSITY WITH TEMPERATURE, IS AN IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC FOR ALL
LUBRICANTS WHICH UNDERGO A CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE DURING USE. THE VI IS
BASED PRIMARILY ON AN EMPIRICAL SCALE DERIVED FROM TWO LUBRICATING OIL
FRACTIONS, ONE OF WHICH ORIGINATES FROM A PENNSYLVANIA CRUDE AND IS
ARBITRARILY ASSIGNED A VISCOSITY INDEX OF 100; THE OTHER IS FROM CRUDE
OIL FROM THE GULF COAST WHICH YIELDS A LUBRICATING OIL ASSIGNED A
VISCOSITY INDEX OF 0. HIGHER VIS REFLECT LESS VISCOSITY CHANGE WITH
VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE. THE VI IS CALCULATED FROM THE VISCOSITIES OF
THESE TWO STANDARD MATERIALS AT TWO TEMPERATURES, 100 DEGREES AND 210
DEGREES F. ALL OTHER LUBRICATING OILS ARE COMPARED WITH THE VISCOSITY
VARIATIONS OF THESE TWO STANDARDIZED REFERENCE SAMPLES BY CONVENTION AND
NOT FOR TECHNICAL REASONS.
THE VI OF TYPICAL LUBRICATING OIL FRACTIONS PRODUCED BY DISTILLATION
OF CRUDES VARIES CONSIDERABLY FROM SOURCE TO SOURCE. INDEXES MAY RANGE
FROM 0 FOR THE GULF COAST CRUDES TO OVER 105 FOR THE PERSIAN GULF
CRUDES.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
THE VI OF BASE OIL FRACTIONS IS NOT AS IMPORTANT NOW AS IN THE PRIOR
YEARS BECAUSE OF THE ABILITY TO USE CERTAIN ADDITIVES TO IMPART THE
DESIRED VI.
WITH DOMESTIC SOURCES OF DESIRABLE PARAFFINIC LUBE CRUDE DECLINING
RAPIDLY, THE UNITED STATES OIL INDUSTRY MUST EITHER BEGIN DEVELOPMENT OF
SOPHISTICATED PROCESSING METHODS, SUCH AS SEVERE HYDROTREATING TO
INCREASE YIELDS FROM STOCKS WHICH ARE CURRENTLY UNECONOMICAL, OR BID
AGAINST RISING DEMAND FROM THE REST OF THE WORLD FOR MID-EAST SUPPLIES
OF THE MORE SELECT STOCK. A THIRD ALTERNATIVE IS TO USE LOWER GRADE
UNITED STATES CRUDE AND TO INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF ADDITIVES TO YIELD A
COMPOUNDED PRODUCT EQUAL TO THAT OBTAINED FROM A BETTER CRUDE. HOWEVER,
ADDITIVES ALREADY CONSTITUTE ABOUT 17 PERCENT OF THE VOLUME OF A QUART
OF MULTIVISCOSITY MOTOR OIL AND 50 PERCENT OF THE COST (REF 12-15).
MORE IMPORTANT, THE PHYSICAL LIMIT TO THE IMPROVEMENTS OBTAINABLE BY
MORE AND MORE ADDITIVES IS NOT KNOWN.
12.3.2 STATUS OF NAPHTHENIC CRUDE OILS
NAPHTHENIC CRUDES ARE USED TO MANUFACTURE MEDIUM AND LOW VISCOSITY
INDEX (MVI AND LVI) OILS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS. THE SUPPLY OF
SUITABLE NAPHTHENIC CRUDE IS EVEN MORE QUESTIONABLE THAN THAT OF
PARAFFINIC CRUDE. MAJOR DOMESTIC SOURCES ARE THE GULF COAST (THE A
GRADE IS MOST DESIRABLE) AND SMACKOVER FIELD IN OKLAHOMA. HOWEVER,
BEGINNING IN THE EARLY 1980S, PRODUCTION IS EXPECTED TO DECLINE. EVEN
NOW, ALLOWABLE CHARACTERISTICS ARE BEING RELAXED FROM PREVIOUS LEVELS.
VENEZUELA IS THE PRINCIPAL SOURCC OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES BUT ITS
STOCK REQUIRES DESULFURIZATION, AND THIS COUNTRY IS PRACTICING
CONSERVATION IN EXTRACTION POLICIES. NO DISCOVERIES ELSEWHERE HAVE BEEN
OF THE NAPHTHENIC TYPE (REF. 12-14). NAPHTHENIC CRUDES ARE ESTIMATED TO
CONSTITUTE LESS THAN 20 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL SUPPLY OF FREE-WORLD
CRUDES. THE ESTIMATED UNITED STATES PRODUCTION CAPACITY FOR FINISHED
NAPHTHENIC-BASED LUBES IS 84,000 BARRELS PER CALENDAR DAY BASED ON
ACTUAL 1976 CRUDE RUNS (REF. 12-8).
SHELL OIL POINTED OUT IN 1974 THE CONFLICT BETWEEN RISING INDUSTRIAL
DEMAND FOR LUBE AND PROCESS OILS AND THE LIMITED SUPPLIES OF
NAPHTHENIC-TYPE CRUDES WHICH POSESS SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS,
PARTICULARLY FOR PROCESS USE, WHICH ARE UNOBTAINABLE FROM PARAFFINIC
STOCK (REF. 12-12). IN ORDER TO RESERVE NAPHTHENIC OILS FOR PROCESS
PRODUCTS, THE DOMESTIC INDUSTRY HAS BEEN ATTEMPTING TO SUBSTITUTE
PARAFFINIC-BASED FORMULATIONS FOR LUBRICATION APPLICATIONS SUCH AS
METAL-WORKING AND DIESEL USE. SUCCESSFUL FORMULATIONS HAVE BEEN DERIVED
FOR MARINE DIESEL LUBE, SOME CUTTING OILS, AND HEAT TRANSFER OILS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
EUROPEAN RAILROAD DIESELS CONVERTED TO PARAFFINIC OILS YEARS AGO, AND
TESTS ARE UNDER WAY FOR DOMESTIC UNITED STATES RAILROADS TO CONVERT TO
THESE OILS. IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE THAT INTERMEDIATE VI FRACTIONS OF
SOLVENT EXTRACTS FROM PARAFFINIC-BASED OILS MAY BE SEGREGATED, DEWAXED,
AND HYDROTREATED TO YIELD A NAPHTHENIC-TYPE OIL (REF. 12-8). WITH THE
LARGE ANTICIPATED GROWTH IN THE ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY, SPECIAL
ATTENTION SHOULD BE DIRECTED TOWARD SUPPLIES OF ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER
OIL.
IN SUMMARY, THERE IS A VERY REAL AND INCREASING RESTRICTION OF
AVAILABLE NAPHTHENIC CRUDE STOCK. THERE ARE UNIQUE LUBE APPLICATIONS,
PRINCIPALLY PROCESS AND SPECIALTY OILS, FOR WHICH ONLY NAPHTHENIC IS
CONSIDERED SUITABLE. IT APPEARS THAT CONCERTED EFFORTS ARE NECESSARY TO
CONVERT ALL POSSIBLE CURRENT USES OF NAPHTHENIC-BASED LUBES TO
PARAFFINIC. CURRENTLY, NAPHTHENIC-BASED LUBES ARE SELLING AT ABOUT
ONE-FOURTH LESS THAN THE PRICE OF PARAFFINIC (REF. 12-16), BUT BECAUSE
OF THE INCREASING SHORTAGE THE PRICES OF NAPHTHENIC-BASED OILS ARE
EXPECTED TO RISE PROPORTIONATELY GREATER THAN FOR PARAFFINIC OILS. AS
WITH PARAFFINIC OIL, A COROLLARY CONSERVATION AND COST-CUTTING ACTIVITY
FOR NON-PROCESSING APPLICATIONS WOULD BE RE-REFINING. MOST LUBRICANT
EXPERTS BELIEVE THAT INDUSTRIAL OIL CAN BE RECYCLED AT LEAST 10 TIMES
BEFORE IT HAS TO BE DISCARDED. IF AN OIL IS PURIFIED PROMPTLY AND
CONTAMINANTS ARE NOT ALLOWED TO REMAIN IN IT FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME,
ITS USEFULNESS CAN BE STRETCHED OVER MANY YEARS (REF. 12-17).
12.4 REFERENCES
12-1 "ENERGY USE RISING BY 6 PERCENT IN 1977, SAYS GAS INSTITUTE,"
CHEMICAL MARKET REPORT (MARCH 1977).
12-2 "U. S. SEEN RELYING HEAVILY ON ARAB OIL," THE OIL AND GAS
JOURNAL (5 JANUARY 1976).
12-3 W. G. DUPREE, JR., AND J. S. CORSENTINO, UNITED STATES ENERGY
THROUGH THE YEAR 2000 (REVISED), BUREAU OF MINES, WASHINGTON, D. C.
(DECEMBER 1976).
12-4 WASTE AUTO LUBE OIL RESERVES FUEL, EPA 600/5-74032, U. S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WASHINGTON, D. C.
12-5 ENERGY RESOURCES REPORT, VOL. 5, NO. 16 (22 APRIL 1977).
12-6 U. S. ENERGY OUTLOOK -- A SUMMARY REPORT OF THE NATIONAL
PETROLEUM COUNCIL, NATIONAL PETROLEUM COUNCIL COMMITTEE ON U. S. ENERGY
OUTLOOK (DECEMBER 1972).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
12-7 M. K. UDALL, AMERICA'S ENERGY POTENTIAL: A SUMMARY AND
EXPLANATION (OCTOBER 1973).
12-8 E. M. LEE, "WORLD LUBRICANT SUPPLY/DEMAND -- ITS IMPACT ON THE
UNITED STATES," ATLANTIC RICHFIELD COMPANY, PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 1976
NPRA ANNUAL MEETING, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
12-9 RICHARD B. MANCKE, THE FAILURE OF U. S. ENERGY POLICY, COLUMBIA
UNIVERSITY PRESS, NEW YORK (1974).
12-10 ENERGY PERSPECTIVES 2, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
WASHINGTON, D. C. (JUNE 1976).
12-11 A. G. GOOSSENS, R. F. WESTERDUIN, AND A. J. SUCHANEK, "WHY
RE-REFINING OF SPENT LUBRICATING OILS," GULF SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT
COMPANY.
12-12 C. R. MAJOR AND F. E. WINFIELD, "WORLD WIDE AVAILABILITY OF
LUBRICATING OILS," SHELL INTERNATIONAL PETROLEUM COMPANY, LTD., PAPER
PRESENTED AT THE NPRA 72ND ANNUAL MEETING (31 MARCH - 2 APRIL 1974).
12-13 WASTE OIL RECOVERY PRACTICES -- STATE OF THE ART (1972),
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SYSTEMS, INC., WASHINGTON, D. C., NTIS NO. PB-229
801 (DECEMBER 1972).
12-14 PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: DR. E. W. NOMMENSEN, EXXON OIL
COMPANY, HOUSTON, TEXAS (30 NOVEMBER 1976).
12-15 P. M. CUKOR, ET AL., A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDY OF WASTE
OIL RECOVERY, PART III: ECONOMIC, TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS
TO WASTE OIL RECOVERY, TEKNEKRON INC., BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA (OCTOBER
1973).
12-16 PLATTS OIL PRICE HANDBOOK AND OILMANAC, MCGRAW-HILL BOOK
COMPANY, NEW YORK (1977).
12-17 R. L. OLIVERSON, "METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR IMPLANT RECLAMATION
OF USED LUBRICANTS," PLANT ENGINEERING (29 MAY 1975).
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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TRANSCRIPT
APPENDIX A
VISITS AND CONTACTS
DURING THE COURSE OF THIS STUDY, THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS WERE
VISITED OR CONTACTED BY TELEPHONE.
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102808
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
TABLE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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TABLE OMITTED.
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APPENDIX B
ABBREVIATIONS API AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE APR ASSOCIATION OF
PETROLEUM RE-REFINERS ARA AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES ARB ARMY REVIEW
BOARD ARCO ATLANTIC RICHFIELD COMPANY ARL AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH
LABORATORIES ASLE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LUBRICATION ENGINEERS ASTM
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS ATF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
FLUID BERC BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER BOC BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
BOM BUREAU OF MINES BPSD OR B/SD BARRELS PER STREAM DAY BS&W BOTTOM
SOLIDS AND WATER BRU BRITISH THERMAL UNIT CRC COORDINATING RESEARCH
COUNCIL OF THE SAE DOD DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DOI DEPARTMENT OF THE
INTERIOR DOT DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EP EXTREME PRESSURE EPA
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ERDA ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
AGENCY FTC FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION GM GENERAL MOTORS HVI HIGH VISCOSITY
INDEX IFP INSTITUTE FRANCAIS DU PETROLE IRS INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE KTI
KINETICS TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATED LVI LOW VISCOSITY INDEX MEK METHYL
ETHYL KETONE MIL MILITARY
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MVI MEDIUM VISCOSITY INDEX NBS NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS NORCO
NATIONAL OIL RECOVERY CORPORATION OPEC ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM
EXPORTING COUNTRIES P&E PLANT AND EQUIPMENT PNA POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS
PROP PHILLIPS RE-REFINED OIL PROCESS QA QUALITY ASSURANCE QPL QUALIFIED
PRODUCTS LIST RDC ROTATING DISC CONTACTOR SAE SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEERS SRI SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE SUS SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS
TBP TRUE BOILING POINT VI VISCOSITY INDEX
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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NOTICE
THIS REPORT WAS PREPARED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF CONTRACT NO.
EY-76-C-03-1101 BY THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP OF
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY. ANY OPINIONS, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, OR
RECOMMENDATIONS EXPRESSED IN THIS PUBLICATION ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHORS
AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE VIEWS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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/1/ THE STUDY WAS INITIATED UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP OF DOE'S DIVISION
OF TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION.
FOREWORD
THIS REPORT, PREPARED BY THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION FOR THE DEPARTMENT
OF ENERGY, DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL ENERGY CONSERVATION /1/ PROVIDES AN
ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACT ON PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION DUE TO
AVAILABLE OPTIONS FOR UTILIZING USED OIL. THE TECHNICAL BASE FOR THIS
ASSESSMENT IS DERIVED FROM A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CURRENT INFORMATION
RELATED TO LUBRICATING OILS AND PROCESSES FOR REFINING FROM VIRGIN CRUDE
AND RE-REFINING FROM USED OIL.
BOTH THE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF RE-REFINING USED OIL ARE
ADDRESSED. INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE IMPEDIMENTS TO THE RE-REFINING
OF USED OIL ARE ALSO CONSIDERED. FINALLY, AN ANALYSIS IS MADE TO
DETERMINE THE IMPACT ON CRUDE PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION THAT WOULD OCCUR IF
(1) ALL USED OIL WOULD BE RE-REFINED AND RECYCLED AS LUBE OIL OR (2) ALL
USED OIL WOULD BE BURNED TO RECOVER ITS HEAT CONTENT. THIS REPORT IS
ORGANIZED IN TWO VOLUMES. VOLUME I OF THIS REPORT PROVIDES DATA ON THE
STATUS OF THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY AND MAKES PROJECTIONS OF THE FUTURE
DEMAND FOR RE-REFINED OIL. IN ADDITION, IT PROVIDES DESCRIPTIONS OF
VIRGIN OIL AND RE-REFINED OIL PROCESSES, AND ADDRESSES INSTITUTIONAL
IMPACTS ON RE-REFINING, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL AS A FUEL, AND RESOURCE
CONSERVATION.
THIS VOLUME, VOLUME II, INCLUDES AN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE STUDY,
AND PRESENTS AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMICS OF PRODUCING RE-REFINED OIL,
AND OF THE ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL OF RE-REFINING. ALSO PROVIDED
IS A SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DOE ACTION
IN THE AREA OF LUBE OIL RE-REFINING.
VOLUME II IS ORGANIZED AS FOLLOWS:
TABLE OMITTED.
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TABLE OMITTED.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
APPRECIATION IS ACKNOWLEDGED FOR THE ASSISTANCE AND GUIDANCE PROVIDED
BY DR. JEROME F. COLLINS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DOE), DIVISION OF
INDUSTRIAL ENERGY CONSERVATION, WHO WAS THE PROGRAM MONITOR DURING THE
LATTER STAGES OF THE STUDY, AND BY MR. E. EUGENE ECKLUND OF THE DOE,
DIVISION OF TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION, WHO INITIATED THE
PROGRAM AND ACTED AS PROGRAM MONITOR DURING THE INITIAL PHASES OF THE
STUDY. THE COOPERATION AND ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY MANY STAFF MEMBERS OF
INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (APPENDIX A) IS ALSO GRATEFULLY
ACKNOWLEDGED.
C. J. MASCETTI, STUDY MANAGER ENERGY CONSERVATION OFFICE MOBILE
SYSTEMS GROUP
APPROVED BY:
W. C. ROESSLER, DIRECTOR ENERGY CONSERVATION OFFICE MOBILE SYSTEMS
GROUP
M. G. HINTON, GROUP DIRECTOR MOBIL SYSTEMS ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
CONSERVATION DIVISION
T. IURA, GENERAL MANAGER ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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ABSTRACT
THIS REPORT IN TWO VOLUMES, ASSESSES THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF
REREFINING USED AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL LUBRICATING OILS ON THE
NATIONAL PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION. THE TECHNICAL BASE FOR THIS ASSESSMENT
IS DERIVED FROM A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE PROCESSES UTILIZED IN
RE-REFINING USED OIL AND THOSE PROCESSES USED TO PRODUCE LUBE OIL FROM
CRUDE. BOTH EXISTING AND RECENTLY PROPOSED PROCESSES ARE CONSIDERED.
ADDITIONALLY, AN EXTENSIVE REVIEW OF PROCESSES DESCRIBED IN THE PATENT
LITERATURE IS PROVIDED.
RE-REFINING PROCESSES ARE SURVEYED AND EVALUATED. PROCESS
DESCRIPTIONS ARE PROVIDED; HARDWARE IS IDENTIFIED; AND PROCESS ENERGY
AND ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS ARE CALCULATED. FACTORS AFFECTING THE
PROFITABILITY OF A RE-REFINING OPERATION ARE DISCUSSED. ECONOMIC
PROJECTIONS OF THE DEMAND FOR LUBE OIL AND THE ABILITY TO SATISFY THIS
DEMAND FROM CRUDE OIL ARE MADE AND THE VALUE OF LUBE OIL AS A VITAL
RESOURCE AND THE NEED FOR CONSERVATION ARE ADDRESSED. OTHER FACTORS
RELATED TO RE-REFINING ARE DISCUSSED, INCLUDING LUBE OIL
CHARACTERISTICS, DEGRADATION, LUBE OIL QUALITY AND ENGINE SEQUENCE
TESTING, AND LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS. FINALLY, AN ENERGY
ASSESSMENT OF USED OIL UTILIZATION IS MADE. TWO OPTIONS ARE CONSIDERED
IN THIS ASSESSMENT: (1) ALL USED OIL IS RE-REFINED AND RECYCLED BACK TO
LUBE OIL; (2) ALL USED OIL IS BURNED TO RECOVER ITS HEAT CONTENT.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS OMITTED
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TABLE OF CONTENTS OMITTED.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS OMITTED.
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FIGURES
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TABLE OMITTED.
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TABLES
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TABLE OMITTED.
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GLOSSARY
ACID SLUDGE THE RESIDUE LEFT AFTER TREATING PETROLEUM OIL WITH
SULFURIC ACID FOR THE REMOVAL OF IMPURITIES. THE SLUDED IS A BLACK,
VISCOUS SUBSTANCE CONTAINING THE SPENT ACID AND THE IMPURITIES WHICH THE
ACIS HAS REMOVED FROM THE OIL.
ADDITIVE A CHEMICAL ADDED TO OIL TO ENHANCE CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS
OR TO GIVE IT OTHER DESIRABLE PROPERTIES.
ALIPHATICS ONE OF THE TWO CLASSES OF ORGANIC PETROCHEMICALS; THE
OTHER IS THE AROMATICS. THE MOST IMPORTANT ALIPHATICS ARE THE GASES
ETHYLENE, BUTYLENE, ACETYLENE, AND PROPYLENE.
ALKANE A SATURATED PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBON.
ALKANE SULFONATE A SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBON IN WHICH ONE GROUP IS A
SULFONIC ACID GROUP OR ITS SALT (USUALLY SODIUM SALT); USED FREQUENTLY
AS DETERGENT STOCK.
ALKYLATION PROCESS THE PROCESS OF MAKING GASOLINE-RANGE LIQUIDS FROM
REFINERY GASSES; E.G., ISOBUTANE, BUTYLENES, AND OTHERS. THE RESULTING
ALKYLATES ARE HIGHLY DESIRABLE COMPONENTS FOR BLENDING IN PREMIUM GRADE
GASOLINES.
ANILINE NUMBER (OR POINT) TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES C AT WHICH MIXTURES
OF PETROLEUM AND ANILINE BECOME MISCIBLE. THE VALUE IS A MEASURE OF
SLUDGE SOLVENT POWER. A LOWER ANILINE POINT USUALLY IS ASSOCIATED WITH
HIGH SOLVENT POWER.
APL DEGREES APL. AN AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE DENSITY SCALE USED
FREQUENTLY FOR HYDROCARBONS:
EQUATION OMITTED.
AROMATICS A GROUP OF HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS THAT FORM THE BASIS OF
MOST ORGANIC CHEMICALS SO FAR SYNTHESIZED. THE NAME AROMATICS DERIVES
FROM THEIR RATHER PLEASANT ODOR. THE UNIQUE RING STRUCTURE OF THEIR
CARBON ATOMS MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO TRANSFORM AROMATICS INTO AN ALMOST
ENDLESS NUMBER OF CHEMICALS. BENZENE, TOLUENE, AND XYLENE ARE THE
PRINCIPAL AROMATICS AND ARE COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS THE BTX GROUP.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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ASH, SULFATE A MEASURE OF METALLIC RESIDUE IN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.
ASTM TEST D 874 DESCRIBES THE MTHOD. THE ASH REMAINING AFTER REACTION
WITH H 2 SO 4 IS CALCULATED AS WEIGHT PERCENT SULFATES.
ASPHALTENES HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT HYDROCARBONS OF ASPHALTIC NATURE.
INSOLUBLE IN PETROLEUM NAPTHA BUT SOLUBLE IN BENZENE; BELIEVED TO BE
RESPONSIBLE FOR SLUDGE AND VARNISH DEPOSITS.
ASPHALT A SOLID HYDROCARBON FOUND AS A NATURAL DEPOSIT. CRUDE OIL OF
HIGH ASPHALTIC CONTENT WHEN SUBJECTED TO DISTILLATION TO REMOVE THE
LIGHTER FRACTIONS SUCH AS NAPTHA AND KEROSINE, LEAVES ASPHALT AS A
RESIDUE. ASPHALT IS DARK BROWN OR BLACK IN COLOR AND AT NORMAL
TEMPERATURES IS A SOLID.
ASPHALT-BASE CRUDE CRUDE OIL CONTAINING VERY LITTLE PARAFFIN WAX AND
A PRIMARILY ASPHALTIC RESIDUE. SULFUR, OXYGEN, AND NITROGEN ARE OFTEN
RELATIVELY HIGH. THIS TYPE CRUDE IS PARTICULARLY SUITABLE FOR MAKING
HIGH QUALITY GASOLINE, LUBRICATING OIL, AND ASPHALT.
ATMOSPHERIC STILL A REFINING VESSEL IN WHICH CRUDE OIL IS HEATED AND
PRODUCT IS DISTILLED OFF AT THE PRESSURE OF ONE ATMOSPHERE.
AZEOTROPE LIQUID MIXTURE THAT MAINTAINS A CONSTANT BOILING POINT AND
PRODUCES A VAPOR OF THE SAME COMPOSITION AS THE MIXTURE.
BARREL A UNIT OF PETROLEUM CAPACITY EQUAL TO 42 GALLONS.
BASE STOCK REFINED LUBRICATING OIL FRACTIONS USUALLY PRODUCED FROM
CRUDE PETROLEUM. ONE OR MORE OF THESE FRACTIONS ARE USED IN
MANUFACTURING FINISHED LUBRICATING OILS.
BAUME A DENSITY SCALE, EXPRESSED IN DEGREES BAUME ((SYMBOLS
OMITTED)). FOR LIQUIDS HEAVIER THAN WATER, SPECIFIC GRAVITY SG IS
RELATED BY THE EQUATION:
EQUATION OMITTED.
BENZENE INSOLUBLE A MEASURE OF THE TENDENCY OF A MOTOR OIL TO BREAK
DOWN DURING HIGH-TEMPERATURE OXIDATIVE ATTACK; ASTM TEST NO. D-893
DESCRIBES THE PROCEDURE: HIGH VALUES OF BENZENE INSOLUBLES ARE
UNDESIRABLE.
BLENDING THE PROCESS OF MIXING TWO OR MORE OILS HAVING DIFFERENT
PROPERTIES TO OBTAIN A LUBRICATING OIL OF INTERMEDIATE OR DESIRED
PROPERTIES.
BRIGHT STOCKS HIGH VISCOSITY, FULLY REFINED, AND DEWAXED LUBRICATIN
OILS; USED FOR BLENDING WITH LOWER VISCOSITY OILS. THE NAME ORIGINATED
FROM THE CLEAR, BRIGHT APPEARANCE OF THE DEWAXED LUBES.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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BS&W ABBREVIATION FOR BOTTOM SOLIDS AND WATER. ORDINARILY FOUND IN
PETROLEUM CRUDES, UNDISTILLED FUELS, AND USED OILS.
BUTANE A HYDROCARBON COMPOUND. AT ORDINARY ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
BUTANE IS A GAS BUT IS EASILY LIQUEFIED; ONE OF THE MOST USEFUL
LP-GASES, WIDELY USED AS A HOUSEHOLD FUEL.
CASINGHEAD GASOLINE A VERY VOLATILE FUEL OBTAINED FROM CONDENSATION
OF THE LOW BOILING CONSTITUENTS OF NATURAL GAS DERIVED FROM OIL WELLS.
CHROMATOGRAPHY A TECHNIQUE FOR SEPARATING FLUID MIXTURES BY VIRTUE
OF DIFFERENCES IN RATES OF MIGRATION OF THE FLUID COMPONENTS IN
A PACKED COLUMN. COLUMN PACKINGS OF ALUMINA, SILICA GEL,
ACTIVATED CARBON, AND OTHER MATERIALS ARE USED.
CLAY THE FILTERING MEDIUM, ESPECIALLY FULLER'S EARTH, USED IN
REFINING; A SUBSTANCE WHICH TENDS TO ADSORB AND NEUTRALIZE MATERIALS
PRESENT IN THE OIL.
CLEVELAND OPEN CUP (C.O.C.) A TYPE OF FLASH POINT TEST IN WHICH
LIQUID IS HEATED IN AN OPEN CUP TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH VAPOR
IGNITES.
COLOR, ASTM A COLOR COMPARISON TEST USING COLORED GLASS STANDARDS.
REFER TO ASTM TESTS D156 AND D1500.
CONRADSON CARBON RESIDUE (C. C. R.) A MEASURE OF THE TENDENCY OF A
LUBE OIL TO PRODUCE VARNISH AND SLUDGE; MEASURED IN WEIGHT PERCENT.
CENTISTOKE (C S) A UNIT OF KINEMATIC VISCOSITY.
CRACKING PROCESS BY WHICH PETROLEUM FRACTIONS ARE DECOMPOSED TO
PRODUCE FUELS, OILS, AND OTHER PRODUCTS; NORMALLY CARRIED OUT AT
ELEVATED TEMPERATURE WITH AND WITHOUT THE AID OF A CATALYST.
CUTTING OILS SPECIAL OILS USED TO LUBRICATE AND COOL METAL-CUTTING
TOOLS.
CYCLIZATION A THERMOCATALYTIC PROCESS FOR PRODUCING RING-TYPE
COMPOUNDS FROM STRAIGHT OR BRANCH CHAIN PARAFFIN.
DETERGENT ADDITIVE A MATERIAL ADDED TO LUBRICATING OILS TO HOLD IN
SUSPENSION OIL-BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS AND DIRT ACCUMULATED IN SERVICE. A
MORE EXACT DESCRIPTION OF THIS ADDITIVE FUNCTION IS "DISPERSANT".
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
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DISTILLATE LIQUID HYDROCARBONS, USUALLY WATER-WHITE OR PALE STRAW
COLOR AND OF HIGH APL GRAVITY (ABOVE 60 DEGREES), RECOVERED FROM WET GAS
BY A SEPARATOR THAT CONDENSES THE LIQUID OUT OF THE GAS STREAM.
DISTILLATION THE REFINING PROCESS OF SEPARATING CRUDE OIL COMPONENTS
BY HEATING, VAPORIZING, AND SUBSEQUENT CONDENSING OF THE FRACTIONS BY
COOLING.
DRUM A 55-GALLON METAL CONTAINER; A STANDARD CONTAINER USED FOR
SHIPPING LUBRICATING OIL AND OTHER PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.
ENGLER VISCOSITY A KINEMATIC VISCOSITY SCALE EXPRESSED IN DEGREES;
E.G., 2.3 DEGREES ENGLER.
EP EXTREME PRESSURE. REFERS TO ADDITIVES PUT INTO OILS FOR
PROTECTION OF SURFACES WITH VERY HIGH BEARING LOADS.
FEED OR FEEDSTOCK CRUDE OIL OR OTHER HYDROCARBONS THAT ARE THE
BASIC MATERIALS FOR A REFINING OR MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
FINISHING THE FINAL STEP IN A LUBE OIL PRODUCTION PROCESS INTENDED TO
REMOVE TRACES OF RESINOUS MATERIALS AND CHEMICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS, SO
AS TO IMPROVE AND STABILIZE COLOR.
FLASH POINT THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH A GIVEN SUBSTANCE IGNITES.
FLUSHING OILS OILS OR COMPOUNDS FORMULATED FOR THE PURPOSE OF
REMOVING USED OIL, DECOMPOSED MATTER, METAL CUTTINGS, AND SLUDGE FROM
LUBRICATING PASSAGES AND ENGINE PARTS.
FRACTIONATION SEPARATION OF A MIXTURE OF LIQUIDS INTO LOWER-BOILING
AND HIGHER-BOILING PRODUCTS. THE PROCESS MAY BE BATCH OR CONTINUOUS AND
MAY YIELD PURE PRODUCTS OR OTHER MIXTURES WITH NARROWER BOILING RANGES
THAN THE ORIGINAL FEED.
FRACTIONATOR A TALL, CYLINDRICAL REFINING VESSEL WHERE LIQUID
FEEDSTOCKS ARE SEPARATED INTO VARIOUS COMPONENTS OR FRACTIONS.
FULLER'S EARTH A NATURALLY OCCURRING ADSORPTIVE CLAY, WHICH IS
TREATED, GROUND, AND PURIFIED BEFORE USE; USED FOR REMOVAL OF COLOR AND
ODOR BODIES AND ACIDIC CONTAMINANTS IN OILS.
FURFURAL AN EXTRACTIVE SOLVENT OF EXTREMELY PUNGENT ODOR, USED
EXTENSIVELY FOR REFINING A WIDE RANGE OF LUBRICATING OILS AND DIESEL
FUELS; A LIQUID ALDEHYDE.
GAS OIL A REFINED FRACTION OF CRUDE OIL, SOMEWHAT HEAVIER THAN
KEROSINE; OFTEN USED AS DIESEL FUEL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 236 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102829
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
GREASE A LUBRICATING SUBSTANCE (SOLID OR SEMISOLID) MADE FROM
LUBRICATING OIL AND A THICKENING AGENT. THE LUBE OILS MAY BE LIGHT OR
HEAVY CYLINDER OILS; THE THICKENING AGENT (USUALLY SOAPS) MAY BE ANY
MATERIAL THAT WHEN MIXED WITH OIL PRODUCES A GREASE STRUCTURE.
HEAVY ENDS IN REFINERY PARLANCE, HEAVY ENDS ARE THE HEAVIER FRACTIONS
OF REFINED OIL -- FUEL OIL, LUBES, PARAFFIN, AND ASPHALT -- REMAINING
AFTER THE LIGHTER FRACTIONS HAVE BEEN DISTILLED OFF. SEE ALSO LIGHT
ENDS.
HYDRAULIC OIL LUBRICATING OIL RANGING IN VISCOSITY FROM ABOUT 150 TO
ABOUT 2200 SUS AT 100 DEGREES F; USUALLY COMPOUNDED WITH ANTI-FOAM AND
ANTI-CORROSION ADDITIVES; USED FOR HYDRAULIC POWER AND CONTROL SYSTEMS,
ENCLOSED GEARS, CIRCULATING LUBRICATION SYSTEMS, AND SIMILAR SYSTEMS.
HYDROCARBONS ORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF HYDROGEN AND CARBON ATOMS.
THESE COMPOUNDS ARE VAST IN NUMBER AND FORM THE BASIS OF ALL PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS. THEY MAY EXIST AS GASES, LIQUIDS, OR SOLIDS. AN EXAMPLE OF
EACH IS METHANE, HEXANE, AND ASPHALT, RESPECTIVELY.
HYDROGENATION ADDITION OF HYDROGEN TO AN UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON;
USUALLY CARRIED OUT IN PRESENCE OF CATALYST AND AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE.
HYDROTREATING A SEVERE HYDROGENATION PROCESS FOR BASE OIL STOCK
PRODUCTION.
IBP INITIAL BOILING POINT; USUALLY EXPRESSED AS DEGREES F AT ONE
ATMOSPHERE.
INDUSTRIAL LUBE OILS AS CLASSIFIED BY THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE, THESE COMPRISE MARINE, INDUSTRIAL, AND RAILROAD OILS INTENDED
PRIMARILY FOR LUBRICATION PURPOSES INCLUDING OILS FOR CUTTING
OPERATIONS.
INTERFACIAL TENSION THE FORCE REQUIRED TO TRANSFER A SURFACE FROM ONE
FLUID PHASE TO ANOTHER; EXPRESSED IN DYNES PER CENTIMETER AND MEASURED
WITH TENSIOMETER. FOR OILS, DISTILLED WATER USUALLY IS USED AS THE
SECOND FLUID PHASE.
ISOMERIZATION RESTRUCTURING OF A MOLECULE TO PRODUCE A BRANCHED CHAIN
COMPOUND WITHOUT ANY CHANGE IN THE NUMBER OF ATOMS; USUALLY REQUIRES
THE INPUT OF SOME FORM OF ENERGY TO CAUSE THE CHANGE.
LIGHT ENDS THE MORE VOLATILE PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM REFINING,
E.G., BUTANE, PROPANE, GASOLINE.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 237 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102830
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
MERCAPTANS CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS CONTAINING SULFUR; PRESENT IN CERTAIN
REFINED PRODUCTS THAT IMPART AN OBJECTIONABLE ODOR TO THE PRODUCT.
METHANOL METHYL ALCOHOL; A COLORLESS, FLAMMABLE LIQUID DERIVED FROM
METHANE (NATURAL GAS).
MID-CONTINENT CRUDE OIL PRODUCED PRINCIPALLY IN KANSAS, OKLAHOMA, AND
NORTH TEXAS.
MINERAL OIL A "PURE" BASE OIL OF PETROLEUM ORIGIN WITHOUT ANY
ADDITIVES.
MOLECULAR SIEVE ADSORBENTS OF EITHER NATURAL BUT MOSTLY SYNTHETIC
MINERAL ORIGIN HAVING WELL-DEFINED PROPERTIES AND CAPABLE OF ADSORBING
MOLECULES OF A SPECIFIC SIZE. MAY BE USED FOR SEPARATION OF GAS
MIXTURES AND AS A CATALYST.
NAPHTHA A VOLATILE, COLORLESS LIQUID OBTAINED FROM PETROLEUM
DISTILLATION; USED AS A SOLVENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINT, AS A
DRY-CLEANING FLUID, AND FOR BLENDING WITH CASINGHEAD GASOLINE IN
PRODUCING MOTOR GASOLINE.
NAPHTHLENE ANY OF A SERIES OF SATURATED CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS; YIELDS
USEFUL AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ON DEHYDROGENATION.
NEUTRAL STOCK LUBRICATING OIL STOCK WITH IMPURITIES, PARTICULARLY
ACIDS, REMOVED THAT HAS BEEN DEWAXED AND CAN BE BLENDED WITH BRIGHT
STOCK TO MAKE GOOD LUBE OIL; ONE OF THE MANY FRACTIONS OF CRUDE OIL
THAT, OWING TO SPECIAL PROPERTIES, IS IDEAL AS A BLENDING STOCK FOR
MAKING HIGH-QUALITY LUBE OIL.
NEUTRALIZATION NUMBER THE NUMBER OF MILLIGRAMS OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
NEEDED TO NEUTRALIZE 1.0 GRAM OF OIL SAMPLE. REFER TO ASTM TEST D974.
OLEUM A HEAVY, OILY, STRONGLY CORROSIVE SOLUTION OF SULFUR TRIOXIDE
IN ANHYDROUS SULFURIC ACID.
OTHER INDUSTRIAL OILS A U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE DESIGNATION;
PRODUCTS DERIVED PRIMARILY FROM PETROLEUM AND HAVING A VISCOSITY OF MORE
THAN 45 SSU AT 100 DEGREES F AND INTENDED FOR NONLUBRICATING USE.
EXCLUDES SOLVENTS, ASPHALTS, PETROCHEMICALS, ETC.
PARAFFINIC HAVING THE NATURE OF A PARAFFIN. PARAFFINS ARE SATURATED
HYDROCARBONS HAVING NO DOUBLE OR TRIPLE BONDS. THEY MAY BE STRAIGHT
CHAIN OR BRANCHED CHAIN. PARAFFINS ARE RELATIVELY INERT BUT CAN BE
OXIDIZED OR BURNED WHEN TEMPERATURES ARE HIGH ENOUGH.
PENTANE INSOLUBLES ASPHALTIC BODIES IN NEW OR USED MOTOR OILS
INSOLUBLE IN PENTANE, EXPRESSED IN WEIGHT PERCENT. REFER TO ASTM TEST
NO. D893.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 238 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102831
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
PROCESS OIL OILS THAT ARE FORMULATED INTO THE FINAL PRODUCT, SUCH AS
RUBBER PLASTICIZERS.
POUR POINT LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT WHICH USEFUL FLOW PROPERTIES OF A
LUBE OIL EXIST. REFER TO ASTM TEST NO. D97.
QUENCH OIL A SPECIALLY REFINED OIL WITH A HIGH FLASHPOINT USED IN
STEEL MILLS TO COOL HOT METAL.
RAFFINATE THE PURIFIED STREAM FROM A LIQUID-LIQUID SOLVENT EXTRACTION
SYSTEM. THE RAFFINATE IS NEARLY SOLVENT FREE. THE SECOND LIQUID PHASE
IS TERMED THE EXTRACT AND POSSESSES MOST OF THE SOLVENT.
REDUCED CRUDE OIL CRUDE OIL THAT HAS UNDERGONE AT LEAST ONE
DISTILLATION PROCESS TO SEPARATE SOME OF THE LIGHTER HYDROCARBONS.
REDUCING CRUDE LOWERS ITS API GRAVITY.
RESIDUALS A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE OILS THAT ARE "LEFTOVERS" IN
VARIOUS REFINING PROCESSES; HEAVY BLACK OILS USED IN SHIPS' BOILERS AND
IN HEATING PLANTS.
SAPONIFICATION NUMBER A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF ACIDIC AND
SAPONIFIABLE MATERIALS IN OILS; EXPRESSED AS MILLIGRAMS KCH PER GRAM
SAMPLE. REFER TO ASTM TEST NO. D94.
SAYBOLT FUROL SECONDS (SFS) A MEASUREMENT OF THE VISCOSITY OF A HEAVY
OIL. SIXTY CUBIC CENTIMETERS OF AN OIL ARE PUT IN AN INSTRUMENT KNOWN
AS A SAYBOLT VISCOSIMETER AND PERMITTED TO FLOW THROUGH A STANDARDIZED
ORIFICE IN THE BOTTOM AT A SPECIFIED TEMPERATURE. THE SECONDS FOR
FLOW-THROUGH IS THE OIL'S VISCOSITY, ITS SFS NUMBER. SEE ALSO SAYBOLT
UNIVERSAL SECONDS.
SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS (SUS) A MEASUREMENT OF THE VISCOSITY OF A
LIGHT OIL. A MEASURED QUANTITY OF OIL, USUALLY 60 CUBIC CENTIMETERS, IS
PUT IN AN INSTRUMENT KNOWN AS A SAYBOLT VISCOSIMETER AND PERMITTED TO
FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE IN THE BOTTOM AT A SPECIFIED TEMPERATURE. THE
NUMBER OF SECONDS REQUIRED FOR THE FLOW-THROUGH IS THE OIL'S SUS NUMBER,
ITS VISCOSITY.
SLOP OILS OR SLOPS WASTE OILS FREQUENTLY HEAVILY CONTAMINATED WITH
WATER, FUELS, DIRT, AND DEBRIS.
SLUDGE FLOCCULANT A COMPOUND WHICH CAUSES AGGREGATION OF SMALL
SUSPENDED PARTICLES AND THEREBY HASTENS SETTLING.
SLUDGE RATING THE TENDENCY OF AN OIL TO DEPOSIT INSOLUBLE MATERIALS
IN CRITICAL ENGINE PARTS. A VALUE OF 10 INDICATES A CLEAN ENGINE.
REFER TO ASTM STP 315E SEQUENCE V-C TESTS.
SOLVENT BRIGHT STOCK SEE BRIGHT STOCK.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 239 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102832
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
SOLVENT NEUTRAL OIL BASE STOCKS OF ESSENTIALLY PARAFFINIC NATURE AND
HAVING VISCOSITIES GENERALLY OF LESS THAN =600 SSU.
SPACE VELOCITY A MEASURE OF THE INTERACTION OF A CATALYST BED WITH
THE INCOMING REACTANTS, USUALLY EXPRESSED AS A RECIPROCAL TIME, E.G.,
HR-1, SEC-1; MAY BE EXPRESSED AS CUBIC FEET REACTANTS PER UNIT TIME PER
CUBIC FEET OF CATALYST.
SPINDLE OIL A NAPHTHENIC BASE STOCK.
STREAM STRIPPING USE OF STREAM TO ENTRAIN LOWER BOILING COMPOUNDS
FROM A MIXTURE. THE VAPOR MIXTURE MAY BE CONDENSED AND THE CONDENSATE
SEPARATED INTO AN AQUEOUS PHASE AND AN OIL PHASE.
SWEETENING REMOVAL OF SULFUR FROM HYDROCARBON STOCKS.
TANK BOTTOMS HEAVY SLUDGES ACCUMULATING IN THE BOTTOMS OF STORAGE
TANKS AFTER REPEATED USE.
USED OIL OIL THAT HAS DETERIORATED IN SERVICE AND IS CONSIDERED
TO HAVE REACHED THE END OF ITS USEFUL LIFE, UNLESS PURIFIED FOR
RE-USE.
VACUUM DISTILLATION DISTILLATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE (LESS THAN
ATMOSPHERICP WHICH LOWERS THE BOILING TEMPERATURE OF THE LIQUID BEING
DISTILLED. THIS TECHNIQUE WITH ITS RELATIVELY LOW TEMPERATURES PREVENTS
CRACKING OR DECOMPOSITION OF THE CHARGE STOCK.
VARNISH RATING VARNISH IS AN OIL-INSOLUBLE LUSTROUS DEPOSIT NOT
REMOVABLE BY WIPING WITH A SOFT CLOTH. OILS ARE RATED (10 = CLEAN) BY
ASTM STP 315E FOR SUCH DEPOSITS ON CRITICAL ENGINE PARTS.
VIRGIN OIL OIL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED FROM PREVIOUSLY UNUSED PETROLEUM
MATERIALS.
VISCOSITY ONE OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A LIQUID, E.G.,
ABILITY TO FLOW; THE MORE VISCOUS THE OIL, FOR EXAMPLE, THE LESS
READILY IT WILL FLOW.
VISCOSITY INDEX AN EMPIRICAL MEASURE OF THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON
THE VISCOSITY OF OILS. A LOW INDEX INDICATES A LARGE CHANGE WITH
TEMPERATURE. REFER TO ASTM D567.
VISCOSITY INDEX IMPROVER AN ADDITIVE WHICH GENERALLY INCREASES THE
OIL VISCOSITY AT HIGH TEMPERATURE, BUT LESS SO AT LOWER TEMPERATURES.
WHITE OIL HIGH PURITY CLEAR MINERAL OILS OF DIFFERENC VISCOSITIES AND
DENSITIES. SOME USED AS INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS AND SOME IN
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 240 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102833
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
/1/ THE STUDY WAS INITIATED UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP OF DOE'S DIVISION
OF TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONSERVATION.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
THIS REPORT, IN TWO VOLUMES, PREPARED BY THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL ENERGY
CONSERVATION, /1/ PROVIDES AN ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACT ON
PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION OF AVAILABLE OPTIONS FOR UTILIZING USED OIL. THE
TECHNICAL BASE FOR THIS ASSESSMENT IS DERIVED FROM A COMPREHENSIVE
REIVEW OF CURRENT INFORMATION RELATED TO LUBRICATING OILS AND PROCESSES
FOR REFINING FROM VIRGIN CRUDE AND RE-REFINING FROM USED OIL.
RE-REFINING PROCESSES ARE SURVEYED AND EVALUATED. PROCESS
DESCRIPTIONS ARE PROVIDED, HARDWARE IDENTIFIED, AND PROCESS ENERGY AND
ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS CALCULATED. FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROFITABILITY
OF A RE-REFINING OPERATION ARE DISCUSSED. ECONOMIC PROJECTIONS OF THE
DEMAND FOR LUBE OIL, THE ABILITY TO SATISFY THIS DEMAND, THE VALUE OF
LUBE OIL AS A VITAL RESOURCE, AND THE NEED FOR CONSERVATION ARE
ADDRESSED.
AN ENERGY ASSESSMENT OF THE UTILIZATION OPTIONS IS MADE BY USE OF A
CLOSED-LOOP ENERGY MODEL, AND RE-REFINING PROCESSES ARE RATED IN TERMS
OF THEIR POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION. FINALLY, POTENTIAL
PETROLEUM SAVINGS ARE PROJECTED TO THE YEAR 2000.
2. BACKGROUND
LARGE AMOUNTS OF LUBE OIL ANR USED IN THE TRANSPORTATION AND
INDUSTRIAL SECTORS OF THE UNITED STATES. THESE OILS DETERIORATE IN USE,
ARE REPLACED PERIODICALLY, AND REQUIRE DISPOSAL. IN THE PAST MUCH OF
THE USED LUBE OIL WAS RE-REFINED AND RECYCLED. WITH A DECLINE IN
RE-REFINING FOR VARIOUS TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC REASONS, OTHER DISPOSAL
METHODS SUCH AS DUMPING OR BURNING WERE UTILIZED. THE NEGATIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THESE METHODS FOSTERED INTEREST BY GOVERNMENTAL
AGENCIES SEEKING SAFE DISPOSAL METHODS FOR PROTECTION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT.
HOWEVER, WITH A GROWING AWARENESS IN THE FINITE LIMITS OF NATURAL
RESOURCES AND ENERGY, INTEREST IN THE AVAILABLE OPTIONS FOR UTILIZING
USED OIL FOR PURPOSES OF ENERGY AND RESOURCE CONSERVATION HAS GROWN.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 241 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102834
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
PRIMARY INTEREST IN THIS STUDY IS RELATED TO ITS USE EITHER AS A FUEL
OR, BY RE-REFINING, RECYCLING FOR USE AS A LUBRICANT. BECAUSE
RE-REFINING PROCESSES REQUIRE THE SUPPLY OF ENERGY AND WASTE A PORTION
OF THE USED OIL FEEDSTOCK, THE ENERGY CONSERVATION POTENTIAL OF
RE-REFINING IS INTIMATELY RELATED TO THE SPECIFIC RE-REFINING PROCESS
USED. THEREFORE, AN ENERGY CONSERVATION EVALUATION OF THE UTILIZATION
OPTIONS FOR USED OIL ALSO REQUIRES AN EXAMINATION OF RE-REFINING
PROCESSES.
3. LUBE OIL CHARACTERISTICS
LUBRICATING OILS MAY BE GENERICALLY GROUPED INTO FOUR CATEGORIES;
(1) MINERAL OILS, (2) SYNTHETIC OILS, (3) ANIMAL OILS, AND (4)
VEGETABLE OILS. TODAY THE USE OF PETROLEUM-DERIVED LUBE OILS
PREDOMINATES IN THE TRANSPORTATION AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS.
SYNTHETIC LUBE OILS, WHICH ARE MANUFACTURED BY CHEMICALLY REACTING
PETROLEUM-DERIVED OR OTHER SOURCE MATERIALS, HAVE BEEN UTILIZED
FOR MANY YEARS IN SPECIALTY APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS JET AIRCRAFT
ENGINE LUBRICATION. IN GENERAL, ANIMAL OILS AND VEGETABLE OILS ARE
USED IN THE TRANSPORTATION AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS ONLY IN
COMBINATION WITH A BASE PETROLEUM OIL, AND THEIR FUNCTION IS THAT
OF AN "ADDITIVE".
HISTORICALLY, LUBRICATING OILS HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED BY GENERIC
ATTRIBUTES OF THE PETROLEUM CRUDE FROM WHICH THEY WERE DERIVED; (1)
PARAFFINIC OR PENNSYLVANIA, (2) NAPHTHENIC OR COASTAL (ASPHALTIC), AND
(3) INTERMEDIATE OR MID-CONTINENT. ACTUALLY, THE BULK OF THE
HYDROCARBONS FOUND IN LUBRICATING OILS ARE NAPHTHENICS. THE NATURAL
LUBRICATING PROPERTIES OF MINERAL OILS HAVE PROVEN INSUFFICIENT FOR USE
IN MODERN AUTOMOTIVE AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS. THEREFORE, THESE OILS
ARE COMPOUNDED WITH ADDITIVES TO PROVIDE THE DESIRED SERVICE
CHARACTERISTICS. ADDITIVES FUNCTION AS DETERGENTS, OXIDATION
INHIBITORS, RUST INHIBITORS, ANTIFOAMANTS, AND SO ON.
LUBE OIL DEGRADE IN USE DUE TO ADDITIVE DEPLETION, THERMAL
STRESS, AND CONTAMINATION FROM EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SOURCES.
GENERALLY, ALL MECHANISMS ARE NORMALLY SLOW PROCESSES, ARE
INTERRELATED, AND OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY. EVENTUALLY, LUBE OILS
REACH THE END OF THEIR SERVICE LIFE AND MJST BE REPLACED. PERIODIC
REPLACEMENT OF LUBE OIL RESULTS IN THE GENERATION OF LARGE AMOUNTS
OF USED OIL, WHICH POSES A DISPOSAL PROBLEM. USED LUBRICATING OIL,
PARTICULARLY AUTOMOTIVE CRANKCASE OIL, IS HIGHLY CONTAMINATED WITH
BOTH LIQUID AND SOLID MATERIALS INCLUDING WATER, GASOLINE, WEAR
METALS, LEAD AND OTHER METALLIC COMPOUNDS, OXIDATION PRODUCTS,
ACIDS, AND CARBONACEOUS PARTICLES.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 242 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102835
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
4. USED OIL GENERATION AND DISPOSAL
IN 1975, APPROXIMATELY 2.8 BILLION GALLONS OF LUBE OIL WERE PRODUCED,
INCLUDING 1.2 BILLION GALLONS OF AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL, 1.0 BILLION
GALLONS OF INDUSTRIAL LUBE OIL (INCLUDING RAILROADS), AND 0.6 BILLION
GALLONS OF OTHER INDUSTRIAL OILS PREDOMINANTLY PROCESS OILS). IT IS
ESTIMATED THAT APPROXIMATELY 50 PERCENT OF THIS TOTAL AMOUNT OF LUBE OIL
IS CONSUMED IN SERVICE. RECOVERABILITY AS A USED OIL DEPENDS ON THE
APPLICATION. WHILE SOME PROCESS OILS ARE TOTALLY CONSUMED, OTHER OILS
HAVE HIGH RECOVERY RATES, WITH TRANSFORMER OIL APPROACHING 100 PERCENT
RECOVERABILITY. THEREFORE, ABOUT 1.4 BILLION GALLONS OF USED LUBE OIL
WERE GENERATED AND DISPOSED OF IN 1975. DISPOSAL WAS ACCOMPLISHED IN
MANY DIFFERENT WAYS, INCLUDING COMBUSTION, ROAD OILING, MANUFACTURE OF
ASPHALTIC PAVING MATERIALS, IN SECONDARY LUBRICATING APPLICATIONS, AND
BY RE-REFINING. A LARGE FRACTION IS UNACCOUNTED FOR AND IS PRESUMABLY
DUMPED, OFTEN IN AN INDISCRIMINATE MANNER. CURRENTLY, RE-REFINING
ACCOUNTS FOR ONLY ABOUT 4 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF USED OIL
GENERATED IN THE U. S. TRANSPORTATION AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS.
5. BACKGROUND OF THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY
INITIALLY, THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY, WHICH DATES BACK TO THE EARLY
PART OF THIS CENTURY, UTILIZED SIMPLE DEHYDRATION/CLARIFICATION
TECHNIQUES FOR THE REMOVAL OF LIQUID AND SOLID CONTAMINANTS FROM USED
OIL. PROCESSES OF THIS TYPE PROVED SATISFACTORY FOR THE UNSOPHISTICATED
OIL FORMULATIONS AND LUBRICATION DEMANDS PREVALENT AT THAT TIME. AFTER
WORLD WAR II, THE RE-REFINING INDUSTRY EXPANDED CONTINUOUSLY, REACHING A
PEAK IN 1960 WHEN 300 MILLION GALLONS WERE PRODUCED, WHICH AMOUNTED TO
ABOUT 14 PERCENT OF THE LUBE OIL MARKET. SINCE THEN, A RAPID DECLINE
HAS OCCURRED AS A RESULT OF VARIOUS TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS, WITH
ONLY 50 MILLION GALLONS OF RE-REFINED OIL PRODUCED IN 1975, AMOUNTING TO
ONLY 2 PERCENT OF THE LUBE OIL MARKET. CONSISTENT WITH THIS DECLINE IN
PRODUCTION VOLUME, THE NUMBER OF RE-REFINERS DECLINED FROM ABOUT 150 TO
LESS THAN 40.
ONE OF THE MAJOR FACTORS CAUSING THIS DECLINE WAS THE INTRODUCTION OF
ADDITIVES TO SATISFY THE SEVERE PERFORMANCE AND SERVICE LIFE DEMANDS
PLACED UPON MODERN LUBRICANTS. ALTHOUGH THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS, WHICH
HAD FOUND NEAR UNIVERSAL ACCEPTANCE SINCE ITS INTRODUCTION IN THE 1930S,
WAS CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A QUALITY PRODUCT, THE INCREASED SEVERITY OF
TREATMENT REQUIRED TO PROCESS USED OILS RESULTED IN (1) A REDUCTION IN
PRODUCT YIELD, (2) A RISE IN PRODUCTION COSTS, AND (3) A GROWING
INABILITY OF THE RE-REFINERS TO COMPETE WITH VIRGIN PRODUCTS PRODUCED
FROM LOW-PRICED CRUDE OIL.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 243 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102836
HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
HOUSE
TRANSCRIPT
ADDITIONALLY, DISPOSAL OF PROCESS WASTES IS AN ECONOMICAL AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE MANNER BECAME MORE DIFFICULT AND COSTLY. AS A
RESULT, INTEREST IN NEW, ADVANCED, RE-REFINING PROCESSES HAS INCREASED.
6. RE-REFINING PROCESSES
RE-REFINING PROCESSES CURRENTLY USED OR PROPOSED ARE BASED ON
PETROLEUM REFINING AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES COVERING THE
SPECTRUM FROM ACID CONTACTING TO VARIOUS DEGREES OF HYDROGEN TREATMENT.
THE ATTEMPT TO ECONOMICALLY REMOVE CONTAMINANTS FROM USED OIL HAS LED
INVESTIGATORS TO EXPLORE A WIDE VARIETY OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
TREATMENTS.
6.1 EXISTING PRODUCTION PROCESSES
TO DATE, FOUR RE-REFINING PROCESSES HAVE REACHED AT LEAST SOME
PRODUCTION PLANT UTILIZATION. THESE PROCESSES INCLUDE (1) ACID-CLAY,
(2) CLAY, (3) CAUSTIC-CLAY TREATMENT, AND (4) PROPANE SOLVENT
EXTRACTION. THESE PROCESSES ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED IN THE FOLLOWING
PARAGRAPHS.
ACID-CLAY PROCESS: CURRENTLY THE ACID-CLAY PROCESS SHOWN IN FIGURE 1
IS IN PREDOMINANT USE BY RE-REFINERS, PARTICULARLY FOR PROCESSING HIGHLY
CONTAMINATED USED OIL SUCH AS CRANKCASE DRAININGS. THIS PROCESS, WHICH
HAS THE POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCING A GOOD PRODUCT, IS RELATIVELY SIMPLE AND
ADAPTABLE TO BATCH OPERATIONS TYPICAL OF SMALL-VOLUME RE-REFINERS. IN
PRINCIPLE, IT INVOLVES THE TREATMENT OF USED OIL WITH SULFURIC ACID,
WHICH PREFERENTIALLY ATTACKS OXYGEN COMPOUNDS, ASPHALTIC AND RESINOUS
SUBSTANCES, OTHER NITROGEN AND SULFUR-BASED COMPOUNDS, AND SOLUBLE
METALLIC COMPONENTS, WHILE LEAVING PARAFFINIC AND NAPHTHENIC
HYDROCARBONS ESSENTIALLY INTACT. COLOR AND ODOR BODIES ARE SUBSEQUENTLY
REMOVED THROUGH TREATMENT WITH ACTIVATED CLAY.
IN THIS PROCESS, THE USED OIL IS FIRST PUMPED TO A FLASH DEHYDRATOR
WHERE BOUND WATER AND LIGHT HYDROCARBONS ARE REMOVED AT ELEVATED
TEMPERATURES. THE OVERHEAD MIXTURE OF WATER AND OIL IS CONDENSED AND
SEPARATED, WITH THE OIL GOING TO STORAGE AND THE WATER TO TREATMENT
PRIOR TO DISPOSAL. DEHYDRATION IS AN INITIAL STEP COMMON TO MOST
RE-REFINING PROCESSES. THE DEHYDRATED OIL IS THEN COOLED TO 100 DEGREES
F AND TRANSFERRED TO A VERTICAL TACK WITH A CONICAL BOTTOM WHERE 2 TO 6
VOLUME PERCENT (DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF FEEDSTOCK) OF 93 PERCENT
SULFURIC ACID IS ADDED. THE MIXTURE IS AGITATED FOR SEVERAL HOURS AND
THE SLUDGE IS ALLOWED TO SETTLE FOR 1 TO 3 DAYS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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TRANSCRIPT
FIGURE 1. SCHEMATIC OF ACID-CLAY TYPE RE-REFINERY
FIGURE OMITTED.
TEMPERATURES OF 100 DEGREES F ARE MAINTAINED IN THE SETTLING TANK.
THE SLUDGE, CONTAINING UNREACTED ACID AND MOST OF THE USED OIL
CONTAMINANTS, IS THEN DRAINED, AND THE PARTIALLY PURIFIED OIL PUMPED TO
AN ATMOSPHERIC TOWER. THE OIL IS CIRCULATED THROUGH AN EXTERNAL HEATER
TO RAISE ITS TEMPERATURE TO ABOUT 500 TO 600 DEGREES F. STEAM IS
INTRODUCED TO REMOVE ACIDIC AND MALODOROUS COMPOUNDS, AND ANY REMAINING
LIGHT ENDS. HEATING IS DISCONTINUED AND ABOUT 0.2 TO 0.6 POUNDS OF
ACTIVATED CLAY AND, FREQUENTLY, A LESSER AMOUNT OF DIATOMACEOUS EARTH,
WHICH SERVES AS A FILTER PRECOAT, ARE ADDED PER GALLON OF OIL TREATED.
UPON COOLING TO BELOW 300 DEGREES F, THE OIL-CLAY MIXTURE IS FILTERED
FOR CLAY REMOVAL. STEAM STRIPPING AND CLAY CONTACTING ARE FINISHING
STEPS WHICH ARE ALSO USED IN OTHER PROCESSES. THE RESULTING LUBE OIL
PRODUCT IS A NEUTRAL SOLVENT BASE STOCK WHICH IS THEN BLENDED TO ACHIEVE
THE DESIRED VISCOSITY, AND COMPOUNDED TO MEET SPECIFIC SERVICE
REQUIREMENTS.
CLAY PROCESS: THE CLAY PROCESS IS A SIMPLE PROCESS, CONSISTING OF
DEHYDRATION, FOLLOWED BY CLAY CONTACTING. IN THE PAST, WHEN AUTOMOTIVE
LUBE OILS WERE UNCOMPOUNDED AND DRAIN INTERVALS WERE SHORT, THE CLAY
PROCESS WAS WIDELY USED. WHILE THIS PROCESS DOES NOT APPEAR SUITABLE
FOR PROCESSING TODAY'S CRANKCASE DRAININGS INTO AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL, AND
DOES NOT SEE MUCH USE IN THIS MANNER (ONE KNOWN RE-REFINER IS CURRENTLY
USING IT TO PRODUCE AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL), IT STILL REPRESENTS ONE OF THE
MAJOR RE-REFINING PROCESSES USED FOR INDUSTRIAL OILS.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
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MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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CAUSTIC-CLAY TREATMENT: CAUSTIC TREATMENT, OR WASHING, HAS BEEN USED
AS A RE-REFINING PROCESS BOTH BY ITSELF AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH CLAY
CONTACTING. SIMILAR TO THE CLAY PROCESS, USE OF THE CAUSTIC PROCESS
DECLINED WITH THE ADVENT OF HIGHLY COMPOUNDED MOTOR OILS, BECAUSE THE
RE-REFINED PRODUCT WAS CONSIDERED TO BE A POOR LUBE OIL BASE STOCK FOR
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS. ONE RE-REFINER CURRENTLY USES CAUSTIC
TREATMENT, IN CONJUNCTION WITH A SILICATE, FOLLOWED BY CLAY CONTACTING,
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AUTOMOTIVE LUBES. THIS PROCESS IS ILLUSTRATED IN
FIGURE 2, WHICH SHOWS A RECYCLE LOOP INTENDED TO INCREASE OIL RECOVERY
AND MINIMUM CHEMICAL COSTS.
FIGURE 2. SCHEMATIC FOR THE CAUSTIC-CLAY PROCESS
FIGURE OMITTED.
PROPANE SOLVENT EXTRACTION: ALTHOUGH SOLVENT EXTRACTION SYSTEMS HAVE
BEEN STUDIED FOR MANY YEARS, THE SELECTOPROPANE PROCESS DEVELOPED BY THE
FRENCH PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (AND AVAILABLE FOR LICENSING) IS THE ONLY
PROCESS OF THIS KIND WHICH HAS BEEN PLACED IN PRODUCTION TO DATE. THIS
PROCESS, WHICH IS ILLUSTRATED IN FIGURE 3, UTILIZES PROPANE TO
SELECTIVELY DISSOLVE AND EXTRACT THE DESIRABLE PARAFFINIC AND NAPHTHENIC
HYDROCARBONS FROM USED OIL. DEHYDRATED AND PREHEATED USED OIL IS MIXED
WITH RECYCLED LIQUID PROPANE (OIL-TO-PROPANE RATIO 1 TO 15) AND SENT TO
A REACTOR OPERATING AT A PRESSURE OF SEVERAL HUNDRED PSI.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 246 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
FIGURE 3. SCHEMATICS FOR THE PROPANE SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS
FIGURE OMITTED.
THE PROPANE-OIL MIXTURE IS REMOVED FROM THE TOP WHILE THE
CONTAMINANT-CONTAINING INSOLUBLE RESIDUE IS DRAWN FROM THE REACTOR
BOTTOM. PROPANE IS RECOVERED BY VAPORIZATION AT REDUCED PRESSURE AND
RETURNED TO THE PROCESS AFTER COMPRESSION AND LIQUEFACTION. THE
PARTIALLY PURIFIED OIL IS THEN FURTHER PROCESSED IN AN ACID-CLAY
FINISHING STEP, FOLLOWED BY FRACTIONATION.
6.2 PROPOSED PROCESSES
A NUMBER OF NEW PROCESSES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED FOR RE-REFINING USED
OILS. THESE PROCESSES FALL EITHER INTO THE CATEGORY OF DISTILLATION OR
SOLVENT EXTRACTION, AND ARE IN VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, RANGING
FROM LABORATORY TESTING TO PRODUCTION PLANT CONSTRUCTION. TO DATE, NONE
HAS REACHED COMMERCIAL OPERATION.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 247 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
6.2.1 DISTILLATION
DISTILLATION IS THE BASIS OF A NUMBER OF RE-REFINING PROCESSES WHICH
ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT, OR HAVE APPEARED IN THE LITERATURE. IN THIS
CONTEXT, THE TERM "DISTILLATION" DENOTES PROCESSES IN WHICH DISTILLATION
REPRESENTS THE MAJOR CONTAMINANT REMOVAL STEP AND NOT THOSE PROCESSES
WHICH RELY ON A PRETREATMENT STEP FOR PRIMARY CONTAMINANT REMOVAL OR
THOSE THAT INCLUDE DISTILLATION FOR SECONDARY CONTAMINANT REMOVAL OR FOR
FRACTIONATION. A COMPARATIVELY SIMPLE PRETREATMENT STEP AND SUBSEQUENT
FINISHING STEP (HYDROTREATING OR CLAY-CONTACTING) MAY BE USED IN
CONJUNCTION WITH DISTILLATION. IN PRINCIPLE, DISTILLATION CONSISTS OF
HEATING OIL UNDER VACUUM CONDITIONS TO SEPARATE THE FEEDSTOCK INTO A
LUBE OIL DISTILLATE, A LIGHT OVERHEAD FRACTION, AND A NON-VOLATILE HEAVY
BOTTOM CONTAINING A MAJOR PART OF THE CONTAMINANTS.
A DISTILLATION-HYDROTREATING RE-REFINERY IS SHOWN SCHEMATICALLY IN
FIGURE 4. THE USED OIL IS DEHYDRATED AND THEN HEATED IN A FURNACE
BEFORE ENTERING A HIGH-VACUUM DISTILLATION COLUMN. THE LUBE DISTILLATE
IS THEN MIXED WITH HYDROGEN, HEATED FURTHER IN A FURNACE, AND THEN SENT
TO A REACTOR WHERE IT PASSES THROUGH A FIXED CATALYST BED OPERATING AT
ELEVATED PRESSURE.
FIGURE 4. DISTILLATION-HYDROTREATING PROCESS
FIGURE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 248 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
102841
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
/1/ RECENT COMMUNICATIONS INDICATE THAT NORCO HAS BEEN LIQUIDATED AND
GLADIEUX MAY HAVE CHANGED ITS PLANS.
THE REACTOR PRODUCTS ENTER A FLASH DRUM WHERE THE HYDROGEN-RICH GAS
IS SEPARATED AND COMPRESSED FOR RECYCLING. THE OIL IS THEN
STEAM-STRIPPED AND DRIED IN A VACUUM COLUMN. THE
DISTILLATION-HYDROTREATING PROCESS DESCRIBED IS SIMILAR TO THAT PLANNED
FOR IMPLEMENTATION IN THE NETHERLANDS BY KINETICS TECHNOLOGY INTERNATION
(KTI); A DEMONSTRATION PLANT IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION BY KTI FOR HABERLAND
OF WEST GERMANY.
TWO OTHER PROCESSES EMPLOYING DISTILLATION ARE IN VARIOUS STAGES OF
IMPLEMENTATION. NORCO, BAYONNE, NEW JERSEY HAS A PLANT UNDER
CONSTRUCTION IN WHICH DISTILLATION AND HYDROTREATING WILL BE USED
WITHOUT ANY PRETREATMENT TO REDUCE OPERATING COSTS. INTENDED USE OF THE
RE-REFINED PRODUCT IS FOR CUTTING OIL RATHER THAN MOTOR OIL. THE
GIADIEUX REFINING COMPANY, FORT WAYNE, INDIANA, HAS A PILOT PLANT IN
OPERATION AND IS IN THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING A
DISTILLATION-HYDROTREATING RE-REFINERY FOR INDUSTRIAL OILS. THE PROCESS
USED BY GLADIEUX APPEARS TO BE UNIQUE IN THAT SEVERE HYDROTREATING
PRECEDES RATHER THAN FOLLOWS DISTILLATION. /1/
ECO-SEPARATOR, VENTURA, CALIFORNIA, IS CURRENTLY INVESTIGATING A
DISTILLATION PROCESS BASED ON A THIN FILM HEAT EXCHANGER HAVING HIGH
HEAT TRANSFER RATES AND FLOW VELOCITIES. COKING AND FOULING PROBLEMS
ARE BELIEVED TO BE MANAGEABLE BECAUSE HEAT EXCHANGER VOLUMES ARE SMALL
AND ADAPTABLE TO LOW-COST AUTOMATIC CLEANING. THE PILOT PLANT IN
OPERATION IS CAPABLE OF DEHYDRATING AT A RATE OF 500 BARRELS PER DAY AND
DISTILLING AT THE RATE OF 350 BARRELS PER DAY. CURRENTLY, NO EFFORT IS
BEING MADE TO MARKET THE PRODUCT OF THIS EXPERIMENTAL PLANT AS LUBE OIL;
ALL OF THE PRODUCT PRODUCED IS DISPOSED OF AS FUEL.
ALTHOUGH DISTILLATION PROCESSES ARE CONSIDERED AS PROPOSED PROCESSES,
TWO OF THESE PROCESSES ARE IN PRODUCTION. THE FIRST IS THAT OF BERKS
ASSOCIATES OF POTTSTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA, WHO USE CONVENTIONAL DISTILLATION
FOLLEWED BY CLAY TREATMENT TO PRODUCE AUTOMOTIVE LUBE OIL. A MILD
CAUSTIC PRETREATMENT IS USED PRIOR TO DISTILLATION AND A NARROW BOILING
POINT CUT IS TAKEN TO MINIMIZE FOULING, WHICH PERMITS PLANT OPERATION
FOR SIX MONTHS PRIOR TO SHUTDOWN FOR CLEANING. LOW LUBE OIL YIELD,
RESULTING FROM THE NARROW CUT, IS OFFSET ECONOMICALLY BY MARKETING THE
RELATIVELY LARGE AMOUNTS OF OVERHEADS AND BOTTOMS PRODUCED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 249 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
THE SECOND PROCESS IS THAT OF CORAL REFINING OF KANSAS CITY, KANSAS.
THE DISTILLATION PROCESS IS PROPRIETARY, WITH NO DETAILS AVAILABLE. IT
IS TERMED THE O'BLASNY PROCESS, AFTER ITS DEVELOPER. CONVENTIONAL
DEHYDRATION AND CLAY FINISHING ARE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE
PROPRIETARY DISTILLATION PROCESS. IT IS CLAIMED THAT FOULING OF THE
DISTILLATION UNIT DOES NOT OCCUR. THE PLANT IN OPERATION HAS A
5-MILLION-GALLON-PER-YEAR CAPACITY AND IS CURRENTLY PRODUCING RAILROAD
JOURNAL OIL, WITH ENGINE SEQUENCE TESTS ON A MOTOR OIL PRODUCT CURRENTLY
IN PROGRESS.
6.2.2 SOLVENT EXTRACTION
IN ADDITION TO THE PROPANE SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS DESCRIBED IN
SECTION 6.1, NUMEROUS OTHER SOLVENT PROCESSES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED. TWO
OF THESE PROCESSES ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED IN THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS.
BERC SOLVENT PROCESS: THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS DEVELOPED BY
THE BARTLESVILLE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER (BERC), BARTLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA,
AND SHOWN IN FIGURE 5, USES A MIXTURE OF ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL, METHYL ETHYL
KETONE, AND BUTYL ALCOHOL. AFTER DEHYDRATION, THE USED OIL IS COMBINED
WITH THE SOLVENT MIXTURE AT A RATIO OF 1 TO 3. AFTER SETTLING, THE
OIL-SOLVENT MIXTURE IS SEPARATED FROM THE PRECIPITATED SLUDGE. BOTH THE
OIL-SOLVENT MIXTURE AND SLUDGE ARE THEN PASSED THROUGH STRIPPERS FOR
SOLVENT RECOVERY. THE PARTIALLY PURIFIED OIL THEN GOES TO DISTILLATION
AND CLAY TREATMENT. THE BERC PROCESS HAS PROGRESSED TO THE PILOT PLANT
LEVEL, WITH PRE-DESIGN COST ESTIMATES COMPLETED FOR A PRODUCTION PLANT.
THE STATE OF IOWA IS CURRENTLY CONDUCTING FLEET TESTS USING OIL PRODUCED
BY BERC TECHNOLOGY, WHICH APPEARS TO BE PROVIDING SATISFACTORY SERVICE
AFTER 15 MONTHS' USE.
MZF SOLVENT PROCESS: THE MZF SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS, PROPOSED BY
MZF ASSOCIATES AND SHOWN IN FIGURE 6, USES AN AQUEOUS ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
SOLUTION IN CONJUNCTION WITH SMALL AMOUNTS OF ALKALI. IN THIS PROCESS,
NONDEHYDRATED USED OIL DILUTED WITH NAPHTHA IS MIXED AT A 1 TO 1 RATIO
WITH THE SOLVENT MIXTURE. AFTER SETTLING, THE OIL-NAPHTHA TOP LAYER AND
BOTTOM ALCOHOL-WATER LAYER, WHICH CONTAINES THE SLUDGE, ARE SEPARATED.
EACH PHASE IS STRIPPED TO RECOVER THE NAPTHA AND ALCOHOL FOR RECYCLING.
ACCORDING TO THE INVESTOR, THE PHASE SEPARATION TECHNIQUE USED IN LIEU
OF CENTRIFUGATION REQUIRES NO EXPENDITURE OF ENERGY AND IS BASED ON USE
OF A SMALL AMOUNT OF A LOW-COST, READILY AVAILABLE, CHEMICAL AS A
DE-EMULSIFIER. TO DATE, THE PROCESS HAS NOT BEEN DEVELOPED BEYOND A
LIMITED AMOUNT OF SMALL-SCALE LABORATORY TESTING, AND IT STILL REMAINS
TO HAVE ITS TECHNICAL VIABILITY ESTABLISHED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 250 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
FIGURE 5. BERC/DOE RE-REFINING PROCESS: 10 X 10 6 GAL PER YEAR
CAPACITY
FIGURE OMITTED.
APPENDIX 3 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL FOR THE RECORD, AEROSPACE REPORT ATR-77 (7384)-1, VOLUME 1, UTILIZATION OF USED OIL, INDUSTRY STATUS AND PROJECTIONS
USED OIL RE-REFINING
771212
PART 251 OF 395
MASCETTI G J STUDY MANAGER
WHITE H M
AEROSPACE CORPORATION ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION, E
L SEGUNDO, CA 90245
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HEARINGS
REPORT STUDY
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TRANSCRIPT
FIGURE 6. MZF RE-REFINING PROCESS
FIGURE OMITTED.
6.2.3 PHILLIPS RE-REFINED OIL PROCESS (PROP)
PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY OF BARTLESVILLE, OKLAHOMA ANNOUNCED A NEW
RE-REFINING PROCESS WITH THE SIGNING OF A CONTRACT WITH THE STATE OF
NORTH CAROLINA TO DELIVER A PLANT FOR OPERATION BY MID-1978. THE
PHILLIPS PROCESS IS PROPRIETARY, AND PHILLIPS, MARKETING APPROACH IS TO
DELIVER A SKID-MOUNTED SELF-CONTAINED PL