MINIMUM STATE STANDARDS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ARE REQUIRED AND NECESSARY TO SAFE, SANITARY, AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND SOLID WASTE ACTIVITIES THAT WILL PROTECT THE HEALTH, WELFARE, AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE. THESE STANDARDS HAVE BEEN PROMULGATED BY THE STATE SOLID MANAGEMENT BOARD AND ARE INCLUDED HEREIN. THESE STANDARDS WILL BE FOUND IN THE CALIFORNIA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE, TITLE 14, DIVISION 7, CHAPTER 3.

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THE STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BOARD STATE OF CALIFORNIA

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THE FOLLOWING ARE SPECIFIC ACTIONS WHICH THE BOARD INTENDS TO PURSUE TO IMPLEMENT THE STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY AS ADOPTED IN DECEMBER 1974.

IN SOME CASES, THE BOARD CURRENTLY HAS AUTHORITY FOR IMPLEMENTATION. WHERE IT IS LACKING, THE BOARD WILL SEEK LEGISLATION NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENT THE POLICY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES. ACTIONS REQUIRING LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY ARE SHOWN IN ITALICIZED TYPE. THE SPECIFIC ACTIONS ARE NUMBERED CORRESPONDING TO THE NUMBERS IDENTIFIED WITH THE VARIOUS POLICIES.

A. 1. THE BOARD WILL REQUIRE THAT THE ROLES OF THE LOCAL AGENCIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BE DELINEATED IN THE PLANS.

2. THE BOARD'S APPROVAL OF COUNTY PLANS WILL BE BASED ON CONFORMANCE WITH THE STATE POLICY AND THE PLANNING GUIDELINES DELINEATED IN TITLE 14, DIVISION 7, CHAPTER 2, ARTICLE 1 THROUGH 7 OF THE CALIFORNIA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE ADOPTED APRIL 24, 1974, AND THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE NEJEDLY-Z'DILLS SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY ACT OF 1972.

3. THE BOARD WILL REQUIRE CITIES, COUNTIES, AND SPECIAL DISTRICTS TO IMPLEMENT FACILITIES, SERVICES, OR PROGRAMS AS SCHEDULED IN THE PLAN OR SUBSEQUENTLY MODIFIED SCHEDULES. IT WILL ALSO REQUIRE PERIODIC REVIEW AND UPDATING BY THE COUNTIES AS NECESSARY. SUCH REVISIONS SHALL BE REVIEWED AND APPROVED BY THE BOARD.

4. THE BOARD WILL PROVIDE ASSISTANCE IN DEVELOPING PROGRAMS AND PROPOSALS WHICH WILL HELP LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO INVOLVE CITIZENS IN THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING PROCESS. THE BOARD WILL ALSO SUPPORT AND/OR CONDUCT PROGRAMS ON A STATEWIDE BASIS, DESIGNED TO INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF, AND SUPPORT FOR, A HIGH QUALITY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CALIFORNIA.

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5. THE BOARD, WHEN REVIEWING COUNTY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS, WILL DETERMINE IF COUNTIES HAVE COORDINATED THEIR PLANNING WITH CONTIGUOUS COUNTIES. APPROVAL OF COUNTY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS WILL BE CONTINGENT ON SUCH EVIDENCE. THE BOARD, IN SETTING PRIORITIES FOR ANY FUNDS OVER WHICH IT HAS DISBURSAL AUTHORITY, WILL GIVE SPECIAL CONSIDERATION TO MULTI-JURISDICTION SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND/OR TO THE RESOLTUION OF MATTERS DIRECTLY AFFECTING THE PUBLIC HEALTH.

6. THE COUNTY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN SHALL ADEQUATELY DESCRIBE THE QUANTITY OF GROUP 1 WASTES WHICH WILL BE GENERATED, THE CURRENT METHODS OF DISPOSAL, AND SHALL PROJECT THE POTENTIAL DISPOSAL CAPABILITY FOR GROUP 1 WASTES TO THE YEAR 1980. THE BOARD WILL PROVIDE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND CORRDINATE WITH OTHER STATE AGENCIES TOWARD LOCATING AND IMPLEMENTING REGIONAL CLASS I SITES. THE BOARD WILL STUDY COOPERATIVELY WITH OTHER STATE AGENCIES THE FEASIBILITY OF GREATER STATE CONTROL OF THE LOCATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CLASS I SITES. SUCH STATE ROLE MIGHT EXTEND TO THE STATE OWNERSHIP OF THE SITES AND THE EXERCISE OF EMINENT DOMAIN PROCEDURES IN ACQURING THE SITES.

7. THE BOARD HAS APPOINTED AN AGRICULTURAL WASTES ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO STUDY AND RECOMMEND BY MAY 1975 A STATE PROGRAM FOR THE UTILIZATION OF SUCH WASTES FOR ENERGY, FEED, FERTILIZERS, ETC.

B. 1. THE COUNTIES SHALL SUBMIT EVIDENCE WITH THE PLAN THAT APPROPRIATE REGIONAL PLANNING AGENCIES AND STATE AGENCIES, SUCH AS THE STATE AIR RESOURCES BOARD, THE REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARDS, AND THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, WERE GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY FOR COORDINATION OF THEIR INTERESTS AND REQUIREMENTS. INPUT FROM THE ABOVE AGENCIES SHOULD BE SOUGHT BY THE COUNTIES DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN.

THE BOARD WILL REQUIRE COUNTIES AND CITIES TO ENFORE THE MINIMUM STATE STANDARDS WITH OVERVIEW AUTHORITY BY THE BOARD TO ASSURE AFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT AND TO PROVIDE AN APPEAL MECHANISM.

2. THE BOARD WILL SUPPORT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF STATEWIDE CRITERIA TO ASSURE THAT THE MANAGEMENT OF ANY AGENCY OR FIRM WHICH PROVIDES REFUSE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL SERVICES SHALL MEET MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS IN APPLYING FOR LOCAL PERMITS, CONTRACTS, FRANCHISES, ETC.

THE BOARD WILL REQUIRE THAT LOCAL ENTITIES UTILIZING THE PRIVATE SECTOR ADOPT SPECIFICATIONS FOR REFUSE COLLECTION SERVICES THAT ARE TO BE PROVIDED. LOCAL ENTITIES SHALL ESTABLISH ADEQUATE RATE AND SERVICES REVIEW PROCEDURES DESIGNED TO ASSURE THE CUSTOMER OF STABLE COLLECTION COST AND SERVICES WHICH WILL ASSURE THE COLLECTOR OF A FAIR RETURN UPON HIS INVESTMENT.

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3. TO MAKE POSSIBLE ACCURATE COST COMPARISONS, ALL COSTS ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SHOULD BE ACCOUNTED FOR THROUGH UTILIZATION OF A STANDARD COST REPORTING SYSTEM. THE BOARD WILL WORK WITH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVES TO DEVELOP A STANDARD COST REPORTING SYSTEM. THE BOARD WILL REQUIRE THAT PUBLIC AGENCIES AND PRIVATE ENTITIES INVOLVED IN SOLID WASTE OPERATIONS MAKE PERIODIC COST REPORTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE BOARD'S STANDARD COST REPORTING SYSTEM.

4. THE BOARD WILL ASSIST CAL OSHA IN INTERPRETING NECESSARY SAFETY STANDARDS FOR VARIOUS ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE OPERATIONS AND WILL PROVIDE COORDINATION WITH THE ENFORCEMENT OF STATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STANDARDS.

5. THE BOARD WILL MONITOR AND EVALUATE NEW TECHNOLOGY IN COLLECTION, PROCESSING, DISPOSAL, AND RESOURCE RECOVERY OPERATIONS, AND DISSEMINATE SUCH INFORMATION TO LOCAL AGENCIES. AS A SPECIFIC CASE, THE BOARD WILL COORDINATE INFORMATION AS TO THE EXTENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATE PROBLEMS AND CONCERNING POSSIBLE LEACHATE COLLECTION, TREATMENT, AND DISPOSAL METHODS. THE BOARD WILL ALSO DEFINE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS PECULIAR TO CALIFORNIA.

6. THE BOARD WILL AUGMENT ITS CURRENT LEVEL OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE EFFORTS TO PROVIDE A MORE COMPLETE RANGE OF APPROPRIATE SERVICES.

7. THE BOARD WILL SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE SYSTEMS, BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE, TO IMPROVE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES. TRAINING OF LOCAL OPERATING PERSONNEL WILL BE FACILITATED THROUGH SPONSORING OR ENDORSEMENT OF SHORT TRAINING PROGRAMS TO BE MADE AVAILABLE TO BOTH LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND PRIVATE INDUSTRY.

8. IN DEVELOPING COUNTY PLANS, LOCAL AGENCIES WILL ANALYZE COMMUNITY GROWTH PATTERNS TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE FUTURE DONFLICTING LAND USES SURROUNDING TRANSFER STATIONS, PROCESSING FACILITIES OR DISPOSAL SITES.

9. THE BOARD WILL WORK WITH LOCAL ENTITIES IN AMENDING ORDINANCES WHICH NEW CREATE BARRIERS TO THE INTERJURISRDICTIONAL FLOW OF SOLID WASTES, THEREBY FACILITATING THE ADEQUATE DISPOSAL, PROCESSING OR RECOVERY OF WASTES. COUNTY PLANS MUST SHOW THAT ACTIONS HAVE BEEN OR WILL BE TAKEN TO ELIMINATE SUCH BARRIERS BEFORE THE BOARD WILL APPROVE THE PLAN, UNLESS THE NEED FOR SUCH IMPORT BARRIERS CAN BE SUBSTANTIATED.

C. 1. THE BOARD WILL INVESTIGATE OPPORTUNITIES TO REDUCE WASTE GENERATION IN COOPERATION WITH INDUSTRY AND GOVERNMENT AND WILL UTILIZE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS TO INCREASE PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE NEED TO REDUCE THE GENERATION OF SOLID WASTES.

2. THE BOARD WILL WORK TITH THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY IN THEIR INVESTIGATION OF SOURCE REDUCTION OPPORTUNITIES.

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3. THE BOARD WILL WORK WITH THE INDUSTRIES PRODUCING ITEMS WHICH ARE NOT READILY RECYCLABLE IN AN ATTEMPT TO REDUCE THE QUANTITY OF MATERIALS USED OR TO MODIFY THE NONRECYCLABLE PRODUCT CONFIGURATIONS. THE BOARD WILL ALSO ENCOURAGE BASIC INDUSTRIES TO ALTER THEIR PROCESSES IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE USE OF SECONDARY MATERIALS. THE BOARD WILL WORK WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND THE PRIVATE INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING PACKAGING STANDARDS AND POLICIES WHICH WILL ASSIST IN THE REDUCTION OF WASTE GENERATION.

D. 1. THE BOARD, IN REVIEWING THE COUNTY PLANS, WILL REQUIRE EVIDENCE THROUGH A FACTUAL ANALYSIS INCLUDING MARKETS AND A REVIEW OF REGIONAL SYSTEMS THAT COUNTY RESOURCE RECOVERY POTENTIALS WERE ADEQUATELY CONSIDERED.

2. THE BOARD HAS REQUIRED IN THE GUIDELINES THAT AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THE PRIVATE INDUSTRY TO PARTICIPATE IN THE FORMULATION OF COUNTY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANS BE PROVIDED. THE BOARD'S STAFF WILL PROVIDE ASSISTANCE TO BOTHPUBLIC AND PRIVATE ENTITIES RELATING TO AVAILABLE FINANCING METHODS FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITIES. OTHER EXISTING STATE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FINANCING PROGRAMS WILL BE EXAMINED TO DTERMINE APPLICABILITY TO THE RESOURCE RECOVERY PROGRAM.

3. THE BOARD WILL INVESTIGATE THE POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM SOLID WASTE AND IDENTIFY THOSE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE FEASIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING ENERGY ERECOVERY FACILITIES. THE BOARD WILL INVESTIGATE THE STATUS OF MARKETS FOR MATERIALS RECOVERED FROM SOLID WASTE AND DISSEMINATE SUCH INFORMATION.

4. THE BOARD WILL ENCOURAGE STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO DEVELOP SUITABLE PROCUREMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR SECONDARY MATERIALS.

5. THE BOARD WILL REQUIRE THAT COUNTYPLANS IDENTIFY EXISTING WASTE PROCESSING FACILITIES, THEIR CAPACITIES, EFFICIENCIES IN TERMS OF MATERIALS RECOVERED, AND OPERATING COSTS PER TON. PROPOSED NEW SITES NOT IN CONFORMANCE WITH THE COUNTY PLAN WILL BE SUBJECT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF GOVERNMENT CODE SECTION 66784.

6. THE BOARD WILL WORK WITH THE APPROPRIATE STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCIES TO ELIMINATE OR MODIFY PUBLIC POLICIES THAT DISCRIMINATE AGAINST SECONDARY MATERIALS. THE BOARD WILL ALSO WORK TOWARD ELIMINATING ANY BIAS IN FEDERAL AND STATE LABELING REQUIREMENTS.

E. 1. THE BOARD WILL PROVIDE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES FOR ANTI-LITTER AND LITTER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS. SUCH ASSISTANCE WILL INCLUDE LITTER MANAGEMENT INFORMATION FOR DISSEMINATION TO STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES, TO THE PUBLIC, TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR, AND TO THE MEDIA.

2. THE BOARD GUIDELINES FOR COUNTY PLANS REQUIRE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO DEVELOP AND ADOPT SURVEYS AND PLANS FOR LITTER MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS. THE BOARD WILL ENCOURAGE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO ADOPT ORDIANCES WHICH MAKE IT ILLEGAL TO LITTER AND PROVIDE APPROPRIATE PENALTIES.

3. THE BOARD WILL SEEK FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR LOCAL JURISDICTION LITTER CELANUP AND MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS.

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MCCLOSKEY TG EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

DOLAN T CHAIRPERSON

CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNSIL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES P.O. BOX 1467, HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17120

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2467 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20515

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THE HONORABLE WILLIAM S. MOORHEAD UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2467 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON, D.C. 20515

ENCLOSED IS A COPY OF A REPORT PREPARED BY THE CITIZENS' ADVISORY COUNCIL ADVOCATING AN INCREASED RELIANCE ON SOURCE REDUCTION AND RECYCLING TO HELP SOLVE THE NATION'S SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS. THE COUNCIL HAS ATTEMPTED TO GATHER INFORMATION TO SUPPORT THIS AND HOPES IT WILL BE USEFUL TO YOU.

THE COUNCIL WOULD LIKE TO CALL YOUR SPECIFIC ATTENTION TO RECOMMENDATIONS 2, 3, AND 4 CONTAINED ON PAGES 12 AND 13 OF THE REPORT. ANYTHING YOU CAN DO TO BRING ABOUT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE RECOMMENDATIONS WILL BE DEEPLY APPRECIATED.

ANTICIPATING YOUR COOPERATION, THANK YOU.

ENCLOSURE.

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CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNSIL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES P.O. BOX 1467, HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17120

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2467 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20515

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UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2467 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20515

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/1/ THE CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNCIL WAS CREATED UNDER SECTION 1922-A OF ACT 725 (DECEMBER 3, 1971) AND MANDATED TO PERFORM THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS: A. REVIEW ALL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS OF THE COMMONWEALTH AND MAKE APPROPRIATE SUGGESTIONS FOR THE REVISION, MODIFICATION, AND CONDIFICATION THEREOF; B. STUDY AND REVIEW THE WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES; C. MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS, UPON ITS INITIATIVE, FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT; D. MAKE AN ANNUAL REPORT TO THE GOVERNOR AND THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND SUCH INTERIM REPORTS AS ARE DEEMED ADVISABLE.

/2/ AT THE HEIGHT OF THE ARAB OIL EMBARGO, PRESIDENT NIXON LAUNCHED PROJECT; INDEPENDENCE DESIGNED TO ACHIEVE ENERGY SELF-SUFFICIENCY WITHIN A DECADE.

/3/ CITIZENS' ADVISORY COUNCIL ANNUAL REPORT 74-75, P. 35.

/4/ ANNUAL REPORT 74-75, P. 35.

/5/ POST-CONSUMER-THOSE WASTES DISCARDED BY THE FINAL CONSUMER, NOT BY RAW-MATERIAL PROCEDURES AND/OR MANUFACTURERS.

DURING THE COMING YEAR, THE NATION WILL CELEBRATE ITS 200TH BIRTHDAY AND CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION WILL BE FOCUSED ON THE LEGACY OF OUR FOREFATHERS. IN LARGE MEASURE, WHAT WE HAVE TODAY CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO THEIR WISDOM AND FORESIGHT; QUALITIES WE RECOGNIZE AS ESSENTIAL IN THE CREATION OF INSTITUTIONS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICIES WHICH ARE BOTH STRONG AND FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO WITHSTAND THE CHALLENGES ENDEMIC IN A FREE AND RESOURCEFUL SOCIETY. BESIDES LAUDING PAST ACCOMPLISHMENTS, THE BICENTENIAL SPIRIT SHOULD AND MUST LEAD TO AN ASSESSMENT OF WHERE WE ARE AND AN EVALUATION OF WHAT PROMISE THE FUTURE HOLDS FOR GENERATIONS YET TO COME. IN SHORT, WHAT WILL OUR LEGACY BE?

IN ITS 1974-75 ANNUAL REPORT, THE CITIZENS' ADVISORY COUNCIL (COUNCIL) TO THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES (DEPARTMENT) /1/ CALLED FOR A RE-ONIENTATION OF PROJECT; INDEPENDENCE /2/ TOWARD THE ELIMINATION OF WASTE AND RECOMMENDED THAT THE PROGRAM BE DIRECTED AT EVERY FACET AND ASPECT OF AMERICAN SOCIETY.

IN CALLING FOR A RE-ORIENTATION . . . THE COUNCIL FEELS IT IS APPROPRIATE TO FULLY REASSESS THE NATION'S AND COMMONWEALTH'S SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY CONSERVATION AND THE CONSERVATION OF ALL OTHER STRATEGIC RESOURCES IS A DIRECT ONE AND NEITHER IS ADDRESSED ADEQUATELY BY PREVAILING WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES. WHAT IS NEEDED IS A "TOTAL" OR "COMPREHENSIVE" APPROACH TO SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.

WHAT PENNSYLVANIA AND THE NATION NEEDS IS A PROGRAM TO REDUCE WASTE AT ITS SOURCE, RECYCLE RESOURCES IN THE WASTE STREAM THAT CAN BE RECLAIMED AND REUSED, AND DISPOSE OF THOSE WHICH CANNOT IN AN ECOLOGICALLY AND ECONOMICALLY SOUND FASHION. /3/

THE COUNCIL'S EFFORTS TO PROMOTE A "COMPREHENSIVE" APPROACH TO SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ARE BASED ON THE PREMISE THAT THE ONENTATION OF PREDOMINANT PRACTICES ON THE NATIONAL LEVEL (I.E., OPEN DUMPS, SANITARY LANDFILLS, AND INCINERATORS) IS ECOLOGICALLY AND, IN THE LONG RUN, ECONOMICALLY UNSOUND AND THAT A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN ATTITUDE TOWARD NATURE AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION MUST TAKE PLACE BEFORE EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS ARE UNIVERSALLY UNDERSTOOD, ACCEPTED, AND PRACTICAL.

THE FIRST STEP IN THE PROCESS IS A REALIZATION THAT THE UNITED STATES IS DEPENDENT UPON A WIDE RANGE OF STRATEGIC, RENEWABLE, AND NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES. NEXT, THE NATION MUST RECOGNIZE THE TREMENDOUS WASTE WHICH MARKS EVERY ASPECT OF ITS CONSUMPTIVE PRACTICES. (THE "WASTE" IS SOLID "WASTE" MANAGEMENT REFERS TO WHAT HAPPENS TO THESE RESOURCES ONCE THEY ENTER THE SOLID WASTE STREAM, NOT THE RESOURCES THEMSELVES.) FINALLY, PEOPLE MUST RELIZE THAT "QUALITY OF LIFE" CONSIDERATIONS ARE DEPENDENT UPON THE WISE USE AND REUSE OF THESE RESOURCES. /4/

A FUNDAMENTAL PRECEPT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT IS THAT MANKIND MUST LEARN TO LIVE IN HARMONY WITH NATURE. LIVING IN SUCH A MANNER DOES NOT PRECLUDE THE USE OF RESOURCES BUT LEADS INEXORABLY TO AN INTOLERANCE OF WASTE. ENVIRONMENTALLY-SENITIVE PEOPLE ARGUE THAT IT IS NECESSARY TO RECOGNIZE THE INHERENT VALUE OF NATURE'S BOUNTY AND TO COME TO THE REALIZATION THAT FUTURE PROGRESS WILL BE DEPENDENT UPON THE WISE USE OF THE NATION'S ABUNDANT RESOURCES. IN THE PAST, THIS ABUNDANCE HAS LED TO THE ILLUSORY BELIEF THAT THE NATION WAS BLESSED WITH AN INEXHAUSIBLE SUPPLY OF RESOURCES, BUT THE LESSON OF THE 1970'S IS THAT RESOURCES (BOTH INDIGENOUS AND WORLDWIDE) ARE FINITE IN QUALITY AND GROWING INCREASING DIFFICULT AND EXPENSIVE TO FIND AND EXPLOIT. INDEED, THE COUNCIL BELIEVES THAT THE NATION IS ENTERING AN ERA OF RESOURCE SCARCITY AND THAT A NEW ATTITUDE, REINFORCED BY WISE AND INSIGHTFUL POLICIES AND PROGRAMS, IS NEEDED AND ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY. THE CHALLENGE IS BEFORE US AND OUR RESPONSE WILL BE AN IMPORTANT PART OF OUR LEGACY.

THE FOLLOWING REPORT BRIEFLY DESCRIBES THE MAGNITUDE AND THE SEVERITY OF THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE MANAGEMENT OF POST-CONSUMER /5/ SOLID WASTES AND DISCUSSES THE APPROACHES THE COUNCIL FEELS ARE BEST SUITED FOR DEALING WITH THE PROBLEMS. IN ADDTION, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION ARE OFFERED TO HELP FACILIATE THE TIMELY IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAMS AND POLICIES CONSISTENT WITH THE PHILOSOPHY EXPRESSED ABOVE.

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DOLAN T CHAIRPERSON

CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNSIL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES P.O. BOX 1467, HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17120

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2467 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20515

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/6/ PETER KING, "SUBSIDIZING WASTE -- A BRIEF REVIEW OF U.S. MATERIALS POLICY," SIERRA CLUB BULLETIN, (OCTOBER 1975) P. 17.

/7/ LOUIS HARRIS, "THE EMERGING SHAPE OF POLITICS FOR THE REST OF 1970'S," SPEECH TO THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF STATE LEGISLATORS, OCTOBER 7, 1975, P. 10.

/8/ "THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS; RESOURCE RECOVERY AND WASTE REDUCTION," U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, (1975), P. 12.

/9/ "MISSION 5000" CITIZENS' SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECT," U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, (1972), P. 4.

/10/ "THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS," PP. 5 AND 7.

THE PRICE TAG, BOTH IN TERMS OF ABSOLUTE DOLLARS AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS, OF A "USE IT ONCE, THROW IT AWAY" SOCIETY ARE ASTRONOMICAL. THE UNITED STATES, WITH ONLY SEVEN PERCENT OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION, CONSUMES NEARLY HALF THE EARTH'S INDUSTRIAL RAW MATERIALS. IN FACT, BETWEEN 1960 AND 1970, "AMERICANS ALONE CONSUMED MORE RAW MATERIALS AND ENERGY THAN WERE USED BY ALL OF MANKIND BEFORE 1960." /6/ THESE FIGURES RAISE OBVIOUS ETHICAL QUESTIONS (61 PER CENT OF THE PEOPLE FEEL IT IS MORALLY WRONG /7/ ) ESPECIALLY IN LIGHT OF THE PROJECTIONS OF RESOURCE ECONOMISTS INDICATING ". . . AT LEAST A DOUBLING IN U.S. CONSUMPTION OF MOST RAW MATERIALS BY THE YEAR 2000." /8/

THE CONTINUED AVARICIOUSNESS OF THE UNITED STATES RUNS COUNTER TO THE ASPIRATIONS OF OTHER NATIONS, BOTH DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING, AND MANY EXPERTS BELIEVE THAT COMPETITION OVER THE WORLD'S RESOURCE BASE WILL LEAD TO A SYSTEM LESS FAVORABLE TO THE CONSUMPTION IMBALANCE PRESENTLY ACCORDED THE UNITED STATES. THE CARTELIZATION OF OIL PRODUCING STATES IS A FORERUNNER OF THIS NEW INTERNATIONAL ATTITUDE AND THE MEMORY OF THE DUSRUPTIONS THIS ACTION CAUSED ARE FRESH ENOUGH TO CAUSE CONCERN OVER THE FUTURE AVAILABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF OTHER STRATEGIC RESOURCES (SEE DISCUSSION ON NATIONAL MATERIALS POLICY, P.3).

IN THE PAST, THE UNCONTROLLED DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES HAS BEEN EQUALED WITH PROGRESS AND THE PREPONDERANCE OF EXISTING INCENTIVES (GREIGHT RATES, DEPLETION ALLOWANCES, TAXES, ETC) VIRTUALLY INSURE THE CONTINUATION OF MYOPIC RESOURCE UTILIZATION POLICIES. THE PRINCIPAL CONCERN OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE PEOPLE FOCUSES ON HOW ALL RESOURCES ARE USED AND, GIVEN AN OVERVIEW OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE NATIONAL TRASH CAN (APPENDIX A), THEY ARGUE THAT THE NATION IS NOT FACED WITH A SHORTAGE BUT RATHER A MISALLOCATION OF RESOURCES. THE COUNCIL IS CONVINCED THAT FUTURE "PROGRESS" IS DEPENDENT UPON A REORIENTATION OF OUR SOCIETY FROM ONE THAT VENERATES RESOURCE CONSUMPTION (MEASURED IN LARGE PART BY THE GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT) TO ONE THAT PRACTICES RESOURCE CONSERVATION.

THE DEPTH AND MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM ARE REFLECTED IN THE FOLLOWING FIGURES:

ALTOGETHER, AMERICANS DISCARD 360 MILLION TONS OF RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, AND INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES EACH YEAR, OF WHICH ABOUT 190 MILLION TONS ARE PICKED UP BY SOME COLLECTION AGENCY AND HAULED AWAY FOR DISPOSAL. BY 1980, IT IS EXPECTED THAT WASTES COLLECTED WILL AMOUNT TO OVER 340 MILLION TONS PER YEAR, OR 8 POUNDS PER PERSON PER DAY.

THE ANNUAL THROWAWAY INCLUDES 71 BILLION CANS, 38 PILLION BOTTLES AND JARS, 4 MILLION TONS OF PLASTIC, 7.6 MILLION TELEVISION SETS, 7 MILLION CARS AND TRUCKS, AND 35 MILLION TONS OF PAPER. /9/

IF A COLLECTION GROWTH FROM 190 MILLION TONS (1972) TO 340 MILLION TONS (1980) PER YEAR SEEMS UNBELIEVABLE, CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING PERCENTAGES INCREASES BETWEEN 1971 AND 1973:

TOTAL POST-CONSUMER WASTE INCREASED BY 10 MILLION TONS (8 PER CENT) FROM 125 TO 135 MILLION TONS.

PER CAPITA GENERATION INCREASED FROM 3.3 TO 3.5 POUNDS PER DAY (6.3 PER CENT GROWTH).

TOTAL NON-FOOD PRODUCT WASTES ACCOUNTED FOR MOST OF THE GROWTH - 8.5 MILLION TONS, OR AN 11.1 PER CENT INCREASE.

PAER AND PAPERBOARD WASTES WERE UP BY 5.1 MILLION TONS (13 PER CENT).

GLASS UP 1.2 MILLION TONS (10 PER CENT).

METALS UP 0.7 MILLION TONS (5.9 PER CENT).

PLASTICS UP 0.8 MILLION TONS (19 PER CENT).

NO MAJOR WASTE MATERIAL DECREASED IN TONNAGE.

CONTAINERS AND PACKAGING WASTES INCREASED BY 5.2 MILLION TONS (12.5 PER CENT) AND IN 1973 CONSTITUTED 55 PER CENT OF ALL NON-FOOD PRODUCT WASTE AND 35 PER CENT OF TOTAL POST CONSUMER WASTE. (IN 1971, THE CORRESPONDING PERCENTAGES WERE 54 PER CENT AND 34 PER CENT RESPECTIVELY).

WASTE NEWSPAPERS, BOOKS, AND MAGAZINES WERE UP BY 1.0 MILLION TONS (9.7 PER CENT). /10/

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PART 005 OF 20

MCCLOSKEY TG EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

DOLAN T CHAIRPERSON

CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNSIL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES P.O. BOX 1467, HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17120

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2467 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20515

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HEARINGS

/11/ "THE ROLE OF PACKAGING IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 1966 TO 1976." U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, (1971), P. 21.

/12/ "MISSION 5000," P. 4.

/13/ "ENERGY IN SOLID WASTE: A CITIZEN GUIDE TO SAVING, "CITIZENS' ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, P. 22.

/14/ "THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS," P. 11.

/15/ "THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS," P. 11.

/16/ "THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS," P. 12.

/17/ DR. HERSCHEL CUTLER, "THE SEVENTIES: DECADE FOR DECISION," PHOENIX QUARTERLY, VOL. 7, NO. 2, (SUMMER, 1975), P. 5.

IT IS ESTIMATED THAT SOLID WASTE IS GROWING FIVE TIMES FASTER THAN THE NATION'S POPULATION, AND IS LITERALLY BURYING TRADITIONAL DISPOSAL PROGRAMS. IN 1966, IT WAS ESTIMATED THAT 77.5 PER CENT OF THE NATION'S WASTE WAS DISPOSED OF IN OPEN DUMPS, 14 PER CENT IN INCINERATORS, AND 5 PER CENT IN SANITARY LANDFILLS (THE REMAINDER WAS SALVAGED OR COMPOSED). BY 1976, OPEN DUMPS WILL STILL HANDLE 64 PER CENT OF THE NATION'S WASTE, WHILE INCINERATORS AND SANITARY LANDFILLS WILL INCREASE TO 18 PER CENT AND 13 PER CENT RESPECTIVELY. /11/ IN 1970, THERE WERE APPROXIMATELY 16,000 AUTHORIZED DISPOSAL SITES AND TEN TIMES AS MANY UNAUTHORIZED DUMPING GROUNDS NATIONALLY. OF ALL THE STIES ONLY 5 PER CENT MEET ACCEPTED ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS. OF THE REST:

NEARLY HALF CONTRIBUTE TO WATER POLLUTION

THREE-FOURTHS POLLUTE THE AIR

MANY PROVIDE FOOD AND HARBORAGE FOR RATS, FLIES, AND OTHER PESTS AND ARE BREEDING GROUNDS FOR DISEASE AND ACCIDENTS /12/

ALONE, THESE STATISTICS ARE SUFFICIENT, IN THE COUNCIL'S OPINION, TO LEAD TO A NATIONAL REASSESSMENT OF TRADITIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES. THEY ARE NOT, HOWEVER, THE ONLY OR MOST COMPELLING REASONS. IN 1973, THE NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES AND CONFERENCE OF MAYORS REPORTED THAT THE PRICE TAG FOR MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT TO COLLECT AND DISPOSE OF ALL MUNICIPAL WASTES WAS $6.4 BILLION. /13/ THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, LIMITING ITS CALCULATIONS TO POST-CONSUMER WASTES (135 MILLION TONS IN 1973), ESTIMATES A TOTAL COST OF $3.5 BILLION. /14/ AS STATES, SUCH AS PENNSYLVANIA, DO A BETTER JOB IN ELIMINATING ENVIRONMENTALLY OBJECTIONABLE LAND DISPOSAL SITES AND COMMUNITIES RUN OUT OF SPACE IN EXISTING SITES (IN 1972, THE CONFERENCE OF MAYORS ESTIMATED THAT HALF THE NATION'S CITIES WOULD RUN OUT OF SUITABLE SITES WITHIN FIVE YEARS), AND COSTS (OFRLAND, AND THE HAULING, AND DISPOSING OF WASTES) ARE BOUND TO INCREASE. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY PREDICTS A 20 TO 30 PER CENT INCREASE BY 1985, /15/ IN ADDITION TO FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS, COMMUNITY LEADERS FACE INCREASING SOCIAL AND POLITCAL PROBLEMS IN THEIR EFFORTS TO LCOATE NEW LAND DISPOSAL SITES.

IN A VERY REAL SENSE, THE EXTENT OF LOCAL OPPOSITION TO NEW LANDFILL SITES IS A PROXY MEASURE OF THE AESTHETIC AND OTHER IMPLICIT COSTS THAT PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN THE VICINITY OF SUCH SITES TYPICALLY EXPERIENCE. IN SHORT, IT IS A REFLECTION OF EXPECTED "EXTERNAL COSTS" OF FUTURE LAND DISPOSAL - COSTS THAT ARE NEVER REFLECTED IN COMMUNITY BUDGET FIGURES, BUT WHICH ARE NONETHELESS REAL. /16/

THE IMMEDIACY OF PROBLEMS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL IS OVERSHADOWED BY DEEPENING PROBLEMS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL WHICH CAN BE ATTRIBUTED, IN LARGE MEASURE, TO THE ABSENCE OF NATIONAL MATERIALS AND ENERGY POLICIES. IN DECEMBER, 1974, THE COUNCIL UNANIMOUSLY ENDORSED A "STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES OF FEDERAL RESOURCE RECOVERY LEGISLATION" (APPENDIX B) WHICH LISTED AS PRIORITY NO. 1 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SUCH POLICIES. UNFORTUNATELY, NOTHING HAS BEEN DONE.

THE URGENT NEED FOR A NATIONAL MATERIALS POLICY IS ATTESTED TO WHEN YOU CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING:

TEN METALS ARE ESSENTIAL TO A MODERN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY. WE ARE ALREADY IN THE POSITION OF HAVING TO IMPORT MORE THAN 75 PER CENT OF OUR NEEDS FOR FIVE OF THEM-ALUMINUM, CHROMIUM, MAGANESE, NICKEL, AND TIN. WE IMPORT MORE THAN 50 PER CENT OF OUR ZINC NEEDS AND ONE-THIRD OF THE IRON ORE WE USE. IT HAS BEEN PROJECTED THAT BY 1985 - JUST 10 YEARS FROM NOW - WE WILL BE IMPORTING 50 PER CENT OF OUR IRON ORE, LEAD, AND TUNGSTEN REQUIREMENTS AND BY THE YEAR 2000 MORE THAN HALF OF OUR COPPER. /17/

ANOTHER ANALYSIS PREDICTS THAT, AT THE PRESENT RATE OF MINERAL USE, ". . . THE EARTH'S STORE OF ALUMINUM . . . WILL LAST ONLY ANOTHER CENTURY; COPPER ONLY THIRTY-SIX YEARS." /18/ AS VALUABLE AS THESE AND OTHER LESS STRATEGIC RESOURCES ARE TO THE NATION, MOST ARE "LOST" ONCE THEY ENTER THE SOLID WASTE STREAM:

AN ESTIMATED 52 PER CENT OF OUR LEAD WASTES ARE RECOVERED, 45 PER CENT OF OUR COPPER AND BRASS, 30 PER CENT OF OUR ALUMINUM, 26 PER CENT OF OUR STEEL, 20 PER CENT OF OUR PAPER, AND 20 PER CENT OF OUR ZINC. ONLY A MINISCULE PORTION OF THIS COMES FROM RESIDENTIAL AND MUNICIPAL REFUSE. THIRTY MILLION TONS OF PAPER ARE ANNUALLY CONSIGNED TO THE TRASH HEAP AND CONSTITUTE 50 PER CENT OF THE WATER LOAD.

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760106

760119 STATEMENT OF PRINCIPAL OF FEDERAL RESOURCE RECOVERY LEGISLATION

PART 006 OF 20

MCCLOSKEY TG EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

DOLAN T CHAIRPERSON

CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNSIL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES P.O. BOX 1467, HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17120

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2467 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20515

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HEARINGS

/19/ "MISSION 5000," P. 8.

/20/ "THE SAVAGE INDUSTRY: WHAT IT IS, HOW IT WORKS," U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. (1973). P. 32.

/21/ BTU'S . . BRITISH THERMAL UNIT. A UNIT OF HEAT REQUIRED TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF ONE POUND OF WATER ONE DEGREE FAHRENHEIT. ONE BARREL OF OIL EQUALS 5.8 MILLION BTU'S AND IT TAKES 3,413 BTU'S TO PRODUCE I KILOWATT-HOUR OF ELECTRICITY.

/22/ "ENERGY IN SOLID WASTE," PAPER, SEE P. 5; PLASTICS, SEE PP. 5 AND 7; ALUMINUM AND STEEL, SEE P 7; GLASS, SEE PP. 7 AND 8; TOTAL, SEE P. 9.

/23/ THE DETERMINATION OF "REASONABLE" ENERGY REQUIREMENTS IS AN ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN A SOUND NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY. THE COUNCIL FEELS CURRENT PROJECTIONS MAY BE TOO HIGH BECAUSE OF THE ABSENCE OF AN EFFECTIVE, NATIONAL MANDATORY CONSERVATION PROGRAM.

/24/ "THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS," PP. 33 AND 34.

MORE THAN 100 GLASS-CONTAINER MANUFACTURING PLANTS ARE REDEEMING AND RECYCLING USED BOTTLES AND JARS, YET 26 BILLION ARE THROWN AWAY EVERY YEAR. /19/

EACH OF THE MATERIALS LISTED ABOVE-LEAD, COPPER, BRASS, ALUMINUM, STEEL, PAPER, AND ZINC-AND MANY OTHERS ARE LITERALLY THE MORTAR OF THE "AMERICAN WAY-OF-LIFE" AND THEIR CONTINUED AVAILABILITY IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL TO THE MAINTENANCE OF A HIGHLY DEVELOPED, TECHNOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY. THE NATION NEEDS A MATERIALS POLICY BASED UPON THE BELIEF THAT ALL RESOURCES (NOT ONLY THOSE SUBJECT TO IRREVERSIBLE DEPLETION) HAVE AN INTRINSIC WORTH WHICH REMAINS CONSTANT THROUGHOUT THE PRODUCING, DISTRIBUTING, USING AND DISPOSING OF THESE MATERIALS. TO ACCOMPLISH THIS, PUBLIC ATTITUDES MUST BE CHANGED AND THE NATION WILL NEED A NEW ACCOUNTING SYSTEM WHERE:

RESOURCE IS DEFINED BROADLY TO INCLUDE ALL THE SUBSTANCES, ENERGIES, MANPOWER, AND CONDITIONS THAT WE VALUE. A NEW COMPREHENSIVE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM WOULD CONSIDER TOTAL COSTS, TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE, OF PRODUCING, DISTRIBUTING, USING, AND DISPOSING OF MATERIALS. UNDER SUCH A SYSTEM, VIRGIN MATERIALS MIGHT STILL BE BETTER FOR SOME PRODUCTS . . . BUT PROBABLY MORE PRODUCTS WOULD BE "CHEAPER" IF MADE FROM SECONDARY MATERIALS. /20/

THE NATION ALSO NEEDS AN ENERGY POLICY WHICH ENCOMPASSES MATERIALS UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT RECYCLING OF PAPER REQUIRES LESS THAN ONE-THIRD OF THE FOSSIL FUEL ENERGY NEEDED TO MAKE PAPER FROM PRIMARY RESOURCES. THE PRODUCTION OF PLASTICS, WHICH NOW CONSUMES 1.5 PER CENT OF THE PETROLEUM USED IN THIS COUNTRY, IS INCREASING AT MORE THAN 10 PER CENT PER YEAR. RECYCLING 25 PER CENT OF THE PLASTIC PRESENTLY FOUND IN THE NATIONAL TRAS CAN COULD RESULT IN A SAVINGS OF MORE THAN 9 MI-LION BARRELS OF PETROLEUM PER YEAR. RECYCLED ALUMINUM REQURES 3 PER CENT OF THE ENERGY NEEDED TO PRODUCE ALUMINUM FORM BAUXITE ORE AND RECYCLED STEEL, LESS THAN HALF THE ENERGY NEEDED TO PRODUCE STEEL FROM VIRGIN ORE. UNDER OPTIMUM RECOVERY PROGRAMS (70 PER CENT OF THE ALUMINUM AND 90 PER CENT OF THE STEEL IN THE NATIONAL TRASH CAN) ENOUGH PETROLEUM COULD BE SAVE1 TO PRODUCE 1.8 BILLION GALLONS OF GASOLINE PER YEAR. RECYCLED GLAS (CULLET) HAS A SUBSTANTIALLY LESS FAVORABLE ENERGY SAVINGS POTENTIAL, BUT A RETURN TO A MARKET DOMINATED BY REFILLABLE BOTTLES WOULD RESULT TO ENERGY SAVINGS EQUIVALENT TO THOSE ATTRIBUTED TO RECYCLING ALUMINUM AND STEEL. OVERALL, THE POTENTIAL SAVINGS ". . . WOULD BE ABOUT 1,307 TRILLION BTU'S /21/ OF POTENTIAL ENERGY IN MUNICIPAL WASTE AND LITTER PLUS 305 TRILLION BTU'S OF POTENTIAL ENERGY. THIS IS EQUIVALENT TO 12.3 BILLION GALLONS OF GASOLINE OF ABOUT ONE-SIXTH OF THE AMOUNT OF GASOLINE USED IN 1972 . . ." /22/

BESIDES IDENTIFYING WAYS THE NATION CAN CONSERVE ENERGY, A SOUND NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY MUST ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY, SOCIALLY, AND ECONOMICALLY SOUND MEANS OF MEETING THE NATION'S RESONABLE /23/ ENERGY REQUIREMENTS. ENVIRONMENTALISTS ARE LESS THAN ENTHUSIASTIC WITH THE ADVENT OF SYSTEMS DESIGNED TO BURN LARGE VOLUMES OF WASTES TO PRODUCE ENERGY (SEE DISCUSSION ON P. 10), BUT THERE IS LITTE QUESTION THAT A TREMENDOUS ENERGY POTENTIAL EXISTS IN THE NATIONAL TRASH CAN. ON A COMPARATIVE BASIS, COAL HAS A HEAT VALUE OF 8,000 TO 14,000 BUT'S PER POUND AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE, APPROXIMATELY 4,500 BTU'S PER POUND. IN 1973, APPROXIMATELY 135 MILLION TONS PER YEAR OF POST-CONSUMER SOLID WASTE WERE GENERATED, AND ABOUT 70 TO 80 PER CENT OF THIS WASTE WAS COMBUSTIBLE. ASSUMING THAT ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEMS USING SOLID WASTE ARE FEASIBLE ONLY IN MORE DENSELY POPULATED AREAS, ALMOST 900 TRILLION BTU'S COULD HAVE BEEN RECOVERED. CONVERTING THIS FIGURE TO OIL, THE NATION COULD HAVE SAVED 424,000 BARRELS OF OIL PER DAY, WHICH IS EQUAL TO:

4.6 PER CENT OF FUEL CONSUMED BY ALL UTILITIES IN 1973.

10 PER CENT OF ALL THE COAL CONSUMED BY UTILITIES IN 1973

28 PER CENT OF THE OIL PROJECTED TO BE DELIVERED THROUGH THE ALASKAN PIPELINE.

1 PER CENT OF ALL THE ENERGY CONSUMED IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1973. /24/

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PART 007 OF 20

MCCLOSKEY TG EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

DOLAN T CHAIRPERSON

CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNSIL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES P.O. BOX 1467, HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17120

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2467 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20515

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HEARINGS

/25/ WILLIAM C. KASPER, "POWER FROM TRASH," ENVIRONMENT, VOL. 16, NO. 2, (MARCH, 1974), P. 35.

/26/ "ENERGY IN SOLID WASTE," P. 35.

/27/ "THE ROLE OF PACKAGING IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 1966 TO 1976," P. 1.

/28/ DIANA WAHL, REDUCE? TARGETS, MEANS AND IMPACTS OF SOURCE REDUCTION, LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS EDUCATION FUND, (1975), P. 24.

/29/ "THE EMERGING SHAPE OF POLITICS," P. 10.

THE PROBLEMS LEADERS ENCOUNTER IN DEVELOPING NATIONAL MATERIALS AND ENERGY POLICIES ARE SUBSTANTIAL AND INCREDIBLY COMPLES. FOR EXAMPLE, SHOULD PAPER BE RECLAIMED (A MATERIALS CONSIDERATION) OR BURNED (AN ENERGY CONSIDERATION)? WHEN REFUSE IS USED AS A FUEL, PAPER PRODUCES 71 PER CENT OF THE HEAT. CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING, HOWEVER, FROM BOTH A MATERIALS AND ENERGY PERSPECTIVE:

THE PAPER INDUSTRY PURCHASES ALMOST 14,000 BTU OF VARIOUS FORMS OF ENERGY TO PRODUCE A POUND OF PAPER TYPICALLY FOUND IN MUNICIPAL REFUSE. HOWEVER, THE PURCHASED ENERGY AMOUNTS TO ONLY 64 PER CENT OF THE TOTAL ENERGY USED BY THE PAPER INDUSTRY. WHEN THE 7,500 BTU RELEASED BY BURNING A POUND OF PAPER IS BALANCED AGAINST THE 14,000 BTU OF ENERGY PURCHASED TO PRODUCE IT, AN ENERGY DEFICIT OF 6,500 BTU RESULTS. . . WHEN THIS SAME 7,500 BTU IS BALANCED AGAINST THE TOTAL ENERGY INPUT OF 22,000 BTU PER POUND, THE ENERGY DEFICIT AMOUNTS TO 14,000 BTU PER POUND. THUS WHEN THE PAPER FOUND IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IS BURNED, WE GET ONLY 34 PER CENT OF THE TOTAL ENERGY USED TO PRODUCE IT. /25/

EACH TON OF RECYCLED PAPER SAVES 17 TREES. IF TWO-THIRDS OF THE TRASH PAPER COULD BE SEPARATED OUT AND RECYCLED, 430 MILLION TREES WOULD BE SAVED EACH YEAR. /26/

MAKING A CHOICE BETWEEN LARGE SCALE PAPER RECYLCING OR USING THE PAPER CONTENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TO PRODUCE ENERGY WILL BE DIFFICULT, BUT THERE IS A COMPELLING NEED TO MAKE SUCH CHOICE. THE VIABILITY OF EITHER APPROACH IS DEPENDENT UPON LONG TERM COMMITMENTS, GUIDED BY SOUND NATIONAL POLICIES. THE COUNCIL BELIEVES ALL RESOURCES HAVE AN INTRISIC VALUE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS MUST BE DEVISED WHICH RECOGNIZE THIS FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATION. IN AN EAR OF RESOURCE SCARCITY, IT MAKES NO SENSE TO BURY VALUABLE RESOURCES, ESPECIALLY WHEN VIABLE, ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES EXIST.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE WASTEFUL USE OF ENERGY AND MATERIAL RESOURCES, AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES WHICH DISPOSE OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE SOLID WASTE STREAM IN A WASTEFUL MANNER. PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO ADDRESS THE NATION'S SOLID WASTE PROBLEMS MUST RECOGNIZE THIS DISTINCTION AND BE TAILORED ACCORDINGLY. ONCE THIS OCCURS, THE NEED FOR SOUCE REDUCTION COMES CLEARLY INTO FOCUS.

CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING:

IN 1966, THE U.S. USED 103 BILLION POUNDS OF BOTTLES, CANS, PLASTIC AND PAPER WRAPPINGS, CARTONS AND WHAT HAVE YOU. ABOUT 90 PER CENT OF THESE MATERILS WAS DISCARED, REPRESENTING OVER 13 PER CENT OF ALL SOLID WASTES COMING OUT OF U.S. HOMES, BUSINESSES, AND INDUSTRIES. BY 1976, ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF PACKAGING MATERIALS WILL BE 147 BILLION POUNDS. /27/

THE PACKAGING INDUSTRY CONTENDS THAT THE PRODIGIOUS GROWTH OF PACKAGING AND THE RESULTANT DEMAND ON INCREASINGLY SCARCE AND VALUABLE MATERIALS AND ENERGY ARE THE PRICE THE NATION MUST PAY TO FACILITATE A "MODERN" DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. "REPRESENTATIVES OF INDUSTRY SAY THAT REDUCING PACKAGING WOULD REPRESENT A STEP BACKWARDS FROM OUR HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING AND IN THE END WOULD COST THE CONSUMER MORE DUE TO INCREASED MANPOWER COSTS FOR RETAILERS, CHANGES IN PLANT MACHINERY, ETC." /28/ THE COUNCIL BELIEVES THAT A "STANDARD OF LIVING," BASED ON THE WASTEFUL CONSUMPTION OF MATERIALS AND ENERGY IS ANYTHING BUT "HIGH," AND ARGUES THAT A FAILURE TO ELIMINATE WASTE WILL, GIVEN THE INCREASING SCARCITY OF ACCESSIBLE RESOURCES, HAVE A FAR MORE DISASTROUS IMPACT ON THE NATION'S "STANDARD OF LIVING" THAN EFFORTS TO REDUCE WASTE AT ITS SOURCE. IN ADDITION, THE COUNCIL BELIEVES THE TREPIDATION OF GOVERNMENT TO DISCUSS AND RECOMMEND NEEDED CHANGES IN OUR STANDARD OF LIVING IS OUT OF STEP WITH THE EXPRESSED WILLINGNESS OF THE AMERICAN PUBLIC TO FACE SUCH REDUCTIONS IN THE NAME OF CUTTING BACK ON THE AMOUNT OF THINGS THEY CONSUME AND WASTE. /29/

IT IS ENLIGHTENING TO EXAMINE THE IMPACT OF PACKAGING ON RESOURCES AND ENERGY:

TO MAKE 2,000 POUNDS OF CONTAINERBOARD (18 MILLION TONS WERE PRODUCED IN 1971) TAKES 3,688 POUNDS OF WOOD, 261 POUNDS OF LIME, 360 POUNDS OF SALTCAKE, AND 76 POUNDS OF SODA ASH-AND CONSUMES 41 MILLION BTU'S

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760402

760106

760119 STATEMENT OF PRINCIPAL OF FEDERAL RESOURCE RECOVERY LEGISLATION

PART 008 OF 20

MCCLOSKEY TG EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

DOLAN T CHAIRPERSON

CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNSIL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES P.O. BOX 1467, HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17120

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2467 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20515

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108529

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HEARINGS

/30/ REDUCE?, PP. 9 AND 10.

/31/ JANE STERN, "PLANS ARE PILING UP TO HANDLE BOTTLE AND CAN PROBLEM," SMITHSONIAN, (MAY, 1974) P. 47.

/32/ REDUCE?, P. 10.

/33/ REDUCE?, P. 16.

/34/ REDUCE?, P. 6.

/35/ HOWARD R. ROBERTS, "DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PLASTIC BOTTLES FOR CARBONATED BEVERAGES AND BEER," FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, H.E.W., (APRIL, 1975), PP. 40 AND 41.

/36/ "PLANS ARE PILING UP," P. 47.

TO MAKE 2,000 POUNDS OF GLASS TAKES 2,400 POUNDS OF RAW MATERIALS, INCLUDING SAND, SODA ASH AND LIMESTONE, MANUFACTURE TAKES 15.2 MILLION BUT'S, 14.5 MILLION OF WHICH COME FROM FOSSIL FUEL SOURCES.

TO MAKE 2,000 POUNDS OF STEEL TAKES 1,970 POUNDS OF IRON ORE, 791 POUNDS OF COKE, 454 POUNDS OF LIME, AND OVER 29 MILLION BTU'S. AND ALONG WITH THE 2,000 POUNDS OF STEEL WE GET 780 POUNDS OF PROBLEMS -- 538 POUNDS OF SOLID WASTES AND 242 POUNDS OF AIR POLLUTANTS.

TO MAKE 2,000 POUNDS OF ALUMINUM TAKES 8,776 POUNDS OF BAUXITE, 1,020 POUNDS OF PETROLEUM COKE, 966 POUNDS OF SODA ASH, 327 POUNDS OF PITCH, AND 238 POUNDS OF LIME. OF THE 197 MILLION BTU'S NEEDED TO MAKE THIS TON, 169 MILLION COME FROM FOSSIL FUELS.

AND FINALLY, TO MAKE 2,000 POUNDS OF PLASTIC REQURES 72 GALLONS OF REFINED CRUDE OIL, 338 GALLONS OF NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS, AND 37.1 MILLION BUT'S ALMOST ALL FROM FOSSIL FUEL SOURCES. /30/

THE COUNCIL RECOGNIZES THE NEED FOR PACKAGING AND DOES NOT MINIMIZE THE DIFFICULTY IN DECIDING WHAT CONSTITUTES "EXCESSIVE" PACKAGING. THAT "EXCESSIVE" PACKAGING EXISTS, HOWEVER, IS AN INDISPUTABLE FACT. "BETWEEN 1959 AND 1969, THE AMOUNT OF BEER AND SOFT DRINKS CONSUMED IN THE UNITED STATES ROSE 29 PER CENT WHILE . . . THE NUMBER OF CONTAINERS USED ROSE 164 PER CENT." /31/ THE SAME PACKAGING VERSUS PRODUCT PACKAGED GROWTH PATTERN EXISTS ACROSS THE BOARD, ESPECIALLY IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY . . THE LARGEST USER OF CONSUMER PACKAGES. "BETWEEN 1963 AND 1971, THE U.S. PER CAPITA FOOD CONSUMPTION BY WEIGHT INCREASED OVERALL BY 2.3 PER CENT; FOOD PACKAGING WEIGHT PER CAPITA INCREASED BY OVER 33 PER CENT." /32/ SOMETHING MUST BE DONE TO IDENTIFY WASTEFUL PACKAGING PRACTICES AND ELIMINATE THEM OVER A REASONABLE PERIOD OF TIME (THE COUNCIL BELIEVES A TOTAL TRANSITION, REINFORCED BY WELL DELINEATED AND VIGOROUSLY POLICED NATIONAL POLICIES, COULD OCCUR WITHIN A DECADE). CRITERIA HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED THAT THE COUNCIL FEELS CAN BE USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER PACKAGING IS "EXCESSIVE;

MATERIALS SCARCITY. ARE THE RAW MATERIALS USED IN A PRODUCT'S MANUFACTURE SCARCE OR HIGH PRICED? ARE LESS SCARCE MATERIALS AVAILABLE THAT COULD BE USED INSTEAD?

MATERIALS AND ENERGY INTENSIVENESS. DOES MANUFACTURING A PRODUCT CONSUME LARGE QUANTITIES OF RESOURCES? IS IT POSSIBLE TO SUBSTITUTE OTHER PROCESSES OR OTHER MATERIALS THAT ARE LESS RESOURCE-CONSUMPTIVE?

PRODUCT DISPOSABILITY. DOES THE CONSUMPTION OF A PARTICULAR ITEM MAKE IT HARD TO DISPOSE OF? DOES IT PLACE A BURDEN ON DISPOSAL SYSTEMS OR ON THE ENVIRONMENT? IF SO, ARE THERE SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS OR PRODUCT COMPONENTS THAT WOULD MAKE DISPOSAL EASIER?

PRODUCT LIFE AND REUSABILITY. HOW LONG-LIVED IS A PRODUCT? CAN IT BE REUSED? ARE OTHER LONGER-LIVED OR REUSABLE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE AS ADEQUATE SUBSTITUTES? CAN THE PRODUCT BE REDESIGNED FOR LONGER LIFE OR REUSE?

POLLUTION INTENSIVENESS. DOES MANUFACTURE OF THE PRODUCE ENTAIL DISPROPORIONATE AMOUNTS OF POLLUTANTS? IF SO ARE THERE SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS THAT GENERATE FEWER POLLUTANTS OR RESIDUES? /33/

THE CRITERIA, LISTED ABOVE, CAN AND SHOULD BE APPLIED NOT ONLY TO CONTAINERS AND PACKAGES BUT ALSO TO DURABLE AND NON-DURABLE GOODS, AND FOOD WASTES. TOGETHER, THESE ITEMS CONSTITUTE 80 PER CENT OF THE NATION'S MUNICIPAL WASTE. /34/ FURTHERMORE, SOURCE REDUCTION PROGRAMS MUST BE MULTIFACETED (I.E. AIMED AT REDUCING THE RESOURCES USED IN PRODUCTS, AT INCREASING THE LIFETIME OF PRODUCTS AND, AT REUSING PRODUCTS).

BEFORE TURNING TO A DISCUSSION OF RECYCLING, A WORD MUST BE SAID ABOUT EFFORTS TO ENCOURAGE THE REUSE OF PRODUCTS THROUGH THE IMPOSITION OF MANDATORY DEPOSITS. DEPOSITS ARE USED TO PROVIDE AN ECONOMIC INCENTIVE TO THE CONSUMER TO RETURN THE PRODUCT TO A CENTRAL COLLECTION POINT FOR REUSE. AT THE PRESENT TIME, THIS APPROACH IS TARGETED PRIMARILY AT BEVERAGE CONTAINERS, WITH THE MOST SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM ON-GOING IN THE STATE OF OREGON.

IT IS ESTIMATED THAT BEVERAGE CONTAINERS CONSTITUTE 7 PER CENT OF THE NATION'S MUNICIPAL SOLIDWASTE. /35/ IN ADDITION, ..."BOTTLES AND CANS MAY COMPRISE MORE THAN TWO-THIRDS THE NATION'S LITTER BY VOLUME," AND THE BEVERAGE CONTAINER INDUSTRY . . ."ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 0.6 PER CENT OF THE TOTAL NATIONAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION." /36/ MANY ARGUE THAT BEVERAGE CONTAINEFS ARE AMONG THE MOST CONSPICUOUS EXAMPLES OF TRASH, LITTER, AND RESOURCE WASTE.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SOURCE REDUCTION AND RECYCLING

760402

760106

760119 STATEMENT OF PRINCIPAL OF FEDERAL RESOURCE RECOVERY LEGISLATION

PART 009 OF 20

MCCLOSKEY TG EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

DOLAN T CHAIRPERSON

CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNSIL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES P.O. BOX 1467, HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17120

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2467 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20515

COMMITTEE ON RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

108530

CORRESPONDENCE

REPORT STUDY

TRANSCRIPT

HOUSE

HEARINGS

/37/ "DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PLASTIC BOTTLES," P. 76.

/38/ "THE SALVAGE INDUSTRY," P. 16.

/39/ "THE SALVAGE INDUSTRY," PP. 15 AND 16.

/40/ "THE SALVAGE INDUSTRY," P. 6.

FROM AN ENVIRONMENTAL STANDPOINT, A RETURN TO REFILLABLE GLASS BOTTLES WOULD MEAN SUBSTANTIAL DECREASES IN THE USE OF ENERGY, RAW MATERIALS, AND WATER AND RESULT IN THE PRODUCTION OF LESS AIR, WATER, AND LAND POLLUTION AND FEWER INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTES. THE ENERGY SAVINGS ALONE JUSTIFY SUCH A CHANGE:

ONE STUDY SHOWED THAT IF INDUSTRY CONVERTED ENTIRELY TO REFILLABLE CONTAINERS, THE CONTAINER SYSTEM ENERGY REQUIREMENT WOULD BE REDUCED BY AN ESTIMATED 40 PER CENT. JOHN QUARLES, JR., DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA), INDICATED AT SENATE HEARINGS ON THE HATFIELD BILL THAT AN ACHIEVEMENT OF A 90 PER CENT REFILLABLE BOTTLE MARKET, IN WHICH EACH CONTAINER WAS RETUNRED TEN TIMES, WOULD RESULT IN A REDUCTION OF ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO 92,000 BARRELS OF OIL PER DAY. ACCORDING TO THE FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, THE U.S. CONSUMED ABOUT 7 BILLION BARRELS OF OIL IN 1973 (19 MILLION BARRELS PER DAY). THE AMOUNT OF OIL SAVED BY A 90 PER CENT REFILLABLE BOTTLE MARKET WOULD BE ABOUT 48 PER CENT OF TOTAL DAILY CONSUMPTION IN 1973. /37/

A COMPLETE SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF A BEVERAGE CONTAINER DEPOSIT SYSTEM ARE SUMMARIZED IN A TABLE ATTACHED AS APPENDIX C.

EFFORTS TO PROMOTE REDUCTION OF SOLID WASTE AT THE SOURCE SHOULD NOT BE CONFUSED WITH THOSE WHICH FURTHER RECYCLING. TRUE, A SENSIBLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IS BASED ONA COMBINATION OF THESE AND OTHER APPROACHES, BUT THERE IS A FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOURCE REDUCTION AND RECYCLING. IN THE FORMER, THE PRODUCTION OF WASTE PRODUCTS IS AVOIDED ALTOGETHER WHILE IN THE LATTER WASTE PRODUCTS ARE RECLAIMED, REPROCESSED, REFABRICATED, AND REUSED. WHEN COMBINED, THE TWO APPROACHES CONSTITUTE THE MOST SENSIBLE WAY TO REDUCE WASTE, CONSERVE VALUABLE RESOURCES, AND MAKE THE NATION'S WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS MORE MANAGEABLE.

THE POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED RECYCLING IS TREMENDOUS. IN FACT, THE SALVAGING INUDSTRY, WHICH EMPLOYS OVER 700,000 PEOPLE, ESTIMATES THAT OVER HALF OF THE NATION'S MUNICPAL WASTES ARE SALVAGEABLE. /38/ AT THE PRESENT TIME, HOWEVER, ONLY NEGLIGIBLE AMOUNTS ARE RECLAIMED DUE TO A VANIETY OF IMPEDIMENTS WHICH MUST BE ELIMINATED BEFORE THE POTENTIAL OF RECYCLING IS REALIZED.

MUNICIPAL WASTES ARE CONSIDERED A "POOR" SOUCE BECAUSE OF THE "MIXED" NATURE OF THE WASTES. ONCE MIXED, IT IS DIFFICULT AND EXPENSIVE TO SORT WASTES, AND LARGE CONCENTRATIONS ARE NECESSARY TO PRODUCE THE "HIGH-GRADE" COMMODITIES NEEDED TO OFFSET BUYER RELUCTANCE TO DEAL WITH "CONTAMINATED" MATERIALS. IN ADDITION, THE MARKET IS HISTORICALLY UNSTABLE:

MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE, CHARACTERIZED AS IT IS BY BUREAUCRATIC REGULARITY, PRESENTS A POOR FIT TO THE USUALLY ROLLER-COASTER OPERATION OF THE SALVAGE BUSINESS, WHERE SUPPLIES MSUT BE "TURNED OFF" ONE DAY AND "TURNED ON" A MONTH LATER. CITY OFFICIALS HAVE LEARNED BY EXPERIENCE THAT SALVAGE DEALERS ARE NOT "RELIABLE" BUYERS OF SCRAP. /39/

SALVAGE DEALERS ARE NOT "RELIABLE" BECAUSE OF THE NATURE OF THE SALVAGE BUSINESS. DEMAND FOR AND PRICES ACCORDED SALVAGE MATERIALS FLUCTUATE RAPIDLY AND THE SKILLED DEALER ". . . RIDES THE MARKET," BUYING ONLY WHAT HE CAN SELL, SELLING EVERYTHING HE BUYS, AND KEEPING A SAFE MARGIN BETWEEN HIS BUYING AND SELLING PRICES." /40/ FOR RECYCLING TO INCREASE, THE MARKET MUST BE STABLIZED. FOR THE MARKET TO STABILIZE, THERE MUST BE A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE ATTITUDE OF AMERICANS TOWARD MATERIALS HOW THEY ARE USED AND DISPOSED OF - AND THE ADOPTION OF NATIONAL POLICIES WHICH REFLECT THIS NEW ATTITUDE.

WHAT ARE THE SALVAGEABLE COMMODITIES IN MUNICIPAL WASTES? PAPER, WHICH CONSTITUTES 33 PER CENT OF THE TOTAL; METALS, 9 PER CENT OF THE TOTAL; GLASS, 10 PER CENT; AND TEXTILES, RUBBER, AND PLASTICS, 3 PER CENT.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SOURCE REDUCTION AND RECYCLING

760402

760106

760119 STATEMENT OF PRINCIPAL OF FEDERAL RESOURCE RECOVERY LEGISLATION

PART 010 OF 20

MCCLOSKEY TG EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

DOLAN T CHAIRPERSON

CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNSIL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES P.O. BOX 1467, HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA 17120

UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2467 RAYBURN HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING WASHINGTON DC 20515

COMMITTEE ON RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

108531

CORRESPONDENCE

REPORT STUDY

TRANSCRIPT

HOUSE

HEARINGS

/41/ "THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS," P. 45.

/42/ "THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS," P. 56.

/43/ "PLANS ARE PILING UP," P. 48.

/44/ "THIRD REPORT TO CONGRESS," PP. 56 AND 57.