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[DOCID: f:45488.wais]

                                                         S. Prt. 105-46

                     COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS



                  COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

=======================================================================


 
             Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 1997             

                                     
<GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT>

                                     

                               MARCH 1998

                               VOLUME I-A

                         OF VOLUMES I-A AND I-B

                        CURRENT LEGISLATION AND

                        RELATED EXECUTIVE ORDERS

                              U.S. Senate

                     U.S. House of Representatives


    Printed for the use of the Committees on Foreign Relations and 
International Relations of the Senate and the House of Representatives 
                              respectively

                                -------                                

                    U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
                           WASHINGTON : 1998
45-488 CC                                                               
                                             

_______________________________________________________________________

            For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office            
Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
                           ISBN 0-16-056344-5                          




                     COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

                 JESSE HELMS, North Carolina, Chairman

RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana            JOSEPH R. BIDEN, Jr., Delaware
PAUL COVERDELL, Georgia              PAUL S. SARBANES, Maryland
CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska                CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut
GORDON H. SMITH, Oregon              JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts
CRAIG THOMAS, Wyoming                CHARLES S. ROBB, Virginia
ROD GRAMS, Minnesota                 RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin
JOHN ASHCROFT, Missouri              DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California
BILL FRIST, Tennessee                PAUL D. WELLSTONE, Minnesota
SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas

                     James W. Nance, Staff Director
                 Edwin K. Hall, Minority Staff Director

                                 ______


                  COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

                 BENJAMIN A. GILMAN, New York, Chairman

WILLIAM F. GOODLING, Pennsylvania    LEE H. HAMILTON, Indiana
JAMES A. LEACH, Iowa                 SAM GEJDENSON, Connecticut
HENRY J. HYDE, Illinois              TOM LANTOS, California
DOUG BEREUTER, Nebraska              HOWARD L. BERMAN, California
CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey     GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York
DAN BURTON, Indiana                  ENI F.H. FALEOMAVAEGA, American 
ELTON GALLEGLY, California           Samoa
ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida         MATTHEW G. MARTINEZ, California
CASS BALLENGER, North Carolina       DONALD M. PAYNE, New Jersey
DANA ROHRABACHER, California         ROBERT E. ANDREWS, New Jersey
DONALD A. MANZULLO, Illinois         ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey
EDWARD R. ROYCE, California          SHERROD BROWN, Ohio
PETER T. KING, New York              CYNTHIA A. McKINNEY, Georgia
JAY KIM, California                  ALCEE L. HASTINGS, Florida
STEVEN J. CHABOT, Ohio               PAT DANNER, Missouri
MARSHALL ``MARK'' SANFORD, South     EARL F. HILLIARD, Alabama
Carolina                             BRAD SHERMAN, California
MATT SALMON, Arizona                 ROBERT WEXLER, Florida
AMO HOUGHTON, New York               STEVEN R. ROTHMAN, New Jersey
TOM CAMPBELL, California             BOB CLEMENT, Tennessee
JON D. FOX, Pennsylvania             BILL LUTHER, Minnesota
JOHN M. McHUGH, New York             JIM DAVIS, Florida
LINDSEY O. GRAHAM, South Carolina
ROY BLUNT, Missouri
KEVIN BRADY, Texas

                    Richard J. Garon, Chief of Staff
             Michael H. Van Dusen, Minority Chief of Staff

                                  (ii)




                                FOREWORD

                              ----------                              

    This volume of legislation and related material is part of 
a five volume set of laws and related material frequently 
referred to by the Committees on Foreign Relations of the 
Senate and International Relations of the House of 
Representatives, amended to date and annotated to show 
pertinent history or cross references.
    Volumes I (A and B), II, III and IV contain legislation and 
related material and are republished with amendments and 
additions at the end of each annual session of Congress. Volume 
V, which contains treaties and related material, will not be 
revised every year, but only as necessary.
    We wish to express our appreciation to Dianne E. Rennack 
and C. Winston Woodland of the Foreign Affairs and National 
Defense Division of the Congressional Research Service of the 
Library of Congress who prepared volume I-A of this year's 
compilation.
                                           Jesse Helms,
                          Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations.
                                           Benjamin A. Gilman,
                    Chairman, Committee on International Relations.

                                 (iii)




                            EXPLANATORY NOTE

                              ----------                              

    All public laws included in this volume are codified and in 
force through the end of the first session of the 105th 
Congress. The texts of the public laws in this volume are 
printed as they appear in the United States Statutes at Large 
rather than the United States Code. Amendments are incorporated 
into the text and distinguished by a footnote.
    All Executive orders and State Department delegations of 
authority are codified and in force as of January 31, 1998.

                                  (v)


                             ABBREVIATIONS

Bevans......................................  Treaties and Other        
                                               International Agreements 
                                               of the United States of  
                                               America, 1776-1949,      
                                               compiled under the       
                                               direction of Charles I.  
                                               Bevans.                  
CFR.........................................  Code of Federal           
                                               Regulations.             
EAS.........................................  Executive Agreement       
                                               Series.                  
F.R.........................................  Federal Register.         
LNTS........................................  League of Nations Treaty  
                                               Series.                  
I Malloy, II Malloy.........................  Treaties, Conventions,    
                                               International Acts,      
                                               Protocols, and Agreements
                                               Between the United States
                                               of America and Other     
                                               Powers, 1776-1909,       
                                               compiled under the       
                                               direction of the United  
                                               States Senate by William 
                                               M. Malloy.               
Stat........................................  United States Statutes at 
                                               Large.                   
TIAS........................................  Treaties and Other        
                                               International Acts       
                                               Series.                  
TS..........................................  Treaty Series.            
UNTS........................................  United Nations Treaty     
                                               Series.                  
U.S.C.......................................  United States Code.       
UST.........................................  United States Treaties and
                                               Other International      
                                               Agreements.              
                                                                        

                                 (vii)




                                CONTENTS

                               __________
                                                                   Page

FOREWORD.........................................................   iii

EXPLANATORY NOTE.................................................     v

ABBREVIATIONS....................................................   vii

A. FOREIGN ASSISTANCE............................................     1

 1. Foreign Assistance and Arms Export Acts......................    13
 2. Foreign Assistance Appropriations............................   593

APPENDICES.......................................................   723

INDEX............................................................   763

                                  (ix)





=======================================================================

                         A. FOREIGN ASSISTANCE

                                CONTENTS

                                                                   Page

1. Foreign Assistance and Arms Export Acts.......................    13
    a. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended (Public Law 
      87-195)....................................................    13
        Part I:
            Chapter 1--Policy; Development Assistance 
              Authorizations.....................................    16
                Section 101--General Policy......................    16
                Section 102--Development Assistance Policy.......    17
                Section 103--Agriculture, Rural Development, and 
                    Nutrition....................................    25
                Section 103A--Agricultural Research..............    28
                Section 104--Population and Health...............    28
                Section 105--Education and Human Resources 
                    Development..................................    32
                Section 106--Energy, Private Voluntary 
                    Organizations, and Selected Development 
                    Activities...................................    34
                Section 107--Appropriate Technology..............    37
                Section 108--Private Sector Revolving Fund.......    37
                Section 109--Transfer of Funds...................    41
                Section 110--Cost-Sharing and Funding Limits.....    42
                Section 111--Development and Use of Cooperatives.    42
                Section 113--Integrating Women Into National 
                    Economies....................................    42
                Section 116--Human Rights........................    43
                Section 117--Environment and Natural Resources...    46
                Section 118--Tropical Forests....................    47
                Section 119--Endangered Species..................    50
                Section 120--Sahel Development Program--Planning.    52
                Section 122--General Authorities.................    53
                Section 123--Private and Voluntary Organizations 
                    and Cooperatives in Overseas Development.....    54
                Section 124--Relatively Least Developed Countries    57
                Section 125--Project and Program Evaluation......    58
                Section 126--Development and Illicit Narcotics 
                    Production...................................    59
                Section 127--Accelerated Loan Repayments.........    59
                Section 128--Targeted Assistance.................    60
            Chapter 2--Other Programs............................    60
            Title I--Multilateral and Regional Development 
              Programs...........................................    60
                Section 206--Regional Development in Africa......    60
                Section 209--Multilateral and Regional Programs..    61
            Title II--American Schools and Hospitals Abroad; 
              Prototype Desalting Plant..........................    62
                Section 214--American Schools and Hospitals 
                    Abroad.......................................    62
                Section 219--Prototype Desalting Plant...........    63
            Title III--Housing and Other Credit Guaranty Programs    64
                Section 221--Housing Guaranties..................    64
                Section 222--Authorization.......................    65
                Section 222A--Agricultural and Productive Credit 
                    and Self-Help Community Development Programs.    66
                Section 223--General Provisions..................    68
                Section 224--Trade Credit Insurance Program for 
                    Central America..............................    71
                Section 225--Trade Credit Insurance Program for 
                    Poland.......................................    72
                Section 226--Loan Guarantees to Israel Program...    74
            Title IV--Overseas Private Investment Corporation....    78
                Section 231--Creation, Purpose, and Policy.......    78
                Section 231A--Additional Requirements............    81
                Section 232--Capital of the Corporation..........    82
                Section 233--Organization and Management.........    82
                Section 234--Investment Insurance and Other 
                    Programs.....................................    84
                Section 234A--Enhancing Private Political Risk 
                    Insurance Industry...........................    90
                Section 235--Issuing Authority, Direct Investment 
                    Authority and Reserves.......................    91
                Section 236--Income and Revenues.................    94
                Section 237--General Provisions Relating to 
                    Insurance Guaranty, and Financing Program....    95
                Section 238--Definitions.........................    98
                Section 239--General Provisions and Powers.......    99
                Section 240--Small Business Development..........   103
                Section 240A--Reports to the Congress............   103
                Section 240B--Prohibition on Noncompetitive 
                    Awarding of Insurance Contracts on OPIC 
                    Supported Exports............................   105
            Title V--Disadvantaged Children in Asia..............   106
                Section 241--Assistance to Certain Disadvantaged 
                    Children in Asia.............................   106
            Title IX--Utilization of Democratic Institutions in 
              Development........................................   107
                Section 281--Utilization of Democratic 
                    Institutions in Development..................   107
            Title XII--Famine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger.   108
                Section 296--General Provisions..................   108
                Section 297--General Authority...................   110
                Section 298--Board for International Food and 
                    Agricultural Development.....................   111
                Section 299--Authorization.......................   112
                Section 300--Annual Report.......................   113
            Chapter 3--International Organizations and Programs..   113
                Section 301--General Authority...................   113
                Section 302--Authorization.......................   116
                Section 303--Indus Basin Development.............   119
                Section 305--Integration of Women................   120
                Section 306--Reports on International 
                    Organizations................................   120
                Section 307--Withholding of United States 
                    Proportionate Share for Certain Programs of 
                    International Organizations..................   121
            Chapter 5--Contingencies.............................   122
                Section 451--Contingencies.......................   122
            Chapter 6--Central America Democracy, Peace, and 
              Development Initiative.............................   123
                Section 461--Statement of Policy.................   123
                Section 462--Conditions on Furnishing Assistance.   124
                Section 463--Peace Process in Central America....   124
                Section 464--Economic Assistance Coordination....   124
                Section 465--Authorizations for Fiscal Years 1988 
                    and 1989.....................................   126
                Section 466--Definitions.........................   126
            Chapter 7--Debt-For-Nature Exchanges.................   127
                Section 461--Definition..........................   127
                Section 462--Assistance for Commercial Debt 
                    Exchanges....................................   127
                Section 463--Eligible Projects...................   127
                Section 464--Eligible Countries..................   128
                Section 465--Terms and Conditions................   128
                Section 466--Pilot Program for Sub-Saharan Africa   129
            Chapter 8--International Narcotics Control...........   129
                Section 481--Policy, General Authorities, 
                    Coordination, Foreign Police Actions, 
                    Definitions, and Other Provisions............   129
                Section 482--Authorization.......................   135
                Section 483--Prohibition on Use of Foreign 
                    Assistance for Reimbursements for Drug Crop 
                    Eradications.................................   138
                Section 484--Requirements Relating to Aircraft 
                    and Other Equipment..........................   138
                Section 485--Records of Aircraft Use.............   139
                Section 486--Reallocation of Funds Withheld from 
                    Countries Which Fail to Take Adequate Steps 
                    to Halt Illicit Drug Production or 
                    Trafficking..................................   139
                Section 487--Prohibition on Assistance to Drug 
                    Traffickers..................................   140
                Section 488--Limitations on Acquisitions of Real 
                    Property and Construction of Facilities......   141
                Section 489--Reporting Requirements..............   142
                Section 490--Annual Certification Procedures.....   146
            Chapter 9--International Disaster Assistance.........   150
                Section 491--Policy and General Authority........   150
                Section 492--Authorization.......................   150
                Section 493--Disaster Assistance--Coordination...   151
                Section 494--Disaster Relief Assistance..........   151
                Section 495--Cyprus Relief and Rehabilitation....   151
                Section 495B--Italy Relief and Rehabilitation....   152
                Section 495C--Lebanon Relief and Rehabilitation..   153
                Section 495D--Romanian Relief and Rehabilitation.   153
                Section 495E--Turkey Relief, Rehabilitation, and 
                    Reconstruction...............................   154
                Section 495F--African Rehabilitation and 
                    Resettlement.................................   154
                Section 495G--Special Caribbean Hurricane Relief 
                    Assistance...................................   155
                Section 495H--Cambodian Disaster Relief 
                    Assistance...................................   155
                Section 495I--Assistance for Displaced Persons in 
                    Central America..............................   156
                Section 495J--Lebanon Emergency Relief, 
                    Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction Assistance   157
                Section 495K--African Famine Assistance..........   157
            Chapter 10--Development Fund for Africa..............   158
                Section 496--Long-Term Development Assistance for 
                    Sub-Saharan Africa...........................   158
                Section 497--Authorizations of Appropriations for 
                    the Development Fund for Africa..............   163
            Chapter 11--Support for the Economic and Democratic 
              Development of the Independent States of the Former 
              Soviet Union.......................................   163
                Section 498--Assistance for the Independent 
                    States.......................................   163
                Section 498A--Criteria for Assistance to 
                    Governments of the Independent States........   166
                Section 498B--Authorities Relating to Assistance 
                    and Other Provisions.........................   170
                Section 498C--Authorization of Appropriations....   173
        Part II:
            Chapter 1--Policy....................................   176
                Section 501--Statement of Policy.................   176
                Section 502--Utilization of Defense Articles and 
                    Services.....................................   177
                Section 502B--Human Rights.......................   178
            Chapter 2--Military Assistance.......................   182
                Section 503--General Authority...................   182
                Section 504--Authorization.......................   184
                Section 505--Conditions of Eligibility...........   184
                Section 506--Special Authority...................   188
                Section 511--Considerations in Furnishing 
                    Military Assistance..........................   191
                Section 514--Stockpiling of Defense Articles for 
                    Foreign Countries............................   192
                Section 515--Overseas Management of Assistance 
                    and Sales Programs...........................   194
                Section 516--Modernization of Defense 
                    Capabilities of Countries of NATO's Southern 
                    Flank........................................   195
                Section 517--Designation of Major Non-NATO Allies   199
            Chapter 3--Foreign Military Sales....................   199
                Section 524--Reimbursements......................   199
            Chapter 4--Economic Support Fund.....................   201
                Section 531--Authority...........................   201
                Section 532--Authorization of Appropriations.....   203
                Section 533--Emergency Assistance................   204
                Section 534--Administration of Justice...........   204
            Chapter 5--International Military Education and 
              Training...........................................   206
                Section 541--General Authority...................   206
                Section 542--Authorization.......................   207
                Section 543--Purposes............................   207
                Section 544--Exchange Training...................   208
                Section 545--Training in Maritime Skills.........   209
                Section 546-- Prohibition on Grant Assistance for 
                    Certain High Income Foreign Countries........   209
            Chapter 6--Peacekeeping Operations...................   209
                Section 551--General Authority...................   209
                Section 552--Authorization of Appropriations.....   209
                Section 553--Administrative Authorities..........   211
            Chapter 7--Air Base Construction in Israel...........   211
                Section 561--General Authority...................   211
                Section 562--Authorization and Utilization of 
                    Funds........................................   211
                Section 563--Waiver Authorities..................   212
            Chapter 8--Antiterrorism Assistance..................   212
                Section 571--General Authority...................   212
                Section 572--Purposes............................   213
                Section 573--Limitations.........................   213
                Section 574--Authorizations of Appropriations....   214
                Section 575--Administrative Authorities..........   215
        Part III:
            Chapter 1--General Provisions........................   216
                Section 601--Encouragement of Free Enterprise and 
                    Private Participation........................   216
                Section 602--Small Business......................   218
                Section 603--Shipping on United States Vessels...   219
                Section 604--Procurement.........................   219
                Section 605--Retention and Use of Certain Items 
                    and Funds....................................   221
                Section 606--Patents and Technical Information...   222
                Section 607--Furnishing of Services and 
                    Commodities..................................   223
                Section 608--Advance Acquisition of Property.....   225
                Section 609--Special Account.....................   226
                Section 610--Transfer Between Accounts...........   228
                Section 611--Completion of Plans and Cost 
                    Estimates....................................   229
                Section 612--Use of Foreign Currencies...........   230
                Section 613--Accounting, Valuation, Reporting, 
                    and Administration of Foreign Currencies.....   231
                Section 614--Special Authorities.................   232
                Section 615--Contract Authority..................   234
                Section 616--Availability of Funds...............   234
                Section 617--Termination of Assistance...........   234
                Section 620--Prohibitions Against Furnishing 
                    Assistance...................................   235
                Section 620A--Prohibition on Assistance to 
                    Governments Supporting International 
                    Terrorism....................................   244
                Section 620C--United States Policy Regarding the 
                    Eastern Mediterranean........................   246
                Section 620D--Prohibition on Assistance to 
                    Afghanistan..................................   249
                Section 620E--Assistance to Pakistan.............   249
                Section 620F--Nuclear Non-Proliferation Policy in 
                    South Asia...................................   252
                Section 620G--Prohibition on Assistance to 
                    Countries That Aid Terrorist States..........   253
                Section 620G--Depleted Uranium Ammunition........   253
                Section 620H--Prohibition on Assistance to 
                    Countries That Provide Military Equipment to 
                    Terrorist States.............................   254
                Section 620I--Prohibition on Assistance to 
                    Countries That Restrict United States 
                    Humanitarian Assistance......................   254
            Chapter 2--Administrative Provisions.................   255
                Section 621--Exercise of Functions...............   255
                Section 621A--Strengthened Management Practices..   256
                Section 622--Coordination With Foreign Policy....   256
                Section 623--The Secretary of Defense............   257
                Section 624--Statutory Officers..................   257
                Section 625--Employment of Personnel.............   258
                Section 626--Experts, Consultants, and Retired 
                    Officers.....................................   260
                Section 627--Detail of Personnel to Foreign 
                    Governments..................................   261
                Section 628--Detail of Personnel to International 
                    Organizations................................   261
                Section 629--Status of Personnel Detailed........   261
                Section 630--Terms of Detail or Assignment.......   262
                Section 631--Missions and Staffs Abroad..........   262
                Section 632--Allocation and Reimbursement Among 
                    Agencies.....................................   263
                Section 633--Waivers of Certain Laws.............   265
                Section 633A--Furnishing Information.............   266
                Section 634--Annual Report.......................   266
                Section 634A--Notification of Program Changes....   269
                Section 634B--Classification of Reports..........   270
                Section 635--General Authorities.................   270
                Section 636--Provisions on Uses of Funds.........   272
                Section 637--Administrative Expenses.............   277
                Section 638--Exclusions..........................   277
                Section 640A--False Claims and Ineligible 
                    Commodities..................................   277
                Section 640B--Coordination.......................   278
                Section 640C--Shipping Differential..............   280
            Chapter 3--Miscellaneous Provisions..................   280
                Section 641--Effective Date and Identification of 
                    Programs.....................................   280
                Section 642--Statutes Repealed...................   280
                Section 643--Saving Provisions...................   280
                Section 644--Definitions.........................   281
                Section 645--Unexpended Balances.................   284
                Section 646--Construction........................   284
                Section 647--Dependable Fuel Supply..............   284
                Section 648--Special Authorization for Use of 
                    Foreign Currencies...........................   284
                Section 650--Use of United States Armed Forces...   285
                Section 652--Limitation Upon Exercise of Special 
                    Authorities..................................   285
                Section 653--Change in Allocation of Foreign 
                    Assistance...................................   285
                Section 654--Presidential Findings and 
                    Determinations...............................   287
                Section 655--Annual Military Assistance Report...   287
                Section 660--Prohibiting Police Training.........   288
                Section 661--Trade and Development Agency........   290
                Section 663--Exchanges of Certain Materials......   293
                Section 666--Discrimination Against United States 
                    Personnel....................................   294
                Section 667--Operating Expenses..................   294
        Part IV
            Enterprise for the Americas Initiative...............   296
                Section 701--Purpose.............................   296
                Section 702--Definitions.........................   296
                Section 703--Eligibilty for Benefits.............   297
                Section 704--Reduction of Certain Debt...........   297
                Section 705--Repayment of Principal..............   298
                Section 706--Interest on New Obligations.........   298
                Section 707--Enterprise for the Americas Funds...   299
                Section 708--Americas Framework Agreements.......   299
                Section 709--Enterprise for the Americas Board...   301
                Section 710--Annual Reports to the Congress......   301
    b. Arms Export Control Act (Public Law 90-629)...............   303
    c. Miscellaneous Authorization--Fiscal Years 1996 and 1997 
      (Public Law 104-164) (partial text)........................   408
    d. Jobs Through Trade Export Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-392) 
      (partial text).............................................   411
    e. Jobs Through Export Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-549)......   413
    f. Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 
      1988 (Public Law 100-461) (partial text)...................   422
    g. Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-529) 
      (partial text).............................................   424
    h. International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 
      1985 (Public Law 99-83) (partial text).....................   430
            Section 1--Short Title and Table of Contents.........   430
        Title I--Military Assistance and Sales and Related 
          Programs...............................................   430
            Section 101--Foreign Military Sales Credits..........   430
            Section 106--Guaranty Reserve Fund...................   432
            Section 129--Conventional Arms Transfers.............   432
            Section 130--Foreign Military Sales for Jordan.......   433
            Section 131--Certification Concerning AWACS Sold to 
              Saudi Arabia.......................................   434
            Section 132--Cooperative Agreements on Air Defense in 
              Central Europe.....................................   435
        Title II--Economic Support Fund..........................   437
            Section 202--Assistance for the Middle East..........   437
            Section 203--Assistance for Cyprus...................   438
            Section 204--Assistance for Portugal.................   439
            Section 205--Acquisition of Agricultural Commodities 
              Under Commodity Import Programs....................   439
            Section 206--Tied Aid Credit Program.................   439
            Section 207--Restriction on Use of Funds for Nuclear 
              Facilities.........................................   439
            Section 208--Fiscal Year 1985 Supplemental 
              Authorization......................................   440
        Title III--Development Assistance........................   440
            Section 305--Promotion of Immunization and Oral 
              Rehydration........................................   440
            Section 311--Use of Private and Voluntary 
              Organizations, Cooperatives, and the Private Sector   440
            Section 315--Minority Set-Aside......................   441
        Title IV--Other Foreign Assistance Programs..............   441
            Section 402--Voluntary Contributions to International 
              Organizations and Programs.........................   441
        Title V--International Terrorism and Foreign Airport 
          Security...............................................   441
                Part A--International Terrorism Generally
            Section 502--Coordination of All United States 
              Terrorism-Related Assistance to Foreign Countries..   442
            Section 504--Prohibition on Imports From and Exports 
              to Libya...........................................   442
            Section 505--Ban on Importing Goods and Services from 
              Countries Supporting Terrorism.....................   443
            Section 506--International Anti-Terrorism Committee..   443
            Section 507--International Terrorism Control Treaty..   443
            Section 508--State Terrorism.........................   444
                Part B--Foreign Airport Security
            Section 551--Security Standards for Foreign Air 
              Transportation.....................................   444
            Section 554--Enforcement of International Civil 
              Aviation Organization Standards....................   444
            Section 555--International Civil Aviation Boycott of 
              Countries Supporting International Terrorism.......   444
            Section 557--Research on Airport Security Techniques 
              for Detecting Explosives...........................   445
            Section 558--Hijacking of TWA Flight 847 and Other 
              Acts of Terrorism..................................   445
            Section 559--Effective Date..........................   445
        Title VI--International Narcotics Control................   445
            Section 607--Procurement of Weapons to Defend 
              Aircraft Involved in Narcotics Control Efforts.....   445
            Section 610--Assistance for Jamaica..................   446
            Section 611--Assistance for Bolivia..................   446
            Section 612--Assistance to Peru......................   447
            Section 613--Reallocation of Funds if Conditions Not 
              Met................................................   448
            Section 615--Latin American Regional Narcotics 
              Control Organization...............................   448
            Section 616--Greater Effort by United States Armed 
              Forces to Support Narcotics Control Efforts Abroad.   448
            Section 617--Cuban Drug Trafficking..................   448
            Section 619--Drug Trafficking and the Problem of 
              Total Confidentiality of Certain Foreign Bank 
              Accounts...........................................   450
        Title VII--Western Hemisphere............................   450
            Section 702--El Salvador.............................   450
            Section 703--Assistance for Guatemala................   453
            Section 704--Refugees in Honduras....................   455
            Section 705--Promoting the Development of the Haitian 
              People and Providing for Orderly Emigration from 
              Haiti..............................................   455
            Section 706--Military Assistance for Paraguay........   456
            Section 707--Assistance for Peru.....................   457
            Section 709--Comprehensive Reports on Assistance for 
              Latin America and the Caribbean....................   457
            Section 710--Use of Private and Voluntary 
              Organizations......................................   458
            Section 713--Use of Employee Stock Ownership Plans in 
              Development Efforts................................   458
            Section 714--International Advisory Commission for 
              the Caribbean Region...............................   459
            Section 716--Rural Electrification...................   460
            Section 717--Facilitating International Commerce 
              Through Mexico.....................................   460
            Section 718--Condemning Human Rights Violations and 
              the Subversion of Other Governments by the 
              Government of Cuba.................................   461
            Section 719--Reports on Foreign Debt in Latin America   461
            Section 720--Economic Assistance for Uruguay.........   462
            Section 721--Canadian Exports to the United States...   462
            Section 722--Nicaragua...............................   462
        Title VIII--Africa.......................................   472
            Section 801--Balance-of-Payments Support for 
              Countries in Africa................................   472
            Section 802--Economic Support Assistance for Southern 
              Africa.............................................   473
            Section 803--Policy Toward South African 
              ``Homelands''......................................   474
            Section 804--Assistance for Zaire....................   475
            Section 805--Assistance for Tunisia..................   475
            Section 806--Political Settlement in Sudan...........   476
            Section 807--Elections in Liberia....................   476
            Section 808--Western Sahara..........................   476
            Section 813--Assistance for the People's Republic of 
              Mozambique.........................................   478
        Title IX--Asia...........................................   478
            Section 901--The Philippines.........................   478
            Section 903--Disadvantaged Children in Asia..........   479
            Section 904--Assistance for Afghanistan..............   480
            Section 905--Assistance for the Cambodian People.....   480
            Section 906--Prohibition on Certain Assistance for 
              the Khmer Rouge....................................   480
            Section 907--Political Settlement in Sri Lanka.......   480
            Section 908--United States Policy Toward the Republic 
              of Korea...........................................   481
        Title X--Food and Agricultural Assistance................   482
            Section 1008--Long-Term Agricultural Commodity 
              Agreements with Food Deficit Countries.............   482
        Title XI--Peace Corps....................................   482
            Section 1103--Limitation on Length of Peace Corps 
              Employment.........................................   482
            Section 1104--Peace Corps National Advisory Council..   482
        Title XII--Miscellaneous Provisions Relating to Foreign 
          Assistance.............................................   482
            Section 1205--Reports on Economic Conditions in 
              Certain Countries..................................   482
            Section 1206--Egyptian-Israeli Relations.............   483
            Section 1210--Report on United States Assistance to 
              Coal Exporting Nations.............................   483
        Title XIII--Miscellaneous Provisions.....................   483
            Section 1301--Effective Date.........................   483
            Section 1302--Codification of Policy Prohibiting 
              Negotiations with the Palestine Liberation 
              Organization.......................................   483
            Section 1303--Commission for the Preservation of 
              America's Heritage Abroad..........................   484
            Section 1304--Federal Coal Export Commission.........   486
    i. International Security and Development Assistance 
      Authorization Act of 1983 (Public Law 98-151) (partial 
      text)......................................................   488
    j. International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 
      1981 (Public Law 97-113) (partial text)....................   492
            Section 1--Short Title...............................   492
        Title I--Military Sales and Related Programs.............   492
            Section 108--Special Defense Acquisition Fund........   492
        Title II--Economic Support Fund..........................   493
            Section 203--Acquisition of Agricultural Commodities 
              and Related Products Under Commodity Import 
              Programs...........................................   493
        Title III--Development Assistance........................   493
            Section 301--Agriculture, Rural Development, and 
              Nutrition..........................................   493
        Title IV--Food for Peace Programs........................   494
            Section 403--Self-Help Measures To Increase 
              Agricultural Production; Verification of Self-Help 
              Provisions.........................................   494
        Title V--Other Assistance Programs.......................   494
            Section 502--International Narcotics Control.........   494
        Title VI--Peace Corps....................................   495
            Section 601--Establishment as an Independent Agency..   495
            Section 604--Restoration of Certain Authorities 
              Formerly Contained in the Foreign Service Act......   495
        Title VII--Miscellaneous Provisions......................   495
            Section 705--Inspector General.......................   495
            Section 708--Emergency Humanitarian Help for the 
              People of Poland...................................   495
            Section 709--Use of Certain Polish Currencies........   496
            Section 710--Findings Regarding Global Security......   496
            Section 711--World Food Security Reserves............   496
            Section 712--Findings and Declaration of Policy 
              Regarding World Hunger.............................   497
            Section 713--Reaffirmation of Support for Human 
              Rights Provisions..................................   497
            Section 714--Immigrant Visas for Taiwan..............   497
            Section 715--Lebanon.................................   497
            Section 716--Use of Chemical and Toxic Weapons.......   498
            Section 717--Financial Obligations to the United 
              Nations............................................   499
            Section 718--Condemnation of Libya for its Support of 
              International Terrorist Movements..................   499
            Section 719--United States Citizens Acting in the 
              Service of International Terrorism.................   500
            Section 720--Nonaligned Countries....................   500
            Section 721--Promoting the Development of the Haitian 
              People and Providing for Orderly Emigration from 
              Haiti..............................................   501
            Section 722--Comprehensive Analysis of Foreign 
              Assistance.........................................   501
            Section 723--External Debt Burdens of Egypt, Israel, 
              and Turkey.........................................   502
            Section 724--Nicaragua...............................   502
            Section 726--Repeal of Limitations on Assistance, 
              Sales and Sales Credits for Chile..................   503
            Section 727--Assistance for El Salvador..............   504
            Section 728--Restrictions on Military Assistance and 
              Sales to El Salvador...............................   505
            Section 729--Reporting Requirement Relating to El 
              Salvador...........................................   507
            Section 730--Restrictions on Aid to El Salvador......   508
            Section 731--El Salvadoran Refugees..................   508
            Section 734--Repeals.................................   508
            Section 735--Report on Nuclear Activities............   508
            Section 737--Prohibitions Relating to Nuclear 
              Transfers and Nuclear Detonations..................   509
    k. International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 
      1980 (Public Law 96-533) (partial text)....................   510
            Section 1--Short Title...............................   510
        Title I--Military and Related Assistance and Sales 
          Programs...............................................   510
            Section 106--Foreign Military Sales Authorization and 
              Aggregate Ceiling..................................   510
            Section 110--Exportation of Uranium Depleted in the 
              Isotope 235........................................   511
            Section 119--Prohibition on Military Assistance to 
              Nicaragua..........................................   512
        Title III--Development Assistance Programs...............   512
            Section 313--Assistance to the Eastern Caribbean.....   512
            Section 314--Assistance for Equatorial Guinea........   512
            Section 315--Caribbean Development Bank..............   512
            Section 316--World Hunger............................   512
            Section 317--Reduction of Postharvest Losses of Food.   513
        Title IV--Other Assistance Programs......................   513
            Section 402--International Narcotics Control.........   513
            Section 408--East Timor..............................   513
        Title V--African Development Foundation..................   514
            Section 501--Short Title.............................   514
            Section 502--Findings................................   514
            Section 503--Establishment...........................   514
            Section 504--Purposes................................   514
            Section 505--Functions...............................   515
            Section 506--Powers..................................   516
            Section 507--Management..............................   517
            Section 508--Government Corporation Control Act......   518
            Section 509--Limitation on Spending Authority........   518
            Section 510--Authorization of Appropriations.........   518
        Title VII--Miscellaneous Provisions......................   519
            Section 710--Interagency Group on Human Rights and 
              Foreign Assistance.................................   519
            Section 711--Peace in the Middle East................   519
            Section 712--Assistance for Jordan...................   519
            Section 715--Cuban Refugees..........................   520
            Section 716--Incarceration and Deportation of Certain 
              Cubans.............................................   521
            Section 717--Prohibition on Assistance to the 
              Governments of Cuba, Vietnam, and Cambodia.........   521
            Section 718--Cooperation of Other Governments in the 
              Boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow.   521
            Section 719--Elections in Uganda.....................   521
    l. International Security Assistance Act of 1979 (Public Law 
      96-92) (partial text)......................................   522
            Section 1--Short Title...............................   522
            Section 17--Authorization and Aggregate Ceiling for 
              Foreign Military Sales Credits.....................   522
            Section 23--Transfer of War Reserve Material and 
              Other Property to Taiwan...........................   523
            Section 24--Ammunition Sold to Thailand..............   523
            Section 26--Shaba Airlift............................   523
            Section 27--Fiscal Year 1979 Supplemental 
              Authorization for Turkey...........................   524
    m. International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public 
      Law 96-53) (partial text)..................................   525
            Section 1--Short Title...............................   525
        Title I--Development Assistance..........................   525
            Section 114--International Organizations and Programs   525
            Section 125--Assistance to Latin American and 
              Caribbean Countries................................   526
            Section 126--Increased Contributions for Development 
              Assistance.........................................   526
        Title IV--Institute for Scientific and Technological 
          Cooperation............................................   526
            Section 401--Statement of Policy.....................   526
            Section 402--Purposes and Establishment of the 
              Institute..........................................   527
            Section 403--Functions of the Institute..............   527
            Section 404--General Authorities.....................   528
            Section 405--Director of the Institute...............   529
            Section 406--Deputy Director and Other Statutory 
              Officers...........................................   529
            Section 407--Council on International Scientific and 
              Technological Cooperation..........................   529
            Section 408--Institute Fellowships...................   531
            Section 409--Conflict of Interest....................   532
            Section 410--Authorization of Appropriations.........   532
            Section 412--Conforming Amendments...................   532
            Section 413--Establishment in International 
              Development Cooperation Agency.....................   533
            Section 414--Expiration of Authorities...............   533
        Title V--Miscellaneous Provisions........................   533
            Section 501--Earmarking for Lebanon of Unobligated 
              Balances in the Middle East Special Requirements 
              Fund...............................................   533
            Section 502--Military Assistance to Sudan............   533
            Section 507--Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons.....   534
            Section 509--Refugee Crisis in Southeast Asia........   534
            Section 510--Certain Travel Expenses.................   535
            Section 512--Effective Dates.........................   535
    n. International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 
      (Public Law 95-424) (partial text).........................   536
            Section 1--Short Title...............................   536
        Title I--Development Assistance..........................   536
            Section 117--International Organizations and Programs   536
            Section 120--Locust Plagues Control in Africa........   537
            Section 122--African Development Foundation..........   537
        Title III--Coordination and Administration of the 
          Development-Related Programs and Policies of the United 
          States.................................................   537
            Section 301--Declaration of Objectives...............   537
            Section 302--Implementation of Objectives............   538
        Title IV--Unified Personnel System.......................   538
            Section 401--Establishment of a Unified Personnel 
              System.............................................   538
        Title VI--Miscellaneous Provisions.......................   539
            Section 601--Reduction of Authorization..............   539
            Section 602--Prohibition of Assistance to Vietnam, 
              Cambodia, and Cuba.................................   539
            Section 603--Reports to Congress on Debt Relief 
              Agreements.........................................   539
            Section 604--Miscellaneous Repeals...................   539
            Section 605--Effective Date..........................   539
    o. International Security Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 
      95-384) (partial text).....................................   540
            Section 1--Short Title...............................   540
            Section 13--United States Policy Regarding the 
              Eastern Mediterranean..............................   540
            Section 23--Special Security Assistance Program for 
              the Modernization of the Armed Forces of the 
              Republic of Korea..................................   541
            Section 26--United States-Republic of China Mutual 
              Defense Treaty.....................................   542
            Section 28--Negotiations Between Israel and Egypt....   543
            Section 30--Savings Provision........................   543
    p. International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977 
      (Public Law 95-88) (partial text)..........................   544
            Section 1--Short Title...............................   544
        Title I--International Development Assistance............   544
            Section 124--Inspector General, Foreign Assistance...   544
            Section 131--Future United States Development 
              Assistance.........................................   545
            Section 132--Limitation on Use of Funds; Missing in 
              Action in Vietnam..................................   545
            Section 133--Plan for Increased Minority Business 
              Participation in Foreign Assistance Activities.....   545
            Section 215--Effective Date..........................   547
    q. International Security Assistance Act of 1977 (Public Law 
      95-92) (partial text)......................................   548
            Section 1--Short Title...............................   548
            Section 9--Security Supporting Assistance Program for 
              Egypt..............................................   548
            Section 21--Fiscal Year Authorizations and 
              Limitations........................................   549
            Section 24--Study of Technology Transfers............   549
            Section 26--Policy Statement on United States Arms 
              Sales to Israel....................................   550
            Section 27--Review of Arms Sales Controls on Non-
              Lethal Items.......................................   550
            Section 28--Republic of Korea........................   550
            Section 29--Piaster Conversion.......................   550
    r. International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control 
      Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-329) (partial text).............   551
            Section 106--International Military Education and 
              Training...........................................   551
            Section 201--Arms Sales Policy.......................   552
            Section 212--Control of Licenses with Respect to Arms 
              Exports and Imports................................   552
            Section 407--Control of Military Forces in the Indian 
              Ocean..............................................   553
            Section 408--United States Citizens Imprisoned in 
              Mexico.............................................   553
            Section 409--Emergency Food Needs of Portugal........   553
            Section 410--Strife in Lebanon.......................   554
            Section 412--Korea...................................   554
            Section 413--Repeal of Indochina Assistance..........   554
            Section 506--Interim Quarter Authorizations..........   555
        Title VI--Miscellaneous Provision........................   555
            Section 601--Expedited Procedure in the Senate.......   555
            Section 602--Procurements from Small Businesses......   557
            Section 605--Use of Personnel........................   557
            Section 607--Extortion and Illegal Payments..........   557
            Section 608--Extension of Airport at Pinecreek, 
              Minnesota..........................................   557
    s. International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975 
      (Public Law 94-161) (partial text).........................   559
            Section 320--Limitation on Assistance to Chile.......   559
            Section 321--Settlement of Debt Owed the United 
              States.............................................   559
            Section 322--Participation by Other Countries in 
              Providing Assistance to Israel or Egypt............   560
    t. Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-559) 
      (partial text).............................................   561
            Section 28--Famine or Disaster Relief................   562
            Section 47--Gorgas Memorial Institute................   562
            Section 48--International Commission of Control and 
              Supervision in Vietnam.............................   562
            Section 50--Policy on the Independence of Angola, 
              Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau......................   563
            Section 51--Conventional Arms Trade..................   564
            Section 52--Involvement of Puerto Rico in the 
              Caribbean Development Bank.........................   564
            Section 55--Policy With Respect to Countries Most 
              Seriously Affected by Food Shortages...............   565
            Section 56--Repayment of Loans in Default............   566
    u. Foreign Assistance Act of 1973 (Public Law 93-189) 
      (partial text).............................................   567
            Section 28--Asian Development Bank...................   567
            Section 30--Termination of Indochina War.............   567
            Section 31--Limitation on Use of Funds...............   567
            Section 32--Political Prisoners......................   568
            Section 33--Albert Schweitzer Hospital...............   568
            Section 34--Prisoners of War and Individuals Missing 
              in Action..........................................   568
            Section 35--Rights in Chile..........................   569
            Section 36--Revision of Social Progress Trust Fund 
              Agreement..........................................   569
            Section 39--World Food Shortages.....................   570
            Section 40--Use of Local Currencies..................   571
    v. Foreign Assistance Act of 1971 (Public Law 92-226) 
      (partial text).............................................   572
            Section 2--Food for Peace Program....................   572
            Section 403--Position of Under Secretary of State for 
              Coordinating Security Assistance...................   572
            Section 407--Periodic Authorizations for State and 
              USIA...............................................   573
            Section 410--Limitation on United Nations Assessment 
              of United States...................................   573
    w. Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1971, as amended (Public 
      Law 91-652) (partial text).................................   574
            Section 2--Authorization of Appropriations...........   574
            Section 3--Transfer of Defense Articles to Korea.....   574
            Section 4--Transfer Limitations......................   574
            Section 6--Foreign Currencies Held in Pakistan.......   575
            Section 7--Limitation on Assistance to Cambodia......   575
    x. Foreign Military Sales Act Amendments, 1971 (Public Law 
      91-672) (partial text).....................................   576
    y. Foreign Assistance Act of 1969, as amended (Public Law 91-
      175) (partial text)........................................   579
        Part IV--The Inter-American Foundation Act...............   579
    z. Foreign Assistance Act of 1968 (Public Law 90-554) 
      (partial text).............................................   585
        Part V--Reappraisal of Foreign Assistance Programs.......   585
    aa. Foreign Assistance Act of 1967 (Public Law 90-137).......   587
    bb. Foreign Assistance Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-583).......   588
    cc. Foreign Assistance Act of 1965 (Public Law 89-171).......   589
    dd. Foreign Assistance Act of 1964 (Public Law 88-633) 
      (partial text).............................................   590
        Part V--Religious Persecution............................   590
    ee. Foreign Assistance Act of 1963 (Public Law 88-205).......   591
    ff. Foreign Assistance Act of 1962 (Public Law 87-565).......   592
2. Foreign Assistance Appropriations.............................   593
    a. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
      Appropriations Act, 1998 (Public Law 105-118)..............   593
    b. Continuing Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1998 (Public Law 
      105-46)....................................................   655
    c. 1997 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for 
      Recovery From Natural Disasters, and for Overseas 
      Peacekeepig Efforts, Including Those in Bosnia (Public Law 
      105-18) (partial text).....................................   661
    d. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
      Appropriations Act, 1997 (Public Law 104-208) (partial 
      text)......................................................   665
    e. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
      Appropriations Act, 1996 (Public Law 104-107)..............   670
    f. Emergency Supplemental Appropriations and Rescissions for 
      the Department of Defense to Preserve and Enhance Military 
      Readiness Act of 1995 (Public Law 104-6) (partial text)....   672
    g. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
      Appropriations Act, 1995 (Public Law 103-306) (partial 
      text)......................................................   676
    h. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
      Appropriations Act, 1994 (Public Law 103-87) (partial text)   678
    i. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
      Appropriations Act, 1993 (Public Law 102-391) (partial 
      text)......................................................   680
    j. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
      Appropriations Act, 1991 (Public Law 101-513) (partial 
      text)......................................................   684
    k. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
      Appropriations Act, 1990 (Public Law 101-167) (partial 
      text)......................................................   695
    l. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
      Appropriations Act, 1988 (Public Law 100-202) (partial 
      text)......................................................   708
    m. Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Appropriations 
      Act, 1984 (Deobligation of funds for Syria) (Public Law 98-
      151) (partial text)........................................   713
    n. Title 31, United States Code--Valid Obligations...........   715




          Note.--Volume I is printed in two parts, I-A and I-B, 
        effective 1994. Volume I-B contains legislation and 
        Executive orders relating to other foreign assistance 
        matters, the armed forces, agricultural commodities, 
        and the Peace Corps.

=======================================================================



              1. Foreign Assistance and Arms Export Acts*

           a. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended

Public Law 87-195 [S. 1983], 75 Stat. 424, approved September 4, 1961, 
    as amended by Public Law 87-565 [Foreign Assistance Act of 1962, S. 
    2996], 76 Stat. 255, approved August 1, 1962; Public Law 87-793 
    [Postal Service and Federal Employees Salary Act of 1962, H.R. 
    7927], 76 Stat. 832, approved October 11, 1962; Public Law 88-205 
    [H.R. 7885], 77 Stat. 379, approved December 16, 1963; Public Law 
    88-426 [Government Employees Salary Reform Act of 1964, H.R. 
    11049], 78 Stat. 400, approved August 14, 1964; Public Law 88-448 
    [Dual Compensation Act, H.R. 7381], 78 Stat. 484, approved August 
    19, 1964; Public Law 88-633 [H.R. 11380], 78 Stat. 1009, approved 
    October 7, 1964; Public Law 88-638 [Amendments to Agricultural 
    Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, as amended; S. 2687], 
    78 Stat. 1035, approved October 8, 1964; Public Law 89-171 [H.R. 
    7750], 79 Stat. 653, approved September 6, 1965; Public Law 89-371 
    [H.R. 12169], 80 Stat. 74, approved March 18, 1966; Public Law 89-
    583 [H.R. 15750], 80 Stat. 795, approved September 19, 1966; Public 
    Law 90-137 [S. 1872], 81 Stat. 445, approved November 14, 1967; 
    Public Law 90-554 [H.R. 15263], 82 Stat. 960, approved October 8, 
    1968; Public Law 90-629 [Foreign Military Sales Act, H.R. 15681], 
    82 Stat. 1320, approved October 22, 1968; Public Law 91-175 [H.R. 
    14580], 83 Stat. 805, approved December 30, 1969; Public Law 91-652 
    [Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1971, H.R. 19911], 84 Stat. 
    1942, approved January 5, 1971; Public Law 92-226 [S. 2819], 86 
    Stat. 20, approved February 7, 1972; Public Law 92-352 [Foreign 
    Relations Authorization Act of 1972, H.R. 14734], 86 Stat. 489, 
    approved July 13, 1972; Public Law 93-189 [S. 1443], 87 Stat. 714, 
    approved December 17, 1973; Public Law 93-333 [Foreign Disaster 
    Assistance Act of 1974, H.R. 12412], 88 Stat. 290, approved July 8, 
    1974; Public Law 93-390 [Overseas Private Investment Corporation 
    Amendments Act of 1974, S. 2957], 88 Stat. 763, approved August 27, 
    1974; Public Law 93-559 [S. 3394], 88 Stat. 1795, approved December 
    30, 1974; Public Law 94-104 [S. 2230], 89 Stat. 508, approved 
    October 6, 1975; Public Law 94-161 [International Development and 
    Food Assistance Act of 1975, H.R. 9005], 89 Stat. 849, approved 
    December 20, 1975; Public Law 94-273 [Fiscal Year Adjustment Act, 
    S. 2445], 90 Stat. 375, approved April 21, 1976, Public Law 94-276 
    [Guatemala Relief and Rehabilitation Act of 1976, S. 3056], 90 
    Stat. 397, approved April 21, 1976; Public Law 94-329 
    [International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 
    1976, H.R. 13680], 90 Stat. 729, approved June 30, 1976; Public Law 
    95-21 [Romanian Relief and Rehabilitation, H.R. 5717], 91 Stat. 48, 
    approved April 18, 1977; Public Law 95-23 [Supplemental Military 
    Assistance to Portugal for Fiscal Year 1977, S. 489], 91 Stat. 54, 
    approved April 30, 1977; Public Law 95-88 [International 
    Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977, H.R. 6714], 91 Stat. 
    533, approved August 3, 1977; Public Law 95-92 [International 
    Security Assistance Act of 1977, H.R. 6884], 91 Stat. 614, approved 
    August 4, 1977; Public Law 95-105 [Foreign Relations Authorization 
    Act, Fiscal Year 1978, H.R. 6689], 91 Stat. 844 at 846, approved 
    August 17, 1977; Public Law 95-268 [OPIC Amendments Act of 1978, 
    H.R. 9179], 92 Stat. 213, approved April 24, 1978; Public Law 95-
    384 [International Security Assistance Act of 1978, S. 3075], 92 
    Stat. 730, approved September 26, 1978; Public Law 95-424 
    [International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978, H.R. 
    12222], 92 Stat. 937, approved October 6, 1978; Public Law 96-35 
    [Special International Security Assistance Act of 1979, S. 1007], 
    93 Stat. 89, approved July 20, 1979; Public Law 96-53 
    [International Development Cooperation Act of 1979, H.R. 3324], 93 
    Stat. 359, approved August 14, 1979; Public Law 96-92 
    [International Security Assistance Act of 1979, H.R. 3173], 93 
    Stat. 701, approved October 29, 1979; Public Law 96-109 [Caribbean 
    Hurricane Relief Assistance Authorization, H.R. 5218], 93 Stat. 
    842, approved November 9, 1979; Public Law 96-110 [Cambodian 
    Disaster Relief Assistance Authorization, H.R. 4995], 93 Stat. 843, 
    approved November 13, 1979; Public Law 96-257 [Special Central 
    American Assistance Act of 1979], 94 Stat. 422, approved May 31, 
    1980; Public Law 96-327 [S. 1916], 94 Stat. 1026, approved August 
    8, 1980; Public Law 96-450 [Intelligence Authorization Act for 
    Fiscal Year 1981, S. 2597], 94 Stat. 1975 at 1981, approved October 
    14, 1980; Public Law 96-465 [Foreign Service Act of 1980, H.R. 
    6790], 94 Stat. 2071 at 2158; Public Law 96-525 [H.R. 8388], 94 
    Stat. 3043, approved December 12, 1980; Public Law 96-533 
    [International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980, 
    H.R. 6942], 94 Stat. 3131, approved December 16, 1980; Public Law 
    97-65 [OPIC Amendments Act of 1981, H.R. 3136], 95 Stat. 1021, 
    approved October 16, 1981; Public Law 97-113 [International 
    Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981, S. 1196], 95 
    Stat. 1519, approved December 29, 1981; Public Law 97-164 [Federal 
    Courts Improvement Act, H.R. 4482], 96 Stat. 25 at 48, approved 
    April 2, 1982; Public Law 97-208 [Humanitarian Assistance for the 
    People of Lebanon, H.R. 6631], 96 Stat. 138, approved June 30, 
    1982; Public Law 97-377 [Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 
    1983; H.J. Res. 631], 96 Stat. 1830 at 1831, approved December 21, 
    1982; Public Law 97-438 [H.R. 7143], 96 Stat. 2286, approved 
    January 8, 1983; Public Law 98-151 [Further Continuing 
    Appropriations, 1984; H.J. Res. 413], 97 Stat. 964, approved 
    November 14, 1983; Public Law 98-164 [Department of State 
    Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1984 and 1985; H.R. 2915], 97 Stat. 
    1017, approved November 22, 1983; Public Law 98-473 [Continuing 
    Appropriations, 1985; H.J. Res. 648], 98 Stat. 1837 at 1884, 
    approved October 12, 1984; Public Law 99-8 [African Famine Relief 
    and Recovery Act of 1985, S. 689], 99 Stat. 21, approved April 2, 
    1985; Public Law 99-64 [Export Administration Amendments Act of 
    1985, S. 883], 99 Stat. 156, approved July 12, 1985, Public Law 99-
    83 [International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985, 
    S. 960], 99 Stat. 190, approved August 8, 1985; Public Law 99-93 
    [Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1986 and 1987; 
    H.R. 2068], 99 Stat. 405 at 442, approved August 16, 1985; Public 
    Law 99-204 [Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act 
    of 1985, S. 947], 99 Stat. 1669 approved December 23, 1985; Public 
    Law 99-399 [Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 
    1986, H.R. 4151], 100 Stat. 853, approved August 27, 1986; Public 
    Law 99-440 [Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, H.R. 4868], 
    100 Stat. 1086, approved October 2, 1986; Public Law 99-529 
    [Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1986, S. 1917], 100 Stat. 3010, 
    approved October 24, 1986; Public Law 99-570 [Anti-Drug Abuse Act 
    of 1986, H.R. 5484], 100 Stat. 3207, approved October 27, 1986; 
    Public Law 99-661 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal 
    Year 1987, S. 2368], 100 Stat. 3816, approved November 14, 1986; 
    Public Law 100-202 [Continuing Appropriations Act, 1988; H.J. Res. 
    395], 101 Stat. 1329, approved December 22, 1987; Public Law 100-
    204 [Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 
    1989; H.R. 1777], 101 Stat. 1331, approved December 22, 1987; 
    Public Law 100-418 [Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988; 
    H.R. 4848], 102 Stat. 1107, approved August 23, 1988; Public Law 
    100-461 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs 
    Appropriations Act, 1989; H.R. 4637], 102 Stat. 2268, approved 
    October 1, 1988; Public Law 100-690 [International Narcotics 
    Control Act of 1988; H.R. 5210], 102 Stat. 4181, approved November 
    18, 1988; Public Law 101-165 [Department of Defense Appropriations 
    Act, 1990; H.R. 3072], 103 Stat. 1112, approved November 21, 1989; 
    Public Law 101-167 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and 
    Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1990; H.R. 3743], 103 Stat. 
    1195, approved November 21, 1989; Public Law 101-179 [Support for 
    East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989, H.R. 3402], 103 Stat. 
    1298, approved November 28, 1989; Public Law 101-189 [National 
    Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991, H.R. 
    2461], 103 Stat. 1352, approved November 29, 1989; Public Law 101-
    218 [Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technology 
    Competitiveness Act of 1989, S. 488], 103 Stat. 1868, approved 
    December 11, 1989; Public Law 101-222 [Anti-Terrorism and Arms 
    Export Amendments Act of 1989, H.R. 91], 103 Stat. 1892, approved 
    December 12, 1989; Public Law 101-231 [International Narcotics 
    Control Act of 1989, H.R. 3611], 103 Stat. 1954, approved December 
    13, 1989; Public Law 101-240 [International Development and Finance 
    Act of 1989, H.R. 2494], 103 Stat. 2492, approved December 19, 
    1989; Public Law 101-302 [Dire Emergency Supplemental Appropriation 
    for Disaster Assistance, Food Stamps, Unemployment Compensation 
    Administration, and Other Urgent Needs, and Transfers, and Reducing 
    Funds Budgeted for Military Spending Act of 1990; H.R. 4404], 104 
    Stat. 213, approved May 25, 1990; Public Law 101-510 [National 
    Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1991, H.R. 4739], 104 
    Stat. 1485, approved November 5, 1990; Public Law 101-513 [Foreign 
    Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations 
    Act, 1991; H.R. 5114], 104 Stat. 1979, approved November 5, 1990; 
    Public Law 101-604 [Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990, H.R. 
    5732], 104 Stat. 3066, approved November 16, 1990; Public Law 101-
    623 [International Narcotics Control Act of 1990, H.R. 5567], 104 
    Stat. 3350, approved November 21, 1990; Public Law 102-88 
    [Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1991; H.R. 1455], 105 
    Stat. 429, approved August 14, 1991; Public Law 102-190 [National 
    Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993; H.R. 
    2100], 105 Stat. 1290, approved December 5, 1991; H.R. 2621 as 
    passed by the House on June 19, 1991 [parts of which were enacted 
    by reference in Public Law 102-145, as amended by Public Law 102-
    266, 106 Stat. 92, approved April 1, 1992]; Public Law 102-391 
    [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
    Appropriations Act, 1993; H.R. 5368], 106 Stat. 1633, approved 
    October 6, 1992; Public Law 102-484 [National Defense Authorization 
    Act for Fiscal Year 1993; H.R. 5006], 106 Stat. 2315, approved 
    October 23, 1992; Public Law 102-549 [Jobs Through Exports Act of 
    1992; H.R. 4996], 106 Stat. 3651, approved October 28, 1992; Public 
    Law 102-550 [Housing and Community Development Act of 1992; H.R. 
    5334], 106 Stat. 3672, approved October 28, 1992; Public Law 102-
    572 [Federal Courts Administration Act of 1992; S. 1569], 106 Stat. 
    4506, approved October 29, 1992; Public Law 102-583 [International 
    Narcotics Control Act of 1992; H.R. 6187], 106 Stat. 4914, approved 
    November 2, 1992; Public Law 103-87 [Foreign Operations, Export 
    Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1994; H.R. 
    2295], 107 Stat. 931, approved September 30, 1993; Public Law 103-
    149 [South African Democratic Transition Support Act of 1993; H.R. 
    3225], 107 Stat. 1503, approved November 23, 1993; Public Law 103-
    160 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994; H.R. 
    2401], 107 Stat. 1547, approved November 30, 1993; Public Law 103-
    199 [FRIENDSHIP Act; H.R. 3000], 107 Stat. 2317, approved December 
    17, 1993; Public Law 103-236 [Foreign Relations Authorization Act, 
    Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995; H.R. 2333], 108 Stat. 382, approved 
    April 30, 1994; Public Law 103-306 [Foreign Operations, Export 
    Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1995; H.R. 
    4426], 108 Stat. 1608, approved August 23, 1994; Public Law 103-392 
    [Jobs Through Trade Expansion Act of 1994; H.R. 4950], 108 Stat. 
    4098, approved October 22, 1994; Public Law 103-437 [United States 
    Code Technical Amendments; H.R. 4777], 108 Stat. 4581, approved 
    November 2, 1994; Public Law 103-447 [International Narcotics 
    Control Corrections Act of 1994; H.R. 5246], 108 Stat. 4691, 
    approved November 2, 1994; Public Law 104-66 [Federal Reports 
    Elimination and Sunset Act of 1995; S. 790], 109 Stat. 707, 
    approved December 21, 1995; Public Law 104-99 [Foreign Operations, 
    Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1996; 
    H.R. 1868], enacted by reference in section 301 of H.R. 2880, 110 
    Stat. 26, approved January 26, 1996, enacted again as Public Law 
    104-107 [H.R. 1868], 110 Stat. 704, approved February 12, 1996; 
    Public Law 104-106 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal 
    Year 1996; S. 1124], 110 Stat. 186, approved February 10, 1996; 
    Public Law 104-114 [Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity 
    (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996; H.R. 927], 110 Stat. 785, approved March 
    12, 1996; Public Law 104-132 [Antiterrorism and Effective Death 
    Penalty Act of 1996; S. 735], 110 Stat. 1214, approved April 24, 
    1996; Public Law 104-164 [H.R. 3121], 110 Stat. 1421, approved July 
    21, 1996; Public Law 104-188 [Small Business Job Protection Act of 
    1996; H.R. 3448], 110 Stat. 1755, approved August 20, 1996; Public 
    Law 104-208 [Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997; H.R. 
    3610], 110 Stat. 3009, approved September 30, 1996; Public Law 104-
    319 [Human Rights, Refugee, and Other Foreign Relations Provisions 
    Act of 1996; H.R. 4036], 110 Stat. 3864, approved October 19, 1996; 
    and by Public Law 105-118 [Foreign Operations, Export Financing, 
    and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1998; H.R. 2159], 111 
    Stat. 2386, approved November 26, 1997

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    * Note.--The Foreign Assistance Act will be referred to as the FA 
Act and ``this Act.''
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AN ACT To promote the foreign policy, security, and general welfare of 
the United States by assisting peoples of the world in their efforts 
toward economic development and internal and external security, and for 
other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this 
Act may be cited as ``The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.'' \1\


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    \1\ The short title was added by sec. 111 of the FA Appropriation 
Act, 1962.
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                                 PART I

      Chapter 1--Policy; Development Assistance Authorizations \2\

    Sec. 101.\3\ General Policy.--(a) The Congress finds that 
fundamental political, economic, and technological changes have 
resulted in the interdependence of nations. The Congress 
declares that the individual liberties, economic prosperity, 
and security of the people of the United States are best 
sustained and enhanced in a community of nations which respect 
individual civil and economic rights and freedoms and which 
work together to use wisely the world's limited resources in an 
open and equitable international economic system. Furthermore, 
the Congress reaffirms the traditional humanitarian ideals of 
the American people and renews its commitment to assist people 
in developing countries to eliminate hunger, poverty, illness, 
and ignorance.


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    \2\ Sec. 101(a) of the FA Act of 1963 struck out the words ``Short 
Title and'' in the chapter heading, which formerly read ``Short Title 
and Policy''. Sec. 2(1) of the FA Act of 1973 added the following words 
to the chapter heading: ``Development Assistance Authorizations''.
    \3\ 22 U.S.C. 2151. Sec. 101 was added by sec. 101 of the 
International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 
937). Previously, sec. 101 had related to the short title before being 
repealed by the FA Act of 1963. This general policy statement was 
formerly contained in sec. 102 before 1978.
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    Therefore, the Congress declares that a principal objective 
of the foreign policy of the United States is the encouragement 
and sustained support of the people of developing countries in 
their efforts to acquire the knowledge and resources essential 
to development and to build the economic, political, and social 
institutions which will improve the quality of their lives.
    United States development cooperation policy should 
emphasize four principal goals:
          (1) the alleviation of the worst physical 
        manifestations of poverty among the world's poor 
        majority;
          (2) the promotion of conditions enabling developing 
        countries to achieve self-sustaining economic growth 
        with equitable distribution of benefits;
          (3) the encouragement of development processes in 
        which individual civil and economic rights are 
        respected and enhanced; and
          (4) the integration of the developing countries into 
        an open and equitable international economic system.
    The Congress declares that pursuit of these goals requires 
that development concerns be fully reflected in United States 
foreign policy and that United States development resources be 
effectively and efficiently utilized.
    (b) Under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State, 
the agency primarily responsible for administering this part 
should have the responsibility for coordinating all United 
States development-related activities.\4\


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    \4\ The responsibilities of the Agency mentioned in this subsection 
were transferred to the Director of IDCA, pursuant to sec. 6 of 
Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1979 (establishing IDCA). The 
responsibilities of the Secretary of State, insofar as they relate to 
policy guidance other than foreign policy guidance, were also 
transferred to the Director.
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    Sec. 102.\5\ Development Assistance Policy.--(a) The 
Congress finds that the efforts of developing countries to 
build and maintain the social and economic institutions 
necessary to achieve self-sustaining growth and to provide 
opportunities to improve the quality of life for their people 
depend primarily upon successfully marshalling their own 
economic and human resources. The Congress recognizes that the 
magnitude of these efforts exceeds the resources of developing 
countries and therefore accepts that there will be a long-term 
need for wealthy countries to contribute additional resources 
for development purposes. The United States should take the 
lead in concert with other nations to mobilize such resources 
from public and private sources.


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    \5\ 22 U.S.C. 2151-1. Sec. 101 of the International Development and 
Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 927) struck out sec. 102, which 
concerned a statement of policy, and added a new sec. 102.
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    Provision of development resources must be adapted to the 
needs and capabilities of specific developing countries. United 
States assistance to countries with low per capita incomes 
which have limited access to private external resources should 
primarily be provided on concessional terms. Assistance to 
other developing countries should generally consist of programs 
which facilitate their access to private capital markets, 
investment, and technical skills, whether directly through 
guarantee or reimbursable programs by the United States 
Government or indirectly through callable capital provided to 
the international financial institutions.
    Bilateral assistance and United States participation in 
multilateral institutions shall emphasize programs in support 
of countries which pursue development strategies designed to 
meet basic human needs and achieve self-sustaining growth with 
equity.
    The Congress declares that the principal purpose of United 
States bilateral development assistance is to help the poor 
majority of people in developing countries to participate in a 
process of equitable growth through productive work and to 
influence decisions that shape their lives, with the goal of 
increasing their incomes and their access to public services 
which will enable them to satisfy their basic needs and lead 
lives of decency, dignity, and hope. Activities shall be 
emphasized that effectively involve the poor in development by 
expanding their access to the economy through services and 
institutions at the local level, increasing their participation 
in the making of decisions that affect their lives, increasing 
labor-intensive production and the use of appropriate 
technology, expanding productive investment and services out 
from major cities to small towns and rural areas, and otherwise 
providing opportunities for the poor to improve their lives 
through their own efforts. Participation of the United States 
in multilateral institutions shall also place appropriate 
emphasis on these principles.
    (b) Assistance under this chapter should be used not only 
for the purpose of transferring financial resources to 
developing countries, but also to help countries solve 
development problems in accordance with a strategy that aims to 
insure wide participation of the poor in the benefits of 
development on a sustained basis. Moreover, assistance shall be 
provided in a prompt and effective manner, using appropriate 
United States institutions for carrying out this strategy. In 
order to achieve these objectives and the broad objectives set 
forth in section 101 and in subsection (a) of this section, 
bilateral development assistance authorized by this Act shall 
be carried out in accordance with the following principles:
          (1) Development is primarily the responsibility of 
        the people of the developing countries themselves. 
        Assistance from the United States shall be used in 
        support of, rather than substitution for, the self-help 
        efforts that are essential to successful development 
        programs and shall be concentrated in those countries 
        that take positive steps to help themselves. Maximum 
        effort shall be made, in the administration of this 
        part, to stimulate the involvement of the people in the 
        development process through the encouragement of 
        democratic participation in private and local 
        governmental activities and institution building 
        appropriate to the requirements of the recipient 
        countries.
          (2) Development planning must be the responsibility 
        of each sovereign country. United States assistance 
        should be administered in a collaborative style to 
        support the development goals chosen by each country 
        receiving assistance.
          (3) United States bilateral development assistance 
        should give high priority to undertakings submitted by 
        host governments which directly improve the lives of 
        the poorest of their people and their capacity to 
        participate in the development of their countries, 
        while also helping such governments enhance their 
        planning, technical, and administrative capabilities 
        needed to insure the success of such undertakings.
          (4) Development assistance provided under this 
        chapter shall be concentrated in countries which will 
        make the most effective use of such assistance to help 
        satisfy basic human needs of poor people through 
        equitable growth, especially in those countries having 
        the greatest need for outside assistance. In order to 
        make possible consistent and informed judgments in this 
        respect, the President shall assess the commitment and 
        progress of countries in moving toward the objectives 
        and purposes of this chapter by utilizing criteria, 
        including but not limited to the following:
                  (A) increase in agricultural productivity per 
                unit of land through small- farm, labor-
                intensive agriculture;
                  (B) reduction of infant mortality;
                  (C) control of population growth;
                  (D) promotion of greater equality of income 
                distribution, including measures such as more 
                progressive taxation and more equitable returns 
                to small farmers;
                  (E) reduction of rates of unemployment and 
                underemployment; and
                  (F) increase in literacy.
          (5) United States development assistance should focus 
        on critical problems in those functional sectors which 
        affect the lives of the majority of the people in the 
        developing countries; food production and nutrition; 
        rural development and generation of gainful employment; 
        population planning and health; environment and natural 
        resources; education, development administration, and 
        human resources development; and energy development and 
        production.\6\


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    \6\ The reference to energy development and production was added by 
sec. 104(a) of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 
(Public Law 96-53; 93 Stat. 360).
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          (6) United States assistance shall encourage and 
        promote the participation of women in the national 
        economies of developing countries and the improvement 
        of women's status as an important means of promoting 
        the total development effort.
          (7) United States bilateral assistance shall 
        recognize that the prosperity of developing countries 
        and effective development efforts require the adoption 
        of an overall strategy that promotes the development, 
        production,\6\ and efficient utilization of energy and, 
        therefore, consideration shall be given to the full 
        implications of such assistance on the price, 
        availability, and consumption of energy in recipient 
        countries.
          (8) United States cooperation in development should 
        be carried out to the maximum extent possible through 
        the private sector, including those institutions which 
        already have ties in the developing areas, such as 
        educational institutions, cooperatives, credit unions, 
        free labor unions, and private and voluntary agencies.
          (9) To the maximum extent practicable, United States 
        private investment should be encouraged in economic and 
        social development programs to which the United States 
        lends support.
          (10) Assistance shall be planned and utilized to 
        encourage regional cooperation by developing countries 
        in the solution of common problems and the development 
        of shared resources.
          (11) Assistance efforts of the United States shall be 
        planned and furnished to the maximum extent practicable 
        in coordination and cooperation with assistance efforts 
        of other countries, including the planning and 
        implementation of programs and projects on a 
        multilateral and multidonor basis.
          (12) United States bilateral development assistance 
        should be concentrated on projects which do not involve 
        large-scale capital transfers. However, to the extent 
        that such assistance does involve large-scale capital 
        transfers, it should be furnished in association with 
        contributions from other countries working together in 
        a multilateral framework.
          (13) \7\ United States encouragement of policy 
        reforms is necessary if developing countries are to 
        achieve economic growth with equity.


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    \7\ Paragraphs (13), (14), (15), and (16) were added by sec. 301 of 
the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985 
(Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------


          (14) \7\ Development assistance should, as a 
        fundamental objective, promote private sector activity 
        in open and competitive markets in developing 
        countries, recognizing such activity to be a productive 
        and efficient means of achieving equitable and long-
        term economic growth.
          (15) \7\ United States cooperation in development 
        should recognize as essential the need of developing 
        countries to have access to appropriate technology in 
        order to improve food and water, health and housing, 
        education and employment, and agriculture and industry.
          (16) \7\ United States assistance should focus on 
        establishing and upgrading the institutional capacities 
        of developing countries in order to promote long-term 
        development. An important component of institution 
        building involves training to expand the human resource 
        potential of people in developing countries.
    (c) The Congress, recognizing the desirability of 
overcoming the worst aspects of absolute poverty by the end of 
this century by, among other measures, substantially lowering 
infant mortality and birth rates, and increasing life 
expectancy, food production, literacy, and employment, 
encourages the President to explore with other countries, 
through all appropriate channels, the feasibility of a 
worldwide cooperative effort to overcome the worst aspects of 
absolute poverty and to assure self-reliant growth in the 
developing countries by the year 2000.

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          Note.--Foreign assistance appropriations for fiscal 
        year 1998 are included in the Foreign Operations, 
        Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations 
        Act, 1998 (Public Law 105-118; 111 Stat. 2386). Amounts 
        appropriated by that Act to carry out the purposes of 
        provisions contained in the Foreign Assistance Act of 
        1961, during fiscal year 1998 unless otherwise 
        specified, are included in footnotes.

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          Note.--Prior to fiscal year 1992, Congress 
        appropriated funds for each of the Development 
        Assistance functional accounts authorized in sections 
        103 through 106 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. 
        For fiscal year 1992 through fiscal year 1995, however, 
        Congress made appropriations in one lump sum for all 
        programs within sections 103 through 106, with the 
        exception of ``Population, Development Assistance''. In 
        fiscal year 1996, Congress made appropriations in one 
        lump sum for Development Assistance. In fiscal years 
        1997 and 1998, Congress made appropriations to two 
        development accounts: ``Development Assistance'' and 
        ``Child Survival and Disease Programs Fund''.
          For fiscal year 1998, to remain available until 
        September 30, 1999, for the provisions of sections 103 
        through 106 and chapter 10 of part I of the Foreign 
        Assistance Act of 1961 (Development Assistance and 
        Development Fund for Africa), title V of the 
        International Security and Development Cooperation Act 
        of 1980 (African Development Foundation), and section 
        401 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969 (Inter-
        American Foundation), Congress appropriated 
        $1,210,000,000. Congress also appropriated $650,000,000 
        in fiscal year 1998, to remain available until 
        expended, for child survival and to combat tropical and 
        other diseases.

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          Note.--The Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and 
        Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1998 (Public Law 
        105-118; 111 Stat. 2405), provided the following:

            ``obligations during last month of availability

          ``Sec. 501. Except for the appropriations entitled 
        `International Disaster Assistance', and `United States 
        Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance Fund', not 
        more than 15 percent of any appropriation item made 
        available by this Act shall be obligated during the 
        last month of availability.''.

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          Note.--Transfers Between Accounts. The Foreign 
        Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
        Appropriations Act, 1998 (Public Law 105-118; 111 Stat. 
        2407), provided the following:

                      ``Transfers Between Accounts

          ``Sec. 509. None of the funds made available by this 
        Act may be obligated under an appropriation account to 
        which they were not appropriated, except for transfers 
        specifically provided for in this Act, unless the 
        President, prior to the exercise of any authority 
        contained in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to 
        transfer funds, consults with and provides a written 
        policy justification to the Committees on 
        Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the 
        Senate: Provided, That the exercise of such authority 
        shall be subject to the regular notification procedures 
        of the Committees on Appropriations.''.

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          Note.--Deobligation/Reobligation Authority. The 
        Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related 
        Programs Appropriations Act, 1998 (Public Law 105-118; 
        111 Stat. 2407), provided the following:

                 ``Deobligation/Reobligation Authority

          ``Sec. 510. (a) Amounts certified pursuant to section 
        1311 of the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1955, as 
        having been obligated against appropriations heretofore 
        made under the authority of the Foreign Assistance Act 
        of 1961 for the same general purpose as any of the 
        headings under title II of this Act are, if 
        deobligated, hereby continued available for the same 
        period as the respective appropriations under such 
        headings or until September 30, 1998, whichever is 
        later, and for the same general purpose, and for 
        countries within the same region as originally 
        obligated: Provided, That the Appropriations Committees 
        of both Houses of the Congress are notified 15 days in 
        advance of the reobligation of such funds in accordance 
        with regular notification procedures of the Committees 
        on Appropriations.
          ``(b) Obligated balances of funds appropriated to 
        carry out section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act as 
        of the end of the fiscal year immediately preceding the 
        current fiscal year are, if deobligated, hereby 
        continued available during the current fiscal year for 
        the same purpose under any authority applicable to such 
        appropriations under this Act: Provided, That the 
        authority of this subsection may not be used in fiscal 
        year 1998.''.

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          Note.--Availability of Funds. The Foreign Operations, 
        Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations 
        Act, 1998 (Public Law 105-118; 111 Stat. 2408), 
        provided the following:

                        ``Availability of Funds

          ``Sec. 511. No part of any appropriation contained in 
        this Act shall remain available for obligation after 
        the expiration of the current fiscal year unless 
        expressly so provided in this Act: Provided, That funds 
        appropriated for the purposes of chapters 1, 8, and 11 
        of part I, section 667, and chapter 4 of part II of the 
        Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, and funds 
        provided under the heading `Assistance for Eastern 
        Europe and the Baltic States', shall remain available 
        until expended if such funds are initially obligated 
        before the expiration of their respective periods of 
        availability contained in this Act: Provided further, 
        That, notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, 
        any funds made available for the purposes of chapter 1 
        of part I and chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign 
        Assistance Act of 1961 which are allocated or obligated 
        for cash disbursements in order to address balance of 
        payments or economic policy reform objectives, shall 
        remain available until expended: Provided further, That 
        the report required by section 653(a) of the Foreign 
        Assistance Act of 1961 shall designate for each 
        country, to the extent known at the time of submission 
        of such report, those funds allocated for cash 
        disbursement for balance of payment and economic policy 
        reform purposes.''.

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          Note.--Notification Requirements. The Foreign 
        Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs 
        Appropriations Act, 1998 (Public Law 105-118; 111 Stat. 
        2409), provided the following:

                      ``notification requirements

          ``Sec. 515. (a) For the purposes of providing the 
        executive branch with the necessary administrative 
        flexibility, none of the funds made available under 
        this Act for `Child Survival and Disease Programs 
        Fund', `Development Assistance', `International 
        organizations and programs', `Trade and Development 
        Agency', `International narcotics control', `Narcotics 
        Interdiction', `Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 
        Baltic States', `Assistance for the New Independent 
        States of the Former Soviet Union', `Economic Support 
        Fund', `Peacekeeping operations', `Operating expenses 
        of the Agency for International Development', 
        `Operating expenses of the Agency for International 
        Development Office of Inspector General', 
        `Nonproliferation, anti-terrorism, demining and related 
        programs', `Foreign Military Financing Program', 
        `International military education and training', `Peace 
        Corps', `Migration and refugee assistance', shall be 
        available for obligation for activities, programs, 
        projects, type of materiel assistance, countries, or 
        other operations not justified or in excess of the 
        amount justified to the Appropriations Committees for 
        obligation under any of these specific headings unless 
        the Appropriations Committees of both Houses of 
        Congress are previously notified 15 days in advance: 
        Provided, That the President shall not enter into any 
        commitment of funds appropriated for the purposes of 
        section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act for the 
        provision of major defense equipment, other than 
        conventional ammunition, or other major defense items 
        defined to be aircraft, ships, missiles, or combat 
        vehicles, not previously justified to Congress or 20 
        percent in excess of the quantities justified to 
        Congress unless the Committees on Appropriations are 
        notified 15 days in advance of such commitment: 
        Provided further, That this section shall not apply to 
        any reprogramming for an activity, program, or project 
        under chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act 
        of 1961 of less than 10 percent of the amount 
        previously justified to the Congress for obligation for 
        such activity, program, or project for the current 
        fiscal year: Provided further, That the requirements of 
        this section or any similar provision of this Act or 
        any other Act, including any prior Act requiring 
        notification in accordance with the regular 
        notification procedures of the Committees on 
        Appropriations, may be waived if failure to do so would 
        pose a substantial risk to human health or welfare: 
        Provided further, That in case of any such waiver, 
        notification to the Congress, or the appropriate 
        congressional committees, shall be provided as early as 
        practicable, but in no event later than three days 
        after taking the action to which such notification 
        requirement was applicable, in the context of the 
        circumstances necessitating such waiver: Provided 
        further, That any notification provided pursuant to 
        such a waiver shall contain an explanation of the 
        emergency circumstances.
          ``(b) Drawdowns made pursuant to section 506(a)(2) of 
        the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 shall be subject to 
        the regular notification procedures of the Committees 
        on Appropriations.''.

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          Note.--The Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and 
        Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1998 (Public Law 
        105-118; 111 Stat. 2423), provided the following:

                    ``equitable allocation of funds

          ``Sec. 557. Not more than 18 percent of the funds 
        appropriated by this Act to carry out the provisions of 
        sections 103 through 106 and chapter 4 of part II of 
        the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, that are made 
        available for Latin America and the Caribbean region 
        may be made available, through bilateral and Latin 
        America and the Caribbean regional programs, to provide 
        assistance for any country in such region.''.

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    Sec. 103.\8\ Agriculture, Rural Development, and 
Nutrition.--(a)(1) In recognition of the fact that the great 
majority of the people of developing countries live in rural 
areas and are dependent on agriculture and agricultural-related 
pursuits for their livelihood, the President is authorized to 
furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may 
determine, for agriculture, rural development, and nutrition--


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    \8\ 22 U.S.C. 2151a. Sec. 103, as added by sec. 2(3) of the FA Act 
of 1973 (87 Stat. 715), was amended and restated by sec. 103(a) of the 
International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 
943). Previous amendments to sec. 103 were made by sec. 2 of Public Law 
93-559 (88 Stat. 1795), sec. 302 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 856), 
and by sec. 102 of Public Law 95-88 (91 Stat. 534).
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          (A) to alleviate starvation, hunger, and 
        malnutrition;
          (B) to expand significantly the provision of basic 
        services to rural poor people to enhance their capacity 
        for self-help; and
          (C) to help create productive farm and off-farm 
        employment in rural areas to provide a more viable 
        economic base and enhance opportunities for improved 
        incomes, living standards, and contributions by rural 
        poor people to the economic and social development of 
        their countries.
    (2) There are authorized to be appropriated to the 
President for purposes of this section, in addition to funds 
otherwise available for such purposes, $760,000,000 for the 
fiscal year 1986 and $760,000,000 for the fiscal year 1987.\9\ 
Of these amounts, the President may use such amounts as he 
deems appropriate to carry out the provisions of section 316 of 
the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 
1980.\10\


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    \9\ The authorization figures for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 were 
added by sec. 302 of the International Security and Development 
Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190). 
Authorizations for recent years included: fiscal year 1975--
$500,000,000; fiscal year 1976--$618,000,000; fiscal year 1977--
$745,000,000; fiscal year 1978--$580,000,000; fiscal year 1979--
$665,231,000; fiscal year 1980--$659,000,000; fiscal year 1981--
$713,500,000; fiscal year 1982--$700,000,000; fiscal year 1983--
$700,000,000; fiscal year 1984--$725,213,000; fiscal year 1985--no 
authorization; fiscal year 1988--no authorization; fiscal year 1989--no 
authorization; fiscal year 1990--no authorization; fiscal year 1991--no 
authorization; fiscal year 1992--no authorization; fiscal year 1993--no 
authorization; fiscal year 1994--no authorization; fiscal year 1995--no 
authorization; fiscal year 1996--no authorization; fiscal year 1997--no 
authorization; fiscal year 1998--no authorization.
    \10\ Sec. 316 of the International Security and Development 
Cooperation Act of 1980 concerns world hunger and instructs the 
Director of IDCA to encourage the ongoing work of PVOs to deal with 
world hunger problems abroad.
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    (3) \11\ Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated in 
paragraph; (2) for the fiscal year 1987, not less than 
$2,000,000 shall be available only for the purpose of 
controlling and eradicating amblyomman variegatum (heartwater) 
in bovine animals in the Caribbean.


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    \11\ Paragraph 3 was added by sec. 1304 of Public Law 99-399 (100 
Stat. 898).
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    (b)(1) Assistance provided under this section shall be used 
primarily for activities which are specifically designed to 
increase the productivity and income of the rural poor, through 
such means as creation and strengthening of local institutions 
linked to the regional and national levels; organization of a 
system of financial institutions which provide both savings and 
credit services to the poor; stimulation of small, labor-
intensive enterprises in rural towns; improvement of marketing 
facilities and systems; expansion of rural infrastructure and 
utilities such as farm-to-market roads, water management 
systems, land improvement, energy, and storage facilities; 
establishment of more equitable and more secure land tenure 
arrangements; and creation and strengthening of systems to 
provide other services and supplies needed by farmers, such as 
extension, research, training, fertilizer, water, forestry, 
soil conservation, and improved seed, in ways which assure 
access to them by small farmers.
    (2) In circumstances where development of major 
infrastructure is necessary to achieve the objectives set forth 
in this section, assistance for that purpose should be 
furnished under this chapter in association with significant 
contributions from other countries working together in a 
multilateral framework. Infrastructure projects so assisted 
should be complemented by other measures to ensure that the 
benefits of the infrastructure reach the poor.
    (3) \12\ The Congress recognizes that the accelerating loss 
of forests and tree cover in developing countries undermines 
and offsets efforts to improve agricultural production and 
nutrition and otherwise to meet the basic human needs of the 
poor. Deforestation results in increased flooding, reduction in 
water supply for agricultural capacity, loss of firewood and 
needed wood products, and loss of valuable plants and animals. 
In order to maintain and increase forest resources, the 
President is authorized to provide assistance under this 
section for forestry projects which are essential to fulfill 
the fundamental purposes of this section. Emphasis shall be 
given to community woodlots, agroforestry, reforestation, 
protection of watershed forests, and more effective forest 
management.

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    \12\ Par. (3) and subsec. (f) were added by sec. 101 of the 
International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-53; 93 
Stat. 359).
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    (c) The Congress finds that the greatest potential for 
significantly expanding availability of food for people in 
rural areas and augmenting world food production at relatively 
low cost lies in increasing the productivity of small farmers 
who constitute a majority of the agricultural producers in 
developing countries. Increasing the emphasis on rural 
development and expanded food production in the poorest nations 
of the developing world is a matter of social justice and a 
principal element contributing to broadly based economic 
growth, as well as an important factor in alleviating inflation 
in the industrialized countries. In the allocation of funds 
under this section, special attention shall be given to 
increasing agricultural production in countries which have been 
designated as ``least developed'' by the United Nations General 
Assembly.
    (d) Assistance provided under this section shall also be 
used in coordination with programs carried out under section 
104 to help improve nutrition of the people of developing 
countries through encouragement of increased production of 
crops with greater nutritional value; improvement of planning, 
research, and education with respect to nutrition, particularly 
with reference to improvement and expanded use of indigenously 
produced foodstuffs; and the undertaking of pilot or 
demonstration programs explicitly addressing the problem of 
malnutrition of poor and vulnerable people. In particular, the 
President is encouraged--
          (1) to devise and carry out in partnership with 
        developing countries a strategy for programs of 
        nutrition and health improvement for mothers and 
        children, including breast feeding; and
          (2) to provide technical, financial, and material 
        support to individuals or groups at the local level for 
        such programs.
    (e) Local currency proceeds from sales of commodities 
provided under the Agricultural Trade Development and 
Assistance Act of 1954 which are owned by foreign governments 
shall be used whenever practicable to carry out the provisions 
of this section.
    (f) \12\ The Congress finds that the efforts of developing 
countries to enhance their national food security deserves 
encouragement as a matter of United States development 
assistance policy. Measures complementary to assistance for 
expanding food production in developing countries are needed to 
help assure that food becomes increasingly available on a 
regular basis to the poor in such countries. Therefore, United 
States bilateral assistance under this Act and the Agricultural 
Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, and United States 
participation in multilateral institutions, shall emphasize 
policies and programs which assist developing countries to 
increase their national food security by improving their food 
policies and management and by strengthening national food 
reserves, with particular concern for the needs of the poor, 
through measures encouraging domestic production, building 
national food reserves, expanding available storage facilities, 
reducing postharvest food losses, and improving food 
distribution.
    (g) \13\ (1) In order to carry out the purposes of this 
section, the President may continue United States participation 
in and may make contributions to the International Fund for 
Agricultural Development.


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    \13\ Sec. 1001 of the International Security and Development 
Cooperation Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 190) amended and 
restated subsec. (g). Subsec. (g), in its previous form, had been added 
by sec. 301(c) of the International Security and Development 
Cooperation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-113; 95 Stat. 1532). It 
previously read as follows: ``In order to carry out the purposes of 
this section, the President may continue to participate in and may 
provide, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, up to 
$180,000,000 to the International Fund for Agricultural Development. 
There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for the 
purposes of this subsection $180,000,000, except that not more than 
$40,500,000 may be appropriated under this subsection for the fiscal 
year 1982. Amounts appropriated under this subsection are authorized to 
remain available until expended.''.
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    (2) Of the aggregate amount authorized to be appropriated 
to carry out part I of this Act, up to $50,000,000 for fiscal 
year 1986 and up to $50,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 may be 
made available, by appropriation or by transfer, for United 
States contributions to the second replenishment of the 
International Fund for Agricultural Development.
    Sec. 103A.\14\ Agricultural Research.--Agricultural 
research carried out under this Act shall (1) take account of 
the special needs of small farmers in the determination of 
research priorities, (2) include research on the 
interrelationships among technology, institutions, and 
economic, social, environmental,\15\ and cultural factors 
affecting small-farm agriculture, and (3) make extensive use of 
field testing to adapt basic research to local conditions. 
Special emphasis shall be placed on disseminating research 
results to the farms on which they can be put to use, and 
especially on institutional and other arrangements needed to 
assure that small farmers have effective access to both new and 
existing improved technology.


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    \14\ 22 U.S.C. 2151a-1. Sec. 103A was added by sec. 303 of Public 
Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849).
    \15\ The word ``environmental,'' was added by sec. 103(d) of the 
International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 
945).
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    Sec. 104.\16\ Population and Health.--(a) Findings.--The 
Congress recognizes that poor health conditions and 
uncontrolled population growth can vitiate otherwise successful 
development efforts.


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    \16\ 22 U.S.C. 2151b. Sec. 104, as added by sec. 2(3) of the FA Act 
of 1973 (87 Stat. 715), was amended and restated by sec. 104(a) of the 
International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (92 Stat. 
945). Previous amendments to sec. 104 were made by sec. 4(1) of Public 
Law 93-559 (88 Stat. 1795), sec. 304 of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 
857), and sec. 103 of Public Law 95-88 (91 Stat. 534).
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     Large families in developing countries are the result of 
complex social and economic factors which change relatively 
slowly among the poor majority least affected by economic 
progress, as well as the result of a lack of effective birth 
control. Therefore, effective family planning depends upon 
economic and social change as well as the delivery of services 
and is often a matter of political and religious sensitivity. 
While every country has the right to determine its own policies 
with respect to population growth, voluntary population 
planning programs can make a substantial contribution to 
economic development, higher living standards, and improved 
health and nutrition.
    Good health conditions are a principal element in improved 
quality of life and contribute to the individual's capacity to 
participate in the development process, while poor health and 
debilitating disease can limit productivity.
    (b) Assistance for Population Planning.--In order to 
increase the opportunities and motivation for family planning 
and to reduce the rate of population growth, the President is 
authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions 
as he may determine, for voluntary population planning. In 
addition to the provision of family planning information and 
services, including also information and services which relate 
to and support natural family planning methods,\17\ and the 
conduct of directly relevant demographic research, population 
planning programs shall emphasize motivation for small 
families.


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    \17\ The words ``, including also information and services which 
related to and support natural family planning methods,'' were added by 
sec. 302(a) of the International Security and Development Cooperation 
Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-533; 94 Stat. 3145).
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    (c) Assistance for Health and Disease Prevention.--(1) \18\ 
In order to contribute to improvements in the health of the 
greatest number of poor people in developing countries, the 
President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms 
and conditions as he may determine, for health programs. 
Assistance under this subsection shall be used primarily for 
basic integrated health services, safe water and sanitation, 
disease prevention and control, and related health planning and 
research. The assistance shall emphasize self-sustaining 
community-based health programs by means such as training of 
health auxiliary and other appropriate personnel, support for 
the establishment and evaluation of projects that can be 
replicated on a broader scale, measures to improve management 
of health programs, and other services and suppliers to support 
health and disease prevention programs.


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    \18\ The paragraph designation ``(1)'' and a new par. (2) were 
added by sec. 541(a) of the Foreign Assistance Appropriations Act, 
1985, as contained in the Continuing Appropriations Act, 1985 (Public 
Law 98-473). This amendment had been included as sec. 303 of H.R. 5119, 
the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1984, as 
passed by the House on May 10, 1984. Sec. 541(a) enacted sec. 303 of 
H.R. 5119.
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    (2) \18\ (A) In carrying out the purposes of this 
subsection, the President shall promote, encourage, and 
undertake activities designed to deal directly with the special 
health needs of children and mothers. Such activities should 
utilize simple, available technologies which can significantly 
reduce childhood mortality, such as improved and expanded 
immunization programs, oral rehydration to combat diarrhoeal 
diseases, and education programs aimed at improving nutrition 
and sanitation and at promoting child spacing. In carrying out 
this paragraph, guidance shall be sought from knowledgeable 
health professionals from outside the agency primarily 
responsible for administering this part. In addition to 
government-to-government programs, activities pursuant to this 
paragraph should include support for appropriate activities of 
the types described in this paragraph which are carried out by 
international organizations (which may include international 
organizations receiving funds under chapter 3 of this part)